wellesleysolidarityeconomy.files.wordpress.com file · Web viewDominique Copeland, Isha Gupta, & Angela Unubun. Professor Matthaei. Econ 243. 21 May 2019. History of Cooperative Housing

Copeland, Gupta & Unubun 1

Dominique Copeland, Isha Gupta, & Angela Unubun

Professor Matthaei

Econ 243

21 May 2019

History of Cooperative Housing

The first housing cooperatives in the United States were established in the late 1800s in

New York (Sieger & Levy). There was a big spike in housing cooperatives after World War 1.

Housing cooperatives were also on the rise in the 1920s (Sieger & Levy). A lot of housing

cooperatives survived during the 1920s, but most housing cooperatives did not survive the Great

Depression of the 1930s. Initially these housing cooperatives were for lower income families.

Today, half of all co-ops in the U.S. are in New York, and a vast majority are in urban areas.

These housing cooperatives paved the way for student housing cooperatives to exist.

Student housing cooperatives are a type of non-profit housing. These houses lower

housing costs. They also provide students with an educational and community environment for

them to live in. Most student housing cooperatives share operation of the house. They put a big

emphasis on collaboration and mutual benefit. Members share living spaces that they themselves

manage. Students have to have a great sense of responsibility as they are taking on the roles of

both tenant and landlord. Tasks that students partake in include cleaning, cooking, repairing,

overseeing financial records, and abiding by rules (Lendingtree) . Student housing cooperatives

are not only beneficial in a monetary way, but this style of living teaches many other skills like

reaching compromises, working towards goals, sharing resources, and getting along with others.


The skills students learn in student housing cooperatives are not only helpful in their respective

living spaces, but for the whole community.

Student housing cooperatives can be traced back to the first cooperative, The Rochdale

Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded in the 1844 in England (US Archives). Cooperatives

around the world operate according to their same set of core principles and values. The first

principle is voluntary and open membership. Membership is open to all people willing to accept

to accept all responsibilities that come with being a member without racial, religious, gender, or

economic discrimination. The second is democratic member control, which means cooperatives

are controlled by members who set policies and make decisions. Next is member’s economic

participation. Members are expected to contribute equally to the cooperative. Fourth is autonomy

and independence. Cooperatives are autonomous and controlled by its members. If they ever

enter agreements with other organizations it is based on terms that protect democratic control by

the members and preserve the cooperative’s self-government. The fifth principle is education,

training, and information. Cooperatives provide elected representatives, members, and

employees with training so everyone can contribute effectively to the development of their

cooperative. Cooperative members also inform the public about cooperatives and all the benefits

of them. Sixth is cooperation among cooperatives which means through the collaboration of

cooperatives locally, nationally, and internationally they are able to strengthen the cooperative

movement and deal with social and community needs. The last principle is concern for the

community. Concern for the community means cooperatives not only focus on member needs

but they work for the sustainable development of communities (US Archives).

Canada and US Student Housing Cooperatives work together through NASCO. NASCO

is the North American Students of Cooperation. NASCO is the successor of the North American


Student Cooperative League (NASCL). NASCO is a network of co-ops across United States and

Canada. Before NASCO was the North American Student Cooperative League which was

founded in 1946, but it was never a strong organization (nasco.coop).The needs for

communication, assistance, education, and other services did not end and NASCL remained as a

concept in Michigan. In 1968 NASCO was formed for the purpose of expanding the cooperative

movement across college campuses (nasco,coop) . They began their work immediately on co-op

development. Student co-ops were able to get the federal government to allow the College

Housing Program to make loans directly to them. These loans allowed more student co-ops to be

built. NASCO also added to the strong student co-op development activity in Canada. According

to their website their vision is “to achieve a socially and financially responsible North American

cooperative economic sector for all people and organization interested in applying the principles

and practices of cooperation” (nasco.coop). Their principles line up with the set of core

principles for cooperatives. NASCO hosts an annual conference of cooperators across the

continent, offers regional support to local groups to organize gatherings of cooperators, provides

training and cooperative educational workshops, supports groups to start new cooperatives,

organize the voices of the North American co-op housing movement, and many more

(nasco.coop). Anyone can join NASCO, as a cooperative, individual, or a partner. Wellesley

College student cooperatives differ from other student housing cooperatives because they are not

recognized by NASCO and do not follow the core principles.

Student cooperative housing at Wellesley has changed positively over time. Initially they

were formed for overcrowding, but they are formed now based on common goals and needs. In a

newspaper clipping from June 4th, 1932 the headline reads, “Munger Hall: Wellesley’s New Co-

operative Dormitory” (Boston Evening Transcript).Over a hundred students were assigned to live


in Munger. The article says, “Wellesley at present has set apart two of its dormitories,

Norumbega and Freeman halls, as co-operative houses for students who earn part of their

college fees by assisting in the lighter house work” (Boston Evening Transcript). By the time

Munger was built there were three existing cooperative houses. Jessie Munger class of 1886 gave

the dorm as a gift in honor of her mother Gertrude C. Munger. Munger had a floor dedicated to

maid work and a furnished kitchen. This student housing co-operative was not built on shared

values and beliefs, it was built due to overcrowding. It was considered a co-op because tasks and

responsibilities were shared amongst those living there.

In 1980 administrative assistant, Dorothy Duquet, wrote to all the departments at

Wellesley College that Wellesley’s first co-op has successfully opened in September.

Documentation from a lawyer to vice president of business affairs at Wellesley outlined multiple

reasons why a co-op should be formed (Duquer). The biggest reason was the overcrowding at

Wellesley. Another main reason was because the cost of education was rising. At the time there

were students attending Wellesley that had been out of college for a few years and returned, but

they would find a co-op house a more congenial environment. Following this proposal for a co-

op to be built there was a lot of backlash from Wellesley neighbors. The co-op would be placed

in the middle of a residential area. The college talked to the neighbors and listened to their

concerns. Residents were concerned about the downgrading of the neighborhood. Many

neighbors also felt as if the college was taking over the town. Some were concerned about the

noise. Lastly, some did not provide a reason to be opposed, but were opposed. Once the co-op

was established all members had to sign a room and board contract. This co-op was similar to co-

ops now because the room and board contract that specifies, “Co-op residents are required to

establish a work schedule by which all custodial functions will be performed on a regular


schedule basis. In return for those services a coop resident receives a $200 room fee reduction”

(Duquet). Although this cooperative housing was not founded for typical purposes, it is similar in

the way it is run. In order to live in Crawford students applied and were chosen from a lottery.

They also had a head of the house, Priscilla Cook who overseed the amount. She was the

coordinator of the house, kept financial records, and supervises choors and per semester. Now,

every single responsibility in co-ops at Wellesley are shared by the members.

The first student housing cooperative with shared interests was not established until the

late twentieth century and it was called Oakwoods. The other student housing cooperatives were

for reasons like overcrowding, but this one was the feminist co-op. Oakwoods was created

because it allows more students the experience of living in a setting of mutual interdependence

and individual responsibility.

Instead Feminist Cooperative


Instead & its Origins

The first feminist student cooperative at Wellesley began in 1982, as the Oakwoods

Feminist Coop. Oakwoods was a house in Wellesley originally built for the College President

Caroline Hazard in 1901 and subsequently used as the residence for the Dean of Students

beginning in 1926. In 1982, after Dean of Students Florence Ladd vacated Oakwoods to move

back to her house in Cambridge, the residence was to, “provide a small number of students on

campus with the opportunity to live cooperatively,” according to a letter sent from Director of


the Women’s Studies Program, Frances Gouda, to the Trustee Committee on Student Life.

Furthermore, it was noted in the letter that “the unifying characteristic of the students who will

occupy Oakwoods, next year, is their long-standing concern with and commitment to women’s

issues” and “many of us are therefore extremely pleased with the decision to transform

Oakwoods into a cooperative space…” According to a memo addressed to the campus

community, members of the Oakwoods Feminist Coop were “hoping to work with the entire

College community in planning interesting and relevant feminist programs” and established that

they would “subscribe to journals that the Margaret Clapp Library is not receiving, as well as

purchase pamphlets and less well-known resource materials.”

In 1985, the cooperative rebranded as the Instead Feminist Cooperative and moved to

another house on the far east side of campus, opposite the Wellesley College Club. The

cooperative also houses the Women’s Resource Library, which contains books about feminism,

women and gender studies, queer theory, and critical theory. The house has space for six

occupants and has a kitchen and a communal closet. When Instead first started in 1985, it was

mandated in the Constitution that the cooperative would be “financed primarily through each

resident $500 per semester payment” and would use member consensus to determine how SOFC

grant money would be allocated for the house. At present, members do not need to pay anything

on top of Wellesley tuition to live in the house.

Instead & its Vision

According to Instead’s Facebook page, the members of the cooperative are “advocates of

feminism and communal living.” Even enshrined in the 1985 - 1986 Constitution, it is stated that


the purpose of Instead is “to provide a cooperative living situation incorporating feminist

philosophies and fostering the growth and maintenance of feminist cooperation throughout the

Wellesley College Community.” In addition, Instead also hosts parties, lectures, and more

intimate discussion nights. It is also stated on their Facebook page that they welcome other

campus organizations, particularly those with a cultural or social justice focus, to use the space

for their needs. While Instead is documented to have had a correspondence with Wellesley

administration, including former College President Nannerl O. Keohane, and the Women’s

Studies Program in its early years, there is presently no indication of the cooperative on

Wellesley’s official website. Instead’s lack of presence on Wellesley’s official materials

regarding student activities indicates that Instead’s values are those that might come into conflict

with those of the College. Some Instead members implied that the cooperative wanted to keep

the College out because “[the institution] does not match up with our ideals”; members went on

to further suggest that Wellesley and much of its student body are emblematic of white

feminism, which Instead has sought to distance itself away from.

Instead & Interviews

In interviewing current members of the Instead cooperative, it became apparent that

Instead’s appeal was far broader than feminist communal living. All members interviewed had

the common experiences of feeling isolated and missing a sense of community in Wellesley’s

traditional dorms. Moreover, all members wanted a community that was cultivated on an

intentional basis with set values. According to one Instead member, “I knew I would be much

happier if I lived in a different space with a more intentional community.” Another Instead

member added, “I was excited about sharing a space with other feminists so we could learn from


each other.” The third Instead member I interviewed moved to the cooperative for the additional

reason of having her own “static” space. She explained to me that it could be exhausting to

constantly uproot to a different living space with different people every year, and Instead

provided her with a “set place I can call my own.”

One of the central values that Instead strives to promote is feminism, specifically

intersectional feminism. As explained by one Instead member, “While feminism has many

different meanings, our community has put a great effort into embodying the following definition

of feminism - feminism as a radical act of empathy. We believe embodying feminism means

making the effort to radically understand and care for one another, especially in the face of how

different we all are as individuals.” Other Instead members echoed the cooperative’s goal of

promoting radical empathy, noting, “Feminism for many of us currently means taking care of

ourselves and being radically empathetic towards others. We invited people in the communities

we're involved in to use the space as a cozy place for fun things like bonding events.”

Furthermore, all the members concluded their answers to this question with other values that

they would “like to see in the world” and are against all forms of oppression.

As there are only six members in the house, the division of labor is fluid and there is a

group chat in place for members to voice concerns. All members I interviewed did not see the

division of labor in the house being a pressing concern and felt comfortable talking to other

members of the cooperative if issues arose. In addition, one member stated that she always saw

“accountability moving forward” when problems with living cooperatively came up. When asked

about the history of the house, members only knew of facts passed down through word of mouth

or through the inherited items they found in the house. However, they noted that when the

cooperative was first founded, it was centered around white feminism; the feminism that Instead


has come to value has become more intersectional and a majority of residents have been people

of color for the past two years.

Instead & the Processes

Questioning and Envisioning Process

Members questioned their experiences in traditional Wellesley dorms and envisioned an

intentional community for their time at Instead. According to one Instead member, “We come

from different backgrounds and heritages, and in every semester that I have lived there...we have

all tried our level best to change our culture, or put another way, created a new culture (from that

of Wellesley or the initial years of the cooperative), that accommodates the needs and wants of

our members.” They continue to do this by being radically empathetic towards one another,

through learning from their mistakes, and continuing to grow. Furthermore, they continue to

question the status quo and institutionalization of some inequalities by Wellesley College.

Equal Rights and Opportunity Process

Through defining Instead’s central value as feminism, which is defined as advocating for

the equality of all genders through the viewpoint that women and other people who embody

feminine characteristics have been disadvantaged throughout history, the cooperative advocates

for the equal rights and opportunity process. In addition to advocating for feminism, the

members are against all forms of oppression, including, “racism, homophobia, transphobia,

ableism, class based oppression and more.” In addition, members do not have to pay an extra fee

anymore to live in the house, as the cooperative is committed to reducing class inequalities

within their own members.

Combining Process & Discernment Process


The combining process is extremely important to the present-day functioning of Instead.

All Instead members I talked to stressed the importance of intersectional feminism in light of the

white feminist history of the cooperative in its early years. One member highlighted an incident

in particular, where “about a year ago, a student, not an Instead resident, found a yearbook

picture from over two decades ago that showed a white student in blackface at a Halloween party

in Instead.” All the current Instead members I interviewed, who were all of color themselves,

stated that the feminist values they now try to cultivate at the cooperative are more inclusive of

other race and class inequalities. Some members felt that their view of feminism went beyond

Wellesley’s message of feminism, which they still find to be white and elitist; this sometimes

puts the cooperative at odds with the College.

Glocalizing Process

Cooperatives and groups centered around feminism can be found in other parts of the

country and the world. Instead is part of the global movements of feminism and student

cooperative housing. However, while Instead brings these movements to Wellesley and

contributes to global solidarity of values, the cooperative is also local and self-sustaining.

Therefore, Instead, like other student cooperative housing groups, exemplifies the “glocalizing”

solidarity process.

SCoop & Its Origins

This analysis will now move on to discuss SCoop, also known as the Sustainability Co-

op. This section on SCoop will first look at SCoop’s history, then it will describe and analyze

interviews of SCoop members carried out by Dominique Copeland, then it will discuss the


inequality and solidarity processes associated with the interviewees’ answers, and finally it will

discuss possible shortcomings of Co-ops as a part of the shift toward a solidarity paradigm.

SCoop was founded in 2008. The Wellesley College website defines SCoop’s residents,

or SCoopies, as individuals who focus on ways to reduce their environmental footprint in

effective and practical ways. They cook their own meals from sustainably grown food and they

strive to reduce energy and water usage. They also plan outreach programs to cultivate a culture

of environmentalism on Wellesley’s campus, and serve as a community space for programs with

stellar focus. SCoop’s mission states that they live in a conscientiously sustainable and

thoughtful manner, working to reduce their impact on Earth and its resources. Their goals are to

provide, grow, and cook food for themselves in a sustainable conscious manner; to educate the

Wellesley Community on issues of the environment and sustainability; to give back to their

community through both a strengthening of their own and broader community; and to commit in

their daily lives to taking measures to conserve all of their resources including water and

electricity. Their pledge as a committed group of young activists, farmers, advocates, educators,

leaders, and students is to take their passion of sustainability out and beyond SCoop in ways that

promote a sustainable justice. Their plan of action includes buying food locally from stores and

nearby farms, hosting dinners open to the greater Wellesley College community, and providing

community service to local farms and environmental organizations.

In order to gain a better understanding of SCoop this paper will discuss a blog that they

used within their first two years of being founded. The first post to discuss is titled “Are You

Sustainable Enough For SCoop?”. This blog post was made when they were going through the

application process for the 2010-2011 school year. The author, Leslye a member of SCoop

during the 2009-2010 academic year, tries to explain that everyone can be sustainable and that


there’s no such thing as being “not sustainable enough” that can be given as a reason to not apply

to SCoop. I liked this post because she outlines what “sustainable” means to people within

SCoop. She offers three definitions of sustainability. The first one is from the United Nations,

they define sustainability as forms of progress that meet present needs without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their needs. The second definition is from Wikipedia, they

describe sustainability as the potential for long-term maintenance of wellbeing, which in turn

depends on the wellbeing of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources. The

third definition is from the World Wildlife Fund, they describe sustainability as improving the

quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.

Based on these definitions, Leslye explains that sustainability should be thought of in a

very broad sense centering on the long term existence of humans, resources, and the world. She

offers an example of how to think sustainably by looking at “whole generations, whole foods,

whole earths” (Are You Sustainable Enough For SCoop?). She uses a meat example where she

states, “instead of thinking of meat in terms of price and nutrition, I think of it in terms of local

vs. non-local, organic vs. non-organic, grass-fed or corn-fed—all of which, by the way, influence

the price, nutrition, deliciousness, and impact of the total life cycle of that meat” (Are You

Sustainable Enough For SCoop?). In the closing of the blog post, she ties up loose ends of why

everyone can apply to be in SCoop by emphasizing that there is not only one way to be

sustainable. She says that, “There is no standard for what it means to ‘Be Sustainable’ in SCoop.

We are all committed to the idea in different ways. Some of us can whip up tofu and vegetables

into something delicious. Some of us are activists and volunteers. Some of us have bikes instead

of cars. One among us would rather bike 20 feet than walk (ahem). We don’t expect that you

embody the perfect environmentalist when you apply to SCoop: we only expect that you have


begun to think critically about your life’s whole impact, and that you’re willing to try putting

those thoughts into action” (Are You Sustainable Enough For SCoop?). The other two blog

posts that are relevant to this topic are “Thoughts On The Internal Battle With Eating Local” and

“Sustainability Versus Environmental Health”. The first one just discusses how local items are

not readily available and the second one discussed how sustainability and environmental health

go hand in hand and that one accompanies the other.

SCoop & Its Interviews

With regards to the interviewing process, three interviewees delineated interviewee one,

interviewee two, and interviewee three, were each asked four questions. The first question was

“Why did you decide to join this co-op on campus, instead of continuing to live in the dorms?”.

Interviewee one stated “I wanted an intentional community to live with on a day-to-day basis

that I could share and create a home with because regular dorms are too impersonal and

isolating. I wasn’t getting anything out of living in dorm-style housing”. Interviewee two stated,

“I joined SCoop on a whim. I knew I was interested in something other than dorm life because I

wanted to feel like I had a home and a family to come back to every day. Living in dorms made

me feel so alone and detached from the things I loved. The structure of Residential life was too

connected to the administration for me. I wanted more agency in the decisions made that affected

my living space including RA events, throwing social get-togethers in my room, keeping police

out of my space, etc. Finally, I really (REALLY) believe in communal living and plan to do it for

my whole life. It makes a lot of sense in terms of sustainability, given that things are shared and

collective so they are accessible to more people”. Interviewee three stated, “I joined SCoop first

semester sophomore year after living in McAfee. I loved dorm life and actually was going to be


an RA, but I had some friends who lived in SCoop and I loved the community and the idea of

having a home to come back to after a day of classes”.

The second question was “What values do you try to cultivate in the co-op?”. Interviewee

one answered, “SCoop is a co-op committed to economic, cultural, and environmental

sustainability. We work toward those aims every day in various ways. We hold communal

dinners five days a week where we cook food that reminds us of our homes. This helps us share

our different cultures with the rest of the house. We also have shared chores to keep our house in

tip-top shape. Finally, we have our flexible payment plans where we pay what we can toward

groceries, and so on!”. Interviewee two stated, “SCoop is all about learning how to cultivate a

sustainable community. The kinds of sustainability we practice are: cultural for example

upholding culinary traditions outside the milieu of Wellesley, where whiteness is the norm;

emotional for example taking breaks and reaching out if we need help to take care of ourselves;

and financial for example maintaining a communal bank account and funds that we use to make

group decisions. This allows us to operate in a capitalist framework while simultaneously having

food to sustain ourselves. It is important to keep in mind that contributions are flexible and we

contribute to the house in more ways than monetarily. We contribute environmentally by

composting; and socially by building a community and friendships that are healthy and last a

long time!”. Interviewee three stated, “We try to practice sustainability in all aspects, with a

focus on cultural sustainability”.

The third question was “How is the division of labor within the co-op? Have you

encountered problems with it?”. Interviewee one stated “It’s pretty equal, albeit it depends on

people’s schedules. We have occasionally had trouble getting people to sign up for cleaning or

cooking shifts during particularly busy weeks, but we have worked on being more upfront and


accountable with one another to prevent that from happening! We all sign up for a different

chore each week i.e. dishes, vacuuming, etc. Chores include taking out the compost when it’s

full, keeping the living room tidy if we see that it’s messy, etc.”. Interviewee two stated, “We

don’t have a general manager, but we do have two financial managers who maintain the

anonymity of the amount of money each person contributes, calculate our expenses, and run the

bank account. Every night, two people cook dinner and two people clean. These are shifts that

you have to sign up for. Each person has to have 3 shifts within each two week period. We also

have weekly chores that we rotate. These chores include keeping an eye on the dishwasher,

vacuuming, cleaning out the fridges, being SCoop’s ‘RA’ etc.”. Interviewee three stated, “We

have semester and weekly jobs. Sometimes we do run into small problems with people not

completing their tasks, especially since we are all busy Wellesley students”.

Question four was “Do you know anything about the history of the co-op?”. Both

interviewee one and interviewee three had no knowledge of SCoop’s history; however,

interviewee two did. She stated, “I know that two years before I joined SCoop, so about four

years ago, SCoop had a radical transformation. The house was veering in a very ‘white

environmentalism’ direction. This included things like not buying meat for people’s culturally

significant dishes, enforcing veganism and vegetarianism, facilitating and limiting people’s

showers, etc. It wasn’t good and I think more than half the house left. So there was this massive

restructuring and now it is so different”.

Overall, there were overlapping answers amongst the three interviews. The first

question’s answers were intentional community, sense of sharing, regular dorms being

interpersonal and isolating, feelings of wanting to have a home/family to return to each day,

decreasing connection to administration, and increasing sense of agency over one’s personal


space e.g. less campus police presence and easier ability to host small gatherings. The second

question’s answers were communal dinners five days a week, shared chores, and flexible

payment plans. The third question’s answers were problems with accountability, timeliness, and

cultural sensitivity.

SCoop & Its Processes

The inequality processes SCoop encounters are domination & subordination and

essentialism. The solidarity processes SCoop uses to counteract these inequalities are valuing the

devalued and combining. Domination and subordination presents itself amongst SCoop members

and between SCoop and the greater Wellesley community. Looking within SCoop first, it is

possible that some individuals within the co-op in the past felt as if they could rule other

members because they led more sustainable lives than those they made their subordinates. SCoop

counteracted this by devaluing the valued. In a sense, they dismantled the notion that there is

only one way to be sustainable and increased their diversity in perspectives while moving

towards “cultural sustainability”. Looking between SCoop and the greater Wellesley

Community, some of the interviewees express that the administration and security structures put

in place dominated the public space they felt they were entitled to as students. This breach of

personal space made them choose to live in a co-op instead of dorms. In a sense, this is also

devaluing the valued. They are affirming that surveillance and policing is not as important as

creating a sense of community where personal space is fluid and agency within reason is

unlimited.

An example of essentialism is once again the idea that all sustainable people are one in

the same with little differentiation. This is counteracted through the solidarity process of


combining. As stated throughout the interviews, SCoop is moving towards or has moved towards

sustainability that acknowledges cultural differences and intersectionality between race and class

and the bearings that has on the possible inaccessibility to various resources needed to adhere to

a specific type of sustainability.

SCoop & Future Inquiries

Due to possible shortcomings of the interviews and limited historical context on SCoop,

there are some questions that remain unanswered. There has been no research conducted on the

application process, so the fairness aspect of the acceptance and rejection process for SCoop is

still looming.

Conclusion

Student cooperatives have had a rich history around the world but especially at

Wellesley. Furthermore, student cooperatives attempt to break free from the inequality processes

and promote the solidarity processes in cultivating intentional communities based on shared

values that aim to promote awareness for a particular topic. On Wellesley’s campus, we are

fortunate to have SCoop and Instead - two cooperatives that strive to provide a space for students

of all different backgrounds with shared interests to live together. We identified the inequality

processes that SCoop and Instead combat and the solidarity processes that they aim to promote.

We hope that our information on student cooperative housing motivates other students to

seriously consider them as positive alternatives to regular campus housing, possibly find the

funds (and lobby the administration) to start their own cooperatives on campus, or join student

cooperative housing in the future.


Works Cited

Altus, Deborah. “A Look at Student Housing Cooperatives.” Foundation for Intentional

Community, 2018, www.ic.org/wiki/look-student-housing-cooperatives/.

Duquet, Dorothy. “Crawford House.” Received by All Departments, 29 Sept. 1980, Wellesley,

Massachusetts.

“Munger Hall: Wellesley's New Co-Operative Dorm.” Boston Evening Transcript, 4 June 1932.

NASCO. “About Us.” NASCO, www.nasco.coop/.

NRECA. “Understanding the Seven Cooperative Principles.” America's Electric Cooperatives, 1

Dec. 2016, www.electric.coop/seven-cooperative-principles%E2%80%8B/.

Siegler, R. and H.J. Levy, “Brief History of Cooperative Housing,” Cooperative Housing Journal

(1986), 12-19

“United States of America Archives - Co-Operative Housing.” Co,

www.housinginternational.coop/co-ops/united-states-of-america/.

“What Is Cooperative Housing? | LendingTree Glossary.” LendingTree, 2016,

www.lendingtree.com/glossary/cooperative-housing/.

https://www.facebook.com/InsteadFemCoop/

Wellesley Archives

SCoop, and Leslye. “Are You Sustainable Enough For SCoop?” WordPress, 17 Feb. 2010,

wellesleyscoop.wordpress.com/.

SCoop, and Jennie. “Thoughts On The Internal Battle With Eating Local.” WordPress, 11 Mar.

2010, wellesleyscoop.wordpress.com/.

SCoop, and Emily. “Sustainability Vs. Environmental Health.” WordPress, 13 Apr. 2010,

wellesleyscoop.wordpress.com/.


Matthews, Genae. “Wellesley Cooperatives Promote Community.” The Wellesley News -, 5 May

2016, thewellesleynews.com/2016/05/05/wellesleys-cooperatives-promote-community/.

https://www.facebook.com/wcscoop/

Documents

wellesleysolidarityeconomy.files.wordpress.com file · Web viewDominique Copeland, Isha Gupta, & Angela Unubun. Professor Matthaei. Econ 243. 21 May 2019. History of Cooperative Housing