WESTERN CIV gphs /// Frye

WCiv

Final Exam Study Guide BACKGROUND FROM ANCIENT ERA The Greco-Roman era… Plato’s ideals and Aristotle’s particulars What we get from the Greeks and Romans Judeo-Christian ethos, worldview 313AD – Conversion of Constantine 476 “Fall” of Rome

MIDDLE AGES

Reconquista [711-1492] – Spain has wars between Christians and Moslems (Moors) 800 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor the Byzantine Empire / Greek / Orthodox Catholic church, pope Monasteries Clergy / laymen 1066 Norman invasion of England The disasters of the 14th century 100 Years War

the Black Death Little Ice Age Mongol and Ottoman Turk invasions 1453 – Fall of Constantinople

Avignon Captivity Great Schism [1378-1414] John Wycliffe Jan Hus Church of Piety / Church of Power Syncretism - “peoples religion” [folk religion]

RENAISSANCE c.1450 printing press: Gutenberg The printing press spread VERNACULAR which helped encourage NATIONALISM.

Humanism (Italian Renaissance) Italian Renaissance humanists [Pico della Mirandola] revived classical [Greco-Roman] literature and language. Some Italian thinkers were more secular [Machiavelli] than religious. Florence, Genoa, Venice, Rome as centers of trade and thus Renaissance Princes, merchants and popes used art to enhance their prestige and were PATRONS of the artists, who became more famous. Renaissance art was based on classical styles and used new techniques like geometric perspective. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille defeat last Moors Cardinal Ximenes & the Inqusition New monarchs tried to centralize power by gaining a monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious practice for their subjects. The Hapsburgs & the Holy Roman Empire

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t times to

about 1

400s

1300s-1

500s

REFORMATION Problems in the Catholic church, c.1500

Luther 95 Theses [OCT 31, 1517] Wittenberg Diet of Worms 1521 German Peasant Revolt

5 SOLAS…Protestant beliefs (in contrast to Catholic) Anabaptists (what were their distinctive ideas?) The Reformation saw increased state control of religion (for example the Spanish Inquisition, and the top down control by Henry VIII). But The Reformation also led to challenges against the state. Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to subordinate church to the state. This led to conflicts between people and the state – for example the Huguenots (France) and Puritans (England).

Calvin Institutes TULIP, Predestination Huguenots John Knox Covenant democracy in Geneva

Anglicans William Tyndale Henry VIII Act of Supremacy 1534 Seizing monasteries “Bloody” Mary (Tudor) Elizabeth I

The Catholic Reformation after the Council of Trent and led by Loyala and the Jesuits revived the church but refused theological compromise with the Protestants. War of the Three Henrys (Religious wars of France) Catherine de Medici & Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572) Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Henry IV) Politiques Edict of Nantes (1598) Phillip II of Spain and… The Dutch revolt (“United Provinces”) William the Silent (of Orange) Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart) Francis Drake vs. Spanish Armada (1588) A few states like the French [Edict of Nantes] or Dutch allowed limited religious pluralism [toleration]. 30 Years War [causes, Peace of Westphalia 1648]

Age of Discovery European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to explore and colonize. European states sought gold, spices, and luxury goods.

The rise of mercantilism gave the state a key role in promoting global commerce and colonies.

1517

-1648

1400s-1

700

Advances in navigation, maps, and military technology made overseas empires possible. [For example: compass, lateen sails, guns]. Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through war and/or negotiation including… A. The Portuguese established a maritime empire, as well as Brazil. Vasco daGama B. The Spanish became the dominant power in the 1500s with colonies in the Americas. Columbus and the Spanish empire in the New World

Conquistadores like Cortes (vs. Aztecs)

C. France, England, and the Netherlands competed with and surpassed Spain and Portugal by the 1600s. D. These conflicts led to war.

Commercial Revolution - CAUSES East India Companies

New world slavery

Bubbles [tulips, South Sea, Mississippi]

Globalization of trade

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

* A money economy replaced a barter economy * In the east, serfdom increased; in the west, peasants became free.

Scientific Revolution [17c]

F. Bacon R. Descartes Discourse on Method Cogito ergo sum Cartesian dualism (two truths) Locke and Empiricism Vesalius and Wm. Harvey (anatomy) Geocentrism vs. heliocentrism Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Isaac Newton significance of Royal Academies New ideas in science based on observation, experimentation and math challenged classical/traditional views of the cosmos, nature, and humanity. Locke – tabula rasa

Deism

Age of Kings and the Rise of a Secular State British Parliamentary struggles JAMES I Puritans Structure and function of Parliament {Lords and Commons} CHARLES I English Civil War (1642-48) Roundheads vs. Cavaliers Cromwell (1648-1660) The Commonwealth The Restoration era…

1400s-1

700

1543-1

700

1600

-1789

CHARLES II JAMES II Glorious Revolution (1688) William (III, Orange) and Mary Bill of Rights, 1689 Act of Toleration, 1690 The outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted the rights of Parliament, protecting some rights of the nobles and wealthier commoners [gentry]. House of Hanover [George I, II, III]

First Prime Minister P.M. Walpole

Whigs & Tories Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in government, but preserved noble status and privilege. The French New concepts of secular state and law led to changes in the state or new political institutions. France led the way in creating a modern, centralized state under… Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIV Versailles

Richelieu, Louis XIV and Louis’ finance minister Colbert extended the power of the central state. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), results for House of Bourbon Louis XIV’s wars provoked an anti-French alliance…and the resulting Anglo-French rivalry led to world wars fought in Europe, the Americas, India, and at sea with Britain becoming the dominant power by the latter 18th century.

East and central Europe After 1648, the Prussians became powerful in the northern part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrians were forced to focus eastward…[ and after Austria defeated the Turks at Vienna (1683) the Ottomans began to decline. Rising powers of east and central Europe (Austria, Prussia, Russia)

Austria - Three parts of Hapsburg Austrian Empire and relationship to each other and

Hapsburgs; Multiethnic nature of empire

War of Austrian Succession 1740-48

Maria Theresa

Prussia Frederick II (the Great)

Russia

Growth of Russia eastward

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Time of Troubles and triumph of Romanovs

Serfdom Peter the Great westernized & transformed Russia… a process continued by Catherine the Great. Reforms inside Russia / westernization

Great Northern War

St. Petersburg

In the 18th century, some monarchs [Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa and Joseph II

of Austria, Catherine the Great] experimented with ‘enlightened absolutism’]. There

1600

-1789

was some increased toleration for religious minorities, including Jews. (aka: Enlightened

despots)

The inability of Poland to have authority over the nobility led to the 3 divisions of

Poland [1773, 93,95] – it disappeared. Anglo-French dominance and rivalry [mid-1600s-1815]

Seven Years War Battle of Quebec

PM William Pitt the Elder

The war in India; Plassey

1763 Treaty of Paris

Enlightenment [18c] Europeans began to apply empiricism, mathematics, and skepticism to human affairs. Intellectuals [Voltaire, Diderot] of the French Enlightenment aimed to replace faith in Christianity with faith in human reason and classical values. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau developed new theories of politics based on the idea of natural rights. People were conceived of as driven by self interest and reason leading to the theory of the social contract replacing divine right or tradition as the basis of government. state of nature Thomas Hobbes John Locke 2d Treatise on Gov’t. Baron d’Montesquieu French Enlightenment Philosophes Voltaire Anticlericalism Deism Some intellectuals embraced deism, skepticism, or atheism (Hume, Holbach, the Marquis d’Sade). The Scottish Enlightenment “moral philosophy” Common or moral sense Frances Hutcheson, Adam Smith and empathy J.J. Rousseau (Confessions , The Social Contract)challenged reliance on reason and emphasized the role of emotions [will] in the moral improvement of society.

general will Enlightenment intellectuals [Rousseau, for example] did not apply equality to women, though women writers [Olympie de Gouges] challenged inequality. The American Revolution

Causes and Effects on Europe, esp. English & French French role

John Wesley & “Methodists” - social justice

French Revolution (1789-1799) The French Revolution is the major turning point that challenged European political and social order. It was caused by long term political inequality, Enlightenment ideas, and an immediate fiscal and leadership crisis in France. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette CAUSES libertie, egalitie, fraternitie

1600

-1789

c.1700-1

789

1789-1

815

Sans culottes Conditions on the eve of Revolution [the ancient regime] 3 Estates and structure of Estates General Why Louis XVI had failed to reform

Phases of the French Revolution 1. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY The first phase was a constitutional monarchy that increased popular participation, took over the church, and abolished noble privilege. Bastille Tennis Court Oath Olympie deGouges Civil Constitution of the Clergy March of Women [the Fishwives] The Vendee (counter revolution) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen THREATS TO THE REVOLUTION Flight to Varennes Jacobins [far left] Girondins (center left) 2. NATIONAL CONVENTION [Age of Rousseau] The second phase, a Jacobin Republic [led by Robespierre, Danton, Marat, and a Committee of Public Safety] instituted a reign of terror, controlled the economy, pursued de-Christianization, and crushed individual rights in the name of “republic of virtue.” Revolutionary armies invaded neighboring nations, spreading the ideals of the revolution.

G. Danton Maxmillien Robespierre Marat Hebert and deChristianization Committee of Public Safety

Law of Suspects Murder of Marat the Terror reaction [Thermidor] against Robespierre 3. THE DIRECTORY Only rich commoners can vote Napoleon’s rise Egyptian campaign Women participated in the early revolution, but were restricted later on by the Jacobins and the Directory. The Haitian revolution [led by Toussaint L’Ouverture] was inspired by the French revolution.

NAPOLEON While claiming to defend the revolution, Napoleon imposed control over Europe, eventually inspiring other Europeans to nationalistically resist the French. On one hand he continued reforms [meritocracy, Code Napoleon legal reform, education, peace with the Pope] but on the other hand his secret police, censorship, and lesser status for women were not democratic. Nevertheless, his armies did spread many revolutionary ideas to all of Europe. Code Napoleon NB’s Policies [enlightened despot?] Trafalgar Conquest of Europe (Austerlitz)

1789

-1815

Guerilla War in Spain Russian Campaign Waterloo Congress of Vienna [Metternich, Castlereagh, Talleyrand, Alexander I] The 1815 Congress of Vienna attempted to restore a balance of power among European states and suppress further revolutionary or nationalistic uprisings.

The Early Industrial Revolution [c.1750-1850s] Agricultural Revolution enclosure how did it help lead to the Industrial Revolution domestic [putting out] system Thomas Malthus textile factories James Watt & the steam engine George Stephenson & the locomotive Urbanization Luddites Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? Great Britain established industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems. Britain’s supplies of coal, iron ore, and other raw materials promoted industrial growth….Britain’s parliament had businessmen and investors. How did the Industrial Revolution affect living conditions? Cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted migration from rural areas (urbanization) The Agricultural Revolution produced more food, increasing population while using fewer workers; as a result, excess people migrated to the cities. Cities were crowded, dirty, and dangerous because the rapid growth was more than government could handle. WE MAY or MAY NOT GET TO CAPITALIST THEORY

David Ricardo [“Iron Law of Wages”] Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations division of labor Main ideas of Capitalism What is capital? Law of Supply & Demand Law of Competition [and efficiency] Self Interest, the Invisible Hand Entrepreneur laissez faire

1700-1

850

1789

-1815