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Instructor:

Lee Reynolds, Associate Professor

Department of Engineering Technology

Texas Tech University

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Overview of Today’s LectureOverview of Today’s LectureAdministrative Matters

– Website: http://129.118.86.167 Office Schedule User ID: ctec4343 Password: et4343s07 Key Sections of CTEC 4343 Website

– Historical Perspective of Safety & Health

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Student Learning ObjectivesStudent Learning Objectives

Know major events in the history of safety and health

Know labor contributionsList some safety and health organizations in

existence today

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Office and Class Schedule for Professor Reynolds

Spring Semester Office Location: ME 224A

Office Phone: 742-3539-Ext 233Email: howard.l.reynolds@ttu.edu

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Specialization ('Standard Industrial Classification, assigned by the U.S. Department of Commerce)

SIC Code

General contractor, single family 1521

General contractor, nonresidential 154

Highway & street construction 161

Bridge, tunnel, & elevated highways 1622

Plumbing, heating, & air conditioning 171

Painting, paperhanging, & decorating 172

Masonry, stonework, & tile setting 174

Plastering, drywall, & acoustical 1742

Carpeting & flooring 175

Concrete work 177

Structural steel erection 1792

Glass & glazing work 1793

Wrecking & demolition 1795

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The concept of shared liability contributes to the following potential problems for construction companies:

•Construction companies can find themselves named in a lawsuit filed by someone they do not even employ when the concept of shared liability is used to couple them with another company.

•Courts often hold general contractors at least partially liable for the actions of their subcontractors, claiming that, if they did not know about unsafe conditions, they should have.

•Construction companies that serve as general contractors are expected to exercise control over all aspects of a construction project and can be held liable.

•The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tends to hold all parties accountable (general contractors and subcontractors), even if they are not directly involved in a given violation

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Major topics on the health and safetymovement covered in this presentation:

Developments before the Industrial Revolution.

Milestones in the Safety Movement

Role of Organized Labor

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Development of Accident Prevention Programs

Development of Safety Organizations

Safety and Health Movement Today

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• What is Occupational Safety and Health?

• It is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human and capital resources in the workplace.

• What does occupational safety and health mean to society and business?

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• Economics

• Moral

• Legal

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• 2000 BC - Code of Hammurabi• Code of all laws of the

land• Included clauses on personal losses

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• 400 BC - Greek and Roman Physicians• Noted concerns for individuals

exposed to metals

• 200 AD - Galen• Roman physician wrote about

dangers of acid mists to copper miners

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• 1500 AD - Paracelsus • Studied miners diseases. His

studies formed the basis of modern toxicology (study of poisons)

“All things are poisonous and none inherently poisonous. Only a dose determines severity.”

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• Bernardo Ramazzini - Disease of Workers• Urged physicians to ask patients

“What trade are you in?”

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• 1700 - Percival Pott • Observed the first

occupational cancers

• Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

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• Inanimate Power• Substitute Machines for

people• New methods for converting

raw materials• Division of labor

•Frederick W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911•The Assembly line

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• Factory inspections in MA.

• Mining laws in PA.

• Safeguarding for hazardous machines in MA.

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• None Prior to 1970• States had the responsibility for health

and safety laws.• Laws were usually industry specific

and inadequately funded• Injury and Illness rates were perceived as

too high.• Pressure from Organized Labor

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0

2

4

6

8

10

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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Years

OS

HA

In

jury

Rate

pe

r 100 W

ork

ers

Injury Rate Linear (Injury Rate)

22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Years

De

ath

Rate

pe

r 100,0

00 W

ork

ers

Death Rate Linear (Death Rate)

OSHAct of 1970

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• What has changed in the last 50 years?

•More technology

•More mechanization

•Less labor

•More service based business

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• Helped to overturn several anti-labor laws relating to safety and health.

• Fellow servant rule

• Contributory negligence

• Assumption of risk

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Unsafe Acts 88%

Unsafe Conditions 10%

Unsafe Causes 2%

Total cases of workplace accidents

100%

According to engineering theory, people, not unsafe conditions were the greatest cause of accidents.

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• First Safety Program - Steel mills in PA. 1887

• Focus of programs on the 3 E’s of Safety

•Engineering

•Enforcement

•Education

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•1867 Massachusetts introduces

factory inspection.

•1868 Patent awarded to first

barrier safeguard.

•1869 Pennsylvania passes law requiring

two exits from all mines and the Bureau

of Labor Statistics is formed.

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• 1877 Massachusetts passes law requiring safeguards on hazardous machines and the Employer’s Liability Law is passed.

• 1892 First recorded safety program is established.

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1907 Bureau of Mines created by U.S. Department of the Interior. 1908 Concept of Worker’s Compensation is introduced in the United States.

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1911 Wisconsin passed first effective worker’s compensation law in the U.S. and New Jersey becomes first state to uphold a worker’s compensation law.

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1912 First cooperative safety conference meets in Milwaukee.

1913 National Council of Industrial Safety is formed.

1915 National Council of Industrial Safety changes name to National Safety Council.

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1916 Concept of negligent manufacture is established (product liability).

1936 National Silicosis Conference convened by U.S. Secretary of Labor.

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1965, Federal Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety Act.

1965, Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act

1965, Contact Workers and Safety standards Act

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1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act passes.

1977 Federal Mine Safety Act passes.

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1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act.

1990 Amended Clean Air Act of 1970.

1996 Introduction of Total Safety Management (TSM) concept.

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SummarySummary

Remaining Slides list organizations concerned with safety and health

Your vocation will interface you with one of the more hazardous environments

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Alliance for American Insurers

American Board of Industrial

Hygiene

American Council of Government

Industrial Hygienists

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American Industrial Hygiene

Association

American Insurance Association

American National Standards Institute

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American Occupational Medical Association

American Society of Safety Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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American Society of Safety Engineers

American Society for Testing and Materials

Chemical Transportation Emergency Center

Human Factors Society

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National Fire Protection Association

National Safety Council

National Safety Management Society

Society of Automotive Engineers

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System Safety Society

Underwriters Laboratory

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American Public Health Association

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Bureau of National Affairs

Commerce Clearing House

Environmental Protection Agency

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National Institute of Standards and technology (formerly national Bureau of Standards)

National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Superintendent of Document, U.S. Government Printing Office

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

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Six Reasons for preventing accidents and occupational illnesses:

Needless destruction of life and health morally unjustified.

Failure to take necessary precautions against accidents and illnesses morally wrong.

Severely limit efficiency and productivity.

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Far reaching social harm.

Safety movement demonstrated its techniques effective.

State and federal laws mandate responsibility.

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Safety and Health long history dating back to Egyptian pharaohs and Hammurabi code.

U.S. milestones include 1st recorded safety program, Creation of Bureau of Mines, passage of 1st effective worker’s compensation law,OSHA law.

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Work of unions to overturn anti-labor laws.

Specific health problems of miners’ diseases, mercury poisoning, and asbestos.

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widely used accident prevention techniques.

Development of safety organizations.

Today’s characterization of integration and professionalism.