Evolution Unit Objectives: Study Guide for Test

Objective 1: Describe evidences of evolution including genetic information, fossil records, similar DNA sequences, anatomical structures, and order of appearance of structures in embryological development.

Students should be able to: -Describe the evidences of evolution which explain the process of evolution.-Describe how Darwin discovered the process of natural selection and concluded that evolution was a method of changing organisms over time.-Differentiate between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures.

1) Read Pages:298-304 Chapter 10.4

2) Vocabulary to Know:-Biogeography: The study of the distribution of organisms around the world.-Fossil Records: Fossils indicate how a species lived and what they looked like.-Homologous Structures: Structures that have a common evolutionary origin-Analogous Structures: Body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function.-Vestigial Organ: A body structure in a present-day organism that is no longer needed.-Vestigial DNA that is no longer used but is in the genome.-Embryology: How animals are formed from an egg to an infant.

3) Diagrams to know: Fig 4.2; Fig 4.4; Fig 4.5; Fig 4.6; Fig 4.7;

Objective 2: Explain what natural selection is and how it occurs

Students should be able to: -Explain what natural selection is-Describe how natural selection can change a population over time.-Describe how natural selection leads to new adaptations

1) Read Pages: 292-297 Chapt 10.3

2) Vocabulary to know:Cartoons By Gary Larsen. Larson, Gary. The Complete Far Side. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.

-Natural Selection: The choosing of favorable traits in a population which allow the population to better survive or reproduce. More successful individuals are “naturally selected” to live longer and to produce more offspring that share those adaptations for their environment.Variation: The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs. It can occur either among members of different species (interspecific variation) or among individuals of the same species (intraspecific variation). Adaptation: A feature that allows an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment. Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population over time. Heritability: The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.Population: is all the individuals of a species that live in an area. Overproduction: While having many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, it also results in competition between offspring for resources.Microevolution: The observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time. Microevolution occurs on a small scale—within a single population.-Speciation: The development of new species from existing species-Stabilizing Selection: This selection favors the average individual in a population-Random mating is the mating of a species randomly without any selection preference. This allows populations to be in genetic equilibrium.-Directional Selection: This selection favors one extreme form of a trait.-Disruptive Selection: This selection favors two extreme forms of a trait.-Gene Pool: All the genes in the population-Allelic Frequency: The percentage of the gene pool with any specific allele (trait).-Genetic Equilibrium: The frequency of the alleles in the population remaining the same over generations. If the frequencies remain the same, no evolution can take place.-Geographic isolation occurs when a barrier separates populations of a species, each evolves independently because they can no longer mate. For example: Grand Canyon Prairie Dogs.-Mutation: a change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

3) Diagrams to know: Fig 3.2 Pg 295 Chapt 10.3

Cartoons By Gary Larsen. Larson, Gary. The Complete Far Side. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.

Objective 3: Explain how behavior changes can result in evolution

Students should be able to: -Describe how behavioral isolation can be caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors. -Describe how group behavior has evolved to increase chances of survival and their genetic relatives (gene pool).-Explain how behavior changes can increase species numbers. -Explain how behaviors can lead to changes in heritable genetic variation of individuals due to mutation and sexual reproduction.-Explain how changes in behavior can lead to increased competition for limited resources-Explain how changes in behavior can lead to natural selection

1) Read Pages: 332-334 Chapt 11.5

2) Vocabulary to know:-Behavioral isolation: Isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors.-Sexual Selection: The choosing of a mate due to specific physical traits.-Temporal isolation: When timing prevents reproduction between populations. Some members of a population may show signs of courtship at different times if there is a lot of competition for mates. Reproductive periods may change to a different time of the year or a different part of the day. These differences in timing can lead to speciation.

Objective 4: Explain how morphology changes can result in evolution

Students should be able to: -Explain how morphology changes can increase species numbers-Explain how morphology changes can lead to changes in heritable genetic variation of individuals due to mutation and sexual reproduction.-Explain how morphology changes can lead to increased competition for limited resources-Explain how morphology changes can lead to natural selection

1) Read Pages: 323-326 Chapt 11.3

2) Vocabulary to know:-Morphology: The form and structure of animals and plants.-Sexual Selection: The choosing of a mate due to specific physical traits.-Vestigial structure: A body structure in a present-day organism that is no longer needed.-Reproductive isolation: When two populations cannot reproduce and create viable offspring. It can be behavior, geographic, or genetic. Reproductive isolation occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring.

Cartoons By Gary Larsen. Larson, Gary. The Complete Far Side. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.

-Polyploidy: An individual or species with multiple of the normal set of chromosomes. This is the fastest form of speciation because it results in immediate reproductive isolation.

Objective 5: Explain how competition for limited resources can result in evolution

Students should be able to: -Explain how competition for limited resources can increase species numbers-Explain how competition for limited resources can lead to changes in heritable genetic variation of individuals due to mutation and sexual reproduction.-Explain how competition for limited resources can lead to increased competition for limited resources-Explain how competition for limited resources can to natural selection

1) Read Pages: 335-341 Chapter 11.6

2) Vocabulary to know:-Competition: When species must compete for a limited resource. If there is less food/resources, competition increases.

3) Diagrams to know: Fig 6.2 Pg 336 Chapt 11.6

Objective 6: Explain why species go extinct due to changes in the environment

Students should be able to: -Describe how environmental changes can lead to evolutionary change-Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution-Describe how changes in the environment can create new species or extinctions.

1) Read Pages: 296-297 Chapter 10.3

2) Vocabulary to know:-Divergent Evolution: The pattern of evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge or become increasingly distinct. Example: Darwin’s finches, Honeycreepers in Hawaii.-Adaptive radiation: Occurs when an ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats.-Convergent Evolution: Distantly related organisms evolve similar traits due to environmental pressures. Example: The tail fins of whales and sharks. They each evolved to be similar due to similar environmental conditions.

3) Diagrams to know: Fig 6.2 Pg 336 Chapt 11.6

Cartoons By Gary Larsen. Larson, Gary. The Complete Far Side. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.