WELCOME TO THE LAKELAND, FLORIDA FAA SAFETY CENTER Corporate Seminar

WELCOME TO THE

LAKELAND, FLORIDA

FAA SAFETY CENTER

Corporate Seminar

Land and Hold Land and Hold Short OperationsShort Operations

LAHSO ACCIDENTS & LAHSO ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTSINCIDENTS

• C-421 VS. B-727C-421 VS. B-727• Midwest 4530 VS. American 130Midwest 4530 VS. American 130

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

• LAHSOLAHSO is the practice of conducting is the practice of conducting simultaneous operations on two simultaneous operations on two intersecting runways with:intersecting runways with:

–Two aircraft landing simultaneously; – or one aircraft landing while another is taking off


• On April 11, 1997, the Federal Aviation On April 11, 1997, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) expanded and replaced Administration (FAA) expanded and replaced Simultaneous Operations on Intersecting Simultaneous Operations on Intersecting Runways (SOIR) with LAHSO.Runways (SOIR) with LAHSO.

• On February 8, 1999, the FAA, in coordination On February 8, 1999, the FAA, in coordination with industry, outlined changes in policy and with industry, outlined changes in policy and procedures for conducting LAHSO.procedures for conducting LAHSO.

• LAHSO IS used to increase airport capacity, LAHSO IS used to increase airport capacity, maintain system efficiency, and enhance safety.maintain system efficiency, and enhance safety.


• A LAHSO clearance, once accepted, must A LAHSO clearance, once accepted, must be adhered to unless an amended be adhered to unless an amended clearance is obtained or an emergency clearance is obtained or an emergency occurs.occurs.

• A LAHSO clearance does not preclude a A LAHSO clearance does not preclude a rejected landing.rejected landing.


• Hold Short PointHold Short Point– A point on the runway beyond which a landing A point on the runway beyond which a landing

aircraft with a LAHSO clearance is not aircraft with a LAHSO clearance is not authorized to proceed. authorized to proceed.

– There can be only be one hold short point on There can be only be one hold short point on the landing runway.the landing runway.


• Holding short of an intersecting runwayHolding short of an intersecting runway• Holding short of a taxiwayHolding short of a taxiway• Holding short of a predetermined pointHolding short of a predetermined point• Holding short of an approach/departure Holding short of an approach/departure

flight path.flight path.

Aircraft cleared to land using full length

Aircraft cleared to land and hold short


Taxiing Aircraft



Departing Aircraft




• Available Landing Distance (ALD)Available Landing Distance (ALD)– The portion of a runway available for landing The portion of a runway available for landing

and rollout for an aircraft cleared to Land and and rollout for an aircraft cleared to Land and Hold Short.Hold Short.

– Measured from the landing threshold to the Measured from the landing threshold to the hold-short point.hold-short point.

– ATC is responsible for providing the ALD for ATC is responsible for providing the ALD for each LAHSO via the ATIS and from the each LAHSO via the ATIS and from the appropriate control tower when requested. appropriate control tower when requested.


• ALD Data is published in:ALD Data is published in:– The U.S. Terminal Procedures publications The U.S. Terminal Procedures publications

and and – The Special Notices section of the The Special Notices section of the

Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD).Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD).


• Dry RunwayDry Runway– No visible moisture on the runway surfaceNo visible moisture on the runway surface– Inclusive ofInclusive of

• Standing Water Standing Water • Ice Ice • Snow Snow • Slush Slush • Frost in any formFrost in any form


• Required Landing Distance (RLD)Required Landing Distance (RLD)– FAA approved AFM / POH distance over a 50 FAA approved AFM / POH distance over a 50

foot obstacle for thefoot obstacle for the• Configuration Configuration • Environment Environment • Weight actually used for landingWeight actually used for landing

– PLUS 1,000 FEET!PLUS 1,000 FEET!

PRE-FLIGHT PLANNINGPRE-FLIGHT PLANNING

• For all airports of intended landing, be For all airports of intended landing, be familiar with information concerning: familiar with information concerning: – Runway lengths Runway lengths – Published ALDPublished ALD– Runway slope Runway slope – Published rejected landing proceduresPublished rejected landing procedures– Which of the numerous LAHSO combinations Which of the numerous LAHSO combinations

at the airport can be complied with.at the airport can be complied with.

PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING

• MEL RequirementsMEL Requirements– LAHSO is prohibited if the aircraft is subject to LAHSO is prohibited if the aircraft is subject to

any minimum equipment list item that affects any minimum equipment list item that affects the stopping capability of the aircraft. These the stopping capability of the aircraft. These include but are not limited to:include but are not limited to:• Autobrakes Autobrakes • AntiskidAntiskid• Autospoilers Autospoilers • Thrust ReversersThrust Reversers

PRE-FLIGHT PLANNINGPRE-FLIGHT PLANNING

Good pilot decision making is Good pilot decision making is knowing in advanceknowing in advance whether whether one can accept a LAHSO one can accept a LAHSO clearance if offered.clearance if offered.

INFLIGHT PLANNINGINFLIGHT PLANNING

• Determine the capability for LAHSO as soon as Determine the capability for LAHSO as soon as possible after notification of LAHSO.possible after notification of LAHSO.

• Upon initial contact with the appropriate ATC Upon initial contact with the appropriate ATC facility, the PIC will advise ATC if the LAHSO facility, the PIC will advise ATC if the LAHSO clearance cannot be accepted.clearance cannot be accepted.

• All LAHSO clearances must be read back in full All LAHSO clearances must be read back in full to ATC.to ATC.

• Do not accept a LAHSO if you have already Do not accept a LAHSO if you have already descended below 1,000 feet AGL on final descended below 1,000 feet AGL on final approach to the landing runway.approach to the landing runway.

INFLIGHT PLANNING INFLIGHT PLANNING

• Runway SurfaceRunway Surface– Land and Hold Short Operations Land and Hold Short Operations

will only be conducted on dry will only be conducted on dry runways.runways.

– Land and Hold Short Operations Land and Hold Short Operations on wet runways is prohibited.on wet runways is prohibited.

INFLIGHT PLANNING INFLIGHT PLANNING

• Weather MinimaWeather Minima– A ceiling of no less than 1,000 feet and a A ceiling of no less than 1,000 feet and a

visibility of no less than 3 statute miles is visibility of no less than 3 statute miles is required for LAHSO.required for LAHSO.

– LAHSO is not authorized if wind-shear has LAHSO is not authorized if wind-shear has been reported to ATC within the previous 20 been reported to ATC within the previous 20 minutes prior to the clearance being issued.minutes prior to the clearance being issued.

– LAHSO will not be conducted to any runway LAHSO will not be conducted to any runway where there exists a 3 knot or greaterwhere there exists a 3 knot or greater tailwind.tailwind.

PIC AUTHORITYPIC AUTHORITY

• The PIC has the final authority to accept The PIC has the final authority to accept or decline any LAHSO clearance.or decline any LAHSO clearance.

• The safety and operation of the aircraft The safety and operation of the aircraft remains the responsibility of the pilot. remains the responsibility of the pilot.

• The PIC is expected to decline a LAHSO The PIC is expected to decline a LAHSO clearance if he/she determines it will clearance if he/she determines it will compromise safety.compromise safety.

COMPUTING RLDCOMPUTING RLD

• Aircraft certificated with <6,000 lb. Aircraft certificated with <6,000 lb. payload and/or < 20 seats payload and/or < 20 seats – Required landing distance (RLD) equals total Required landing distance (RLD) equals total

landing distance over a 50-foot obstacle + landing distance over a 50-foot obstacle + 1,000 feet.1,000 feet.

– Available landing distance (ALD) must be Available landing distance (ALD) must be equal to or greater than the required landing equal to or greater than the required landing distance (RLD).distance (RLD).


• Exception: Exception: – If AFM/POH does not publish landing data If AFM/POH does not publish landing data

over a 50’ obstacle, the required landing over a 50’ obstacle, the required landing distance (RLD) computation will be based distance (RLD) computation will be based upon the AFM/POH landing data for existing upon the AFM/POH landing data for existing conditions plus 1,000 feet. conditions plus 1,000 feet.


• If computing LAHSO data interferes If computing LAHSO data interferes with cockpit safety of flight duties, with cockpit safety of flight duties, LAHSO LAHSO shall not be accomplished shall not be accomplished and ATC shall be promptly advisedand ATC shall be promptly advised..

• Required landing distances (RLD) for Required landing distances (RLD) for LAHSO must be readily available to LAHSO must be readily available to the PICthe PIC..

APPROACH PHASEAPPROACH PHASE

• A stabilized approach must be established before A stabilized approach must be established before descending below the following minimum descending below the following minimum altitudes:altitudes:– 500 feet above the airport elevation during VFR and 500 feet above the airport elevation during VFR and

during straight-in instrument approaches in VFR during straight-in instrument approaches in VFR weather conditionsweather conditions

– Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or 500 feet above Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or 500 feet above airport elevation, whichever is lower, if a circling airport elevation, whichever is lower, if a circling maneuver is to be conducted after completing an maneuver is to be conducted after completing an instrument approachinstrument approach

APPROACH PHASEAPPROACH PHASE

• Approach minimum altitudes (continued)Approach minimum altitudes (continued)– 1,000 feet above the airport or touchdown 1,000 feet above the airport or touchdown

zone elevation during any straight-in zone elevation during any straight-in instrument approach in instrument flight instrument approach in instrument flight conditions.conditions.

– 1,000 feet above the airport during contact 1,000 feet above the airport during contact approaches.approaches.

VISUAL AIDSVISUAL AIDS

• LightingLighting– Daytime LAHSO for general aviation aircraft Daytime LAHSO for general aviation aircraft

does not require a LAHSO lighting does not require a LAHSO lighting configuration. configuration.

– Night LAHSO for general aviation aircraft Night LAHSO for general aviation aircraft currently does not require a LAHSO lighting currently does not require a LAHSO lighting configuration. configuration.

– After July 17, 2000, night LAHSO will require After July 17, 2000, night LAHSO will require an approved LAHSO lighting configuration.an approved LAHSO lighting configuration.


• FAA LAHSO Lighting Configuration:FAA LAHSO Lighting Configuration:– Five, six, or seven in-pavement, pulsing white Five, six, or seven in-pavement, pulsing white

lights at the LAHSO hold short point as currently lights at the LAHSO hold short point as currently installed at BOS, DFW, and IAD.installed at BOS, DFW, and IAD.

• Improved FAA LAHSO Lighting Improved FAA LAHSO Lighting Configuration:Configuration:– A minimum of six in-pavement, continuously A minimum of six in-pavement, continuously

illuminated white lights at the LAHSO hold short illuminated white lights at the LAHSO hold short point, and a minimum of six in-pavement, point, and a minimum of six in-pavement, pulsing white lights at the alert point (1,000 pulsing white lights at the alert point (1,000 feet /300 meters prior to the hold point).feet /300 meters prior to the hold point).


• For in-pavement lighting, when two or more For in-pavement lighting, when two or more lights are out, the entire bar is out of service.lights are out, the entire bar is out of service.

• When in-pavement lighting is out of service, When in-pavement lighting is out of service, any LAHSO requiring those lights shall be any LAHSO requiring those lights shall be terminatedterminated..


• When LAHSO is in effect, mixed When LAHSO is in effect, mixed operations may occur on the LAHSO operations may occur on the LAHSO runwayrunway– LAHSO runway may be used for full-length LAHSO runway may be used for full-length

landings and departures landings and departures – When using a LAHSO runway for full-length When using a LAHSO runway for full-length

takeoff or landing, if the hold short point lights takeoff or landing, if the hold short point lights are installed, they will be ON.are installed, they will be ON.


• Hold Short Position Marking.Hold Short Position Marking.– The painted runway marking located at the hold-short The painted runway marking located at the hold-short

point on all LAHSO runwayspoint on all LAHSO runways

• Hold-Short Position Signs.Hold-Short Position Signs.– Red and white holding position signs located alongside Red and white holding position signs located alongside

the hold short point.the hold short point.

• LAHSO Lights.LAHSO Lights.– Six in pavement, pulsating white lights at the hold short Six in pavement, pulsating white lights at the hold short

point are currently installed at BOS, DFW AND IAD.point are currently installed at BOS, DFW AND IAD.


• Runway MarkingsRunway Markings

Hold Short Hold Short Position MarkingPosition Marking

Dir

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Dir

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LAHSO LightsLAHSO Lights

HS-1HS-1 Hold Short Hold Short SignsSigns

TOUCHDOWNTOUCHDOWN

• It is It is essentialessential that the airplane touch down that the airplane touch down in the first third of the available landing in the first third of the available landing distance (ALD), but in no case greater distance (ALD), but in no case greater than 3,000 feet down the runway, than 3,000 feet down the runway, whichever is less. whichever is less.

• A rejected landing must be executed if A rejected landing must be executed if above criteria is not assured.above criteria is not assured.

REJECTED LANDINGREJECTED LANDING

• The PIC may elect to reject the landing The PIC may elect to reject the landing due to: due to: – An emergency situationAn emergency situation– Unsafe condition on the runway, or Unsafe condition on the runway, or – The aircraft is not properly configured to The aircraft is not properly configured to

complete a full stop within the ALD.complete a full stop within the ALD.

REJECTED LANDING REJECTED LANDING PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

• A published, predetermined heading and/or A published, predetermined heading and/or altitude assignment to be used in the event of a altitude assignment to be used in the event of a rejected landing.rejected landing.

• Can be found in the Airport Facilities Directory Can be found in the Airport Facilities Directory (A/FD) or NOTAMs(A/FD) or NOTAMs

• The standardized procedure is intended to The standardized procedure is intended to provide protection against a conflict between provide protection against a conflict between aircraft where neither the pilot nor the controller aircraft where neither the pilot nor the controller are able to effectively do so.are able to effectively do so.

REJECTED LANDING REJECTED LANDING PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

• Maintain safe separation from other Maintain safe separation from other aircraft or vehicles and promptly notify aircraft or vehicles and promptly notify ATCATC

• A rejected landing must be initiated within A rejected landing must be initiated within the first third of the ALD, but in no case the first third of the ALD, but in no case greater than 3,000 feet down the runway, greater than 3,000 feet down the runway, whichever is less.whichever is less.

A FINAL REMINDERA FINAL REMINDER

• LAHSO procedures require both pilot and LAHSO procedures require both pilot and controller participation to balance the controller participation to balance the need for system efficiency and safety.need for system efficiency and safety.

• Good flight crew preparation will help Good flight crew preparation will help ensure successful LAHSO operations.ensure successful LAHSO operations.

• PICs make the final decision regarding PICs make the final decision regarding acceptance of a LAHSO clearance acceptance of a LAHSO clearance

FlightSafetyFlightSafetyinternationalinternational

THANKS FOR COMING!

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WELCOME TO THE LAKELAND, FLORIDA FAA SAFETY CENTER Corporate Seminar