Welcome to CSE 124: Networked Services Fall 09 B. S. Manoj, Ph.D Lecture 1 9/24/20091UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09

Welcome to Welcome to CSE 124: Networked Services CSE 124: Networked Services Fall ‘09 Fall ‘09

B. S. Manoj, Ph.Dhttp://CalSysNet.calit2.netLecture 1

9/24/2009 1UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09

Some of these slides are adapted from various sources/individuals including but not limited toProf. Amin Vahdat, Prof. James Kurose, Prof. Keith Ross, CAIDA, The Internet Society, SDSU, www.opte.org, www.swivel.com, and other sources. Use of these slides other than for pedagogical purpose may require explicit permissions from the respective sources.

ContentsContentsCourse Goals

◦Resources◦Audience◦Main objectives◦Grading

History of the InternetGrowth of InternetIntroduction to the InternetSummary


Course ResourcesCourse Resources Instructor:

◦ B. S. Manoj (a.k.a Manoj Balakrishnan) [email protected]

◦ Office Hours: By appointment (Email for appointment)

Teaching Assistant◦ TBA ◦ Office Hours: TBA

Course Web Page◦ Temporarily at

http://CalSysNet.calit2.net/cse124◦ Later it will be updated in

http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/fa09/cse124 9/24/2009 3

UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09

AudienceAudienceThose who want to learn to innovate in

advancing services over future network systems

Those with interest in Graduate school

Those with top industrial positions in mind◦ Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Qualcomm, Akamai,

IBM, Apple, etc.

Those who want to have real hands-on expertise


Main objectives Main objectives To gain knowledge in networking and

distributed systems◦ Lectures, textbooks, and homework

To understand where are we headed◦ Study of latest research publications in the area

Get to know how to build large scale network systems◦ Programming projects◦ From simple to novel ideas to reality translation

To learn to innovate Through innovation project


What we prefer not to doWhat we prefer not to doTo teach basic programming

◦Familiarity with Operating Systems is necessary

◦Good programming skills with C/C++ is required

To debug source codes that you write◦We might sometimes be of help, but

not guaranteed9/24/2009 6


Grading PlanGrading Plan15% Homework

◦ Assignments and paper evaluations and write-up.

40% exams◦ 15% midterm◦ 25% final exam

40% Programming projects (2)◦ 15%: Project 1: HTTP server ◦ 25%: Project II: Innovation project

5% Attendance and Class participation9/24/2009 7


Paper evaluations and Paper evaluations and discussionsdiscussions

Over the entire course 4 papers will be discussed

Mostly from ACM SIGCOMM or other highly rated conferences

An evaluation write-ups to be prepared (1-2 pages) per paper and submitted before their discussion

12 point font, one inch margin all sides, ACM single column style

Points to be noted Important contribution of the paper Important limitations or errors (logical or technical,

not typographical or grammatical) in the paper How it can further be improved (briefly)


Course ProjectsCourse Projects Two projects for the entire course span Project 1

◦ Build an HTTP server in C/C++◦ Team size: 2◦ Support both HTTP/1.0 and a subset of HTTP/1.1◦ Due date: TBA

Project 2◦ Innovation Project (1 or 2 choices will be provided)◦ You may choose your own project (provided they

are novel and feasible within the time frame)◦ Instructor approval required

Innovation Projects are required to be presented in the class◦ 10 minutes (6 minutes for presentation, 3 minutes

for discussion, and 1 minute for conclusion)9/24/2009 9UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09

History of Internet History of Internet 1960s-70s: Development of packet switching

1970s-80s: Early proprietary networks and internetworking

1980s-90s: Proliferation of networks

1990s-2000s: Explosion of the networks

2000-2010s: Internet as a major utility as well as threat

2010-beyond: Network Transformations to new forms


The ARPANET (Internet) in The ARPANET (Internet) in 19691969

LOG


Host level graph Only a fraction!

The Internet in 2005The Internet in 2005

Source: www.opte.org 9/24/2009 12UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09




Internet Growth Internet Growth

Source: The Internet Society and www.swivel.com

1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1,000 hosts 1986: 5,000 hosts 1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts 1992: 1,000,000 hosts 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts 2006: over 430 million hosts 2008: over 541 million hosts Jan 2009: over 625 million hosts 2010: ? 2011: ?


Growth of the Internet Growth of the Internet

The Internet Society, Google, and Swivel.com9/24/2009 17


Growth and modern Growth and modern communicationscommunications50 million user population

◦ Radio: 38 years ◦ TV: 13 years ◦ The Internet: 4 years!!! (Once it was open

to the Public,)

Who did all these?


Claude ShannonClaude Shannon Published a”A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948 In 1948 with the publication of A Mathematical Theory of

Communication, Shannon characterized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity.

And showed that it was possible to transmit information at any rate below capacity with an arbitrarily small probability of error.

His method of proof was to show the existence of a single good code by averaging over all possible codes.

His paper established fundamental limits on the efficiency of communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of finding families of codes that achieve capacity. The method of random coding does not produce an explicit example of a good code, and in fact it has taken fifty years for coding theorists to discover codes that come close to these fundamental limits on telephone line channels.

Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s. Called these fundamental units BITS.

Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second. Widely credited as the Father of Information Theory.

Source: http://www.research.att.com/~njas/doc/ces5.html and the Internet Society


Leonard KleinrockLeonard Kleinrock Kleinrock published his first paper on digital network

communications, Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, in the RLE Quarterly Progress Report, in July, 1961.

He developed his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and then published a comprehensive analytical treatment of digital networks in his book Communication Nets in 1964.

In 1966, Roberts joined the IPTO with a mandate to develop the ARPANET, and used Kleinrock's Communication Nets to help convince his colleagues that a wide area digital communication network was possible.

In October, 1968, Roberts gave a contract to Kleinrock's NMC as the ideal group to perform ARPANET performance measurement and find areas for improvement.

On a historical day in early September, 1969, a team at Kleinrock's NMC connected one of their SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor, thereby becoming the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the Internet.

Source: Dr. Kleinrock’s Homepage and the Internet Society9/24/2009 20


Paul BaranPaul Baran In 1959 Paul Baran joined RAND and started working on survivable, wide area

communications networks so they could reorganize and respond after a nuclear attack, diminishing the attractiveness of a first nuclear strike option by the Soviet Union.

The results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers titled On Distributed Communications in 1964.

Baran's study describes a remarkably detailed architecture for a distributed, survivable, packet switched communications network. The network is designed to withstand almost any degree of destruction to individual components without loss of end-to-end communications. Since each computer could be connected to one or more other computers, it was assumed that any link of the network could fail at any time, and the network therefore had no central control or administration.

Baran's architecture was well designed to provide reliability and helped to convince the US Military that wide area digital computer networks were a promising technology.

Source: Livinginternet.com and the Internet Society9/24/2009 21UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09

Lawrence RobertsLawrence Roberts Lawrence Roberts obtained his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from MIT, and then

joined the Lincoln Laboratory, where he carried out research into computer networks. In a pivotal meeting in November, 1964, Roberts met with J.C.R. Licklider, who inspired Roberts with his dream to build a wide area communications network.

In February, 1965, the director of the IPTO, Ivan Sutherland, gave a contract to Roberts to develop a computer network. In July, Roberts gave a contract to Thomas Marill to program the network. In October, 1965, the Lincoln Labs TX-2 computer talked to their SDC's Q32 computer in one of the worlds first digital network communications.

In October, 1966, Roberts and Marill published a paper titled Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers at the Fall AFIPS Conference, documenting their networking experiments.

Also in 1966, DARPA head Charlie Hertzfeld promised IPTO Director Bob Taylor a million dollars to build a distributed communications network that would come to be called the ARPANET.

In April, 1967, Roberts held an "ARPANET Design Session" at the IPTO Principal Investigator meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The standards for identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and error checking and retransmission procedures were outlined at this meeting.

Source: Livinginternet.com9/24/2009 22


Vinton Cerf and Robert Vinton Cerf and Robert KahnKahn In 1972, Vinton Cerf was a DARPA scientist at Stanford University

and he joined Robert Kahn as Principal Investigator on a project to design the next generation networking protocol for the ARPANET.

Cerf and Kahn drafted a paper describing their network design, titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection", in 1973 and then finalized and published in the IEEE Transactions of Communications Technology, in May, 1974.

Cerf, Kahn, and Stanford graduate students Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine published the first technical specification of TCP/IP as an as RFC 675, in December, 1974.

TCP is split into TCP and IP in 1978.

Source: Livinginternet.com9/24/2009 23


Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-Lee

The inventor of HTML. Graduate of Oxford University, England, Tim is now with the Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS)at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT).

In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory.

Source: w3c.org and The Internet Society.9/24/2009 24


Mark AndreesenMark Andreesen Marc Andreesen, National Center for Supercomputing Applications

(NCSA) at the University of Illinois, identified that most browsers were designed for UNIX machines and were available only for academics.

In 1992, Andreesen and Eric Bina, developed new browser Mosaic that let◦ Images and text to appear on the same page◦ A graphical interface with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily◦ The hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers

that the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.

In 1993, Mosaic made it to the front page of the New York Times business section saying “an application program so different and so obviously useful that it can create a new industry from scratch.”

In mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in Mountain View, California where he led the development of Netscape, the leading Internet browser for another decade.

Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers and the Internet Society.


Innovations soon followedInnovations soon followed Yahoo.com; the web indexing service

Hotmail.com; first web-based email service

Google.com; transformed search service as one of the most important activity on the net

Akamai.net; content distribution service as one of the key elements in the internet

Peer-to-peer networks came to be as a novel alternative communication approach

PlanetLab became a large scale world-wide overlay network testbed

NSF started GENI (GENI.NET) Global Environment for Network Innovations for a future Internet



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““Cool” internet appliancesCool” internet appliances

World’s smallest web serverhttp://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

IP picture framehttp://www.ceiva.com/

Web-enabled toaster +weather forecaster

Internet phones

9/24/2009

Introduction to the Introduction to the InternetInternet

What is the Internet?◦ A network of networks

Each network may be under an autonomous organization Network of a large number heterogeneous networks

Wireless, fiber, copper, satellite, sensor, etc. From big super computers to tiny sensors Sometimes even human beings

Assisted living as an inevitability

◦ A headless network formed by millions of heterogeneous devices No single administrative control is feasible High reliability and availability Highly vulnerable for security

◦ A giant network formed by Access networks (Network edge) Core Network (The backbone of the Internet)

◦ An important infrastructure for modern services E-commerce, E-governance, Telemedicine, assisted living, reliable

distributed computing, and a host of other yet-to-be identified services9/24/2009 28UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09


1-29

What’s the Internet: another “nuts and What’s the Internet: another “nuts and bolts” viewbolts” view

millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems ◦ running network apps

Home network

Institutional network

Mobile network

Global ISP

Regional ISP communication links fiber, copper, radio,

satellite transmission rate =

bandwidth

routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

9/24/2009


1-30

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” viewviewprotocols control sending,

receiving of msgs◦ e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,

Ethernet Internet: “network of

networks”◦ loosely hierarchical◦ public Internet versus

private intranet Internet standards

◦ RFC: Request for comments◦ IETF: Internet Engineering

Task Force◦ IEEE standards

Home network

Institutional network

Mobile network

Global ISP

Regional ISP

9/24/2009


1-31

What’s the Internet: a service viewWhat’s the Internet: a service view communication infrastructure

enables distributed applications:◦ Web, VoIP, email, games,

e-commerce, file sharing communication services

provided to apps:◦ reliable data delivery from

source to destination◦ “best effort” (unreliable)

data delivery◦ Voice, video, radio

application services ◦ E-commerce, telemedicine,

internet information processing, distributed gaming, P2P file sharing,

9/24/2009

Communication Communication requirementsrequirementsSome information (An idea) for eg., Hi

Sufficient Energy to transmit (voice, or electrical energy)

A medium to transmit◦ Air, copper, fiber, RF spectrum etc. ◦ A network is a collection of media that are

assembled in certain specific order or form to enable end-to-end communication

A set of rules to make the communication meaningful◦ Hi must be recognized with proper syntax and

semantics◦ Network protocols define the rules of

communication over a network9/24/2009 32UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09


1-33

What’s a protocol?What’s a protocol?human protocols:“what’s the time?”“I have a question” introductions

… specific msgs sent… specific actions

taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols:machines rather than

humansall communication

activity in Internet governed by protocols

Definition 1: protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among

network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

Definition 2: A communication protocol defines the rules that are associated

with the syntax, semantics, and actions associated with messages and events

that must be followed for effective communication

between network devices.9/24/2009


What’s a protocol?What’s a protocol?a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Q: Other human protocols?

Hi

Hi

Got thetime?2:00

TCP connection request

TCP connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

<file>

time

9/24/2009


1-35

A look at network structure:A look at network structure:

network edge: end hosts or devices

access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links network core:

interconnected routers network of networks

9/24/2009

The network edge:The network edge:end systems (hosts):

◦ run application programs◦ e.g. Web, email◦ at “edge of network”

client/server

peer-peer

client/server model client host requests,

receives service from always-on server

e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server peer-peer model:

minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers

e.g. Skype, BitTorrent Hybrid model:

A combination of client-server and peer-to-peer model


SummarySummaryThis course is about networking

with focus on servicesMore in later lectures

Documents

Welcome to CSE 124: Networked Services Fall 09 B. S. Manoj, Ph.D Lecture 1 9/24/20091UCSD CSE 124 Networked Services Fall09