Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
www.paccar.ethz.ch
Well-to-tank efficiencies and -factors comparedCO2
Abbreviation and ExplanationsCI Compression-ignited or diesel engineCO2-Factor CO2 emitted per energy relative to OilCNG Compressed Natural GasFC Fuel CellNG Natural GasPP Power PlantSI Spark-ignited or gasoline engine*Compressed only to 11bar**Results from Shell Eco-marathon in Nogaro 2005 and Ladoux 2005, distance per gasoline equivalent
Different paths to convert a primary energy source to mechanical energy. Source: Dones R, Bauer C, Bolliger R, Burger B, Faist M, Frischknecht R, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Röder A (2004) Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. Final report ecoinvent 2000 no. 6., Paul Scherrer Institut
0.51108.7167.35385 FC Pac Car IIETH (CH), realistic
3.0331.8167.35385 FC Pac Car IIETH (CH), worst case
1.4650.556.11807 CI-engine SchluckspechtFH Offenburg (D)
1.0868.479.52560 SI-engine Univ. Paul Sabatier (F)
CO2 per km[g / km]
Well-to-wheel[km / MJ]
Tank-to-wheel [km / MJ]
Tank-to-wheel**[km / l]
Type of car
Oil
Gasoline data used: density 0.74kg/l, lower heating value 43.5 MJ/kg, CO2 emission per energy 74g CO2/ MJ
Hydrogen can be generated electrolyzing water using electricity from renewable energy sources or nuclear power plants. Then, hydrogen is almost CO2 neutral.
Well-to-tank calculations for renewable energy sources can’t be compared with the ones of fossil fuels.
Crude OilCI Engine
1
90%
100
90Ref
iner
y,
Tran
spor
t
Diesel
Oil
Crude OilSI Engine
1
86%
100
86Ref
iner
y,
Tran
spor
t
Gasoline
0
Solar EnergyFuel Cell
Natural GasFuel Cell
NG
NG
H2
0.75
91%
97%*Tr
ansp
ort
Com
pr.
74%
Stea
m
Ref
orm
ing
Compr. H265
100
91
67
CoalFuel Cell
1.3
Coal
Coal
Electricity
Electricity
H2
80%
94%
76%
97%*
100
80
28
26
20
19
Dig
ging
, Tr
ansp
ort
Elec
tric
G
rid
Elec
trol
ysis
Com
pr.
35%
Coa
l Pow
er
Plan
tCompr. H2
[joules]
[CO2 Factor]