Welcome to CENG! What is Computer Engineeringbytes.usc.edu/files/ee109/slides/EE109Unit0_Intro.pdf · Welcome to CENG! ... • You will find them everywhere in digital systems, for

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Welcome to CENG!

http://blog.tmcnet.com/blog/rich-tehrani/uploads/facebook-datacenter-electrical-large.jpghttp://www.cmu.edu/news/image-archive/Boss.jpghttp://prisonerofclass-5933.zippykid.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/iphone.jpghttp://firstcallappliance.com/wp-content/uploads/image/microwave.jpghttp://www.engadget.com/2011/02/19/intel-to-spend-5-billion-on-new-14nm-fab-in-arizona-creating-4/https://www.staples-3p.com/s7/is/image/Staples/s0978329_sc7?$splssku$http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/spacex_default.jpg

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What is Computer Engineering

• Computer Engineering is…

– Developing efficient systems that combine hardware,

software, and networking to interact with the physical

world and/or solve information-based problems

– Learning how to design, analyze, implement, and test such

systems

Goal of CECS/CENG: To develop engineers who can span the complex inter-relationship of computer hardware and software, creating and designing system solutions

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Today's Digital Environment

Voltage / Currents

Transistors / Circuits

Digital Logic

Processor / Memory / GPU / FPGAs

Assembly / Machine Code

OS /Libraries

C++ / Java / Python

Algorithms

Voltage / Currents


Digital Logic

Processor / Memory / GPU / FPGAs


OS /Libraries

C++ / Java / Python

Algorithms

Networks

Applications

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Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels

SW

Controlling Input

(Gate )

Output (Drain )

Source

Fx

y

z

+B

A

S

if (x > 0) thenx = x + y - z;

a = b*x;

Transistors

LogicAND gate

Functional Units

Chips(Processors)

Software Code

--

--

--

-

1110010101…

Voltage / Currents


Digital Logic

Processor / Memory / GPU / FPGAs / Networks


OS /Libraries

C++ / Java / Python

Algorithms

Networks

Applications

HW

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You Can Do That With Computer Engineering

SW

Voltage / Currents


Digital Logic



OS /Libraries

C++ / Java / Python

Algorithms

Networks

Applications

HW

Devices & Integrated Circuits

(Semiconductors & Fabrication)

Architecture(Processors & Embedded

HW)

Systems & Networking(Embedded Systems, IoT,

Networks)

Applications(AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile)

Cloud & Distributed Computing(CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining, Machine Learning, etc.)

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Goals of this Course

SW

Voltage / Currents


Digital Logic



OS /Libraries

C++ / Java / Python

Algorithms

Networks

Applications

HW

• Embedded Systems

• Programming

– C language

• Digital logic

– Hardware design

• Computer Performance

– Understanding and

improving performance of

systems

• Electronics

– Voltage, current, basic

circuit theory

Embedded

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Full Timeout - Syllabus

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Course Advice

• Catch the wave!

– Leave plenty of time will need and your

ability to get your work done

– Don’t let shame or embarrassment keep

you from the help you need

• Put in the time

– Achieving mastery takes ______ hours?1

• Play!

– Be active, curious, and engaged

• Don't let "class" get in the way of learning

– Do not be afraid to just try, even if you fail

• Failure breeds far more learning than success1 From Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers

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CECS Curriculum

EE 457

EE 454

EE 477

CS 170

CS 270

CS 350

CS 310

CS 360

CS 420

CS 445

EE 459CS 477

Core Concepts(Programming Languages,

Data Structures,Digital Logic Design)

Operating Systems

Software Engineering

Algorithms, Theory, Cryptography

Graphics

AI

Robotics

Integrated Circuits

EE 479

Computer Architecture

CS 353

Networks & Web Programming

EE 354

CS103

CS 104

CS 201

EE109

EE 250

EE 451

CS 476

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EE Curriculum

EE/CS109

EE 354

Core Classes

Computer Engineering Electrical Sciences

EE 155 EE 250 EE 301 EE 364 EE 202 EE 330

Programming Embedded Systems

IoT Linear Systems

Probability and Statistics

Linear Circuits Electromagnetics

EE 457

EE 454

EE 451

EE 450

CS 445CS 360

CS 350

EE 459

EE 477

Digital System Design

Operating Systems

Networks

Computer Architecture

Intro. To System-on-Chip

Intro. To VLSIParallel & Distributed Computing

RoboticsAI

Capstone

Circuits, Signals, and Systems

Area Electives

EE 355

Software Design

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Careers

• Information Technology

• General & High Performance Computing

• Mobile and Networking

• Media & Entertainment

• Automotive

• Robotics

• Aerospace / Defense

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Careers

… and presidents of USC. Our last two presidents, Steven

Sample and Max Nikias are both Electrical Engineers.

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Companies

• Information Technology

• Semiconductor & General computing

• Telecomm and Networking

• Media & Entertainment

• Automotive

• Robotics

• Aerospace

• Startups

• Facebook, Apple, Google, MS

• Intel, IBM

• Qualcomm, Cisco

• EA, Disney, Riot Games

• Ford, Uber, etc.

• JPL, iRobot

• SpaceX, Boeing, Raytheon

• Embark (now Apple), Zboard

2 of the top 10 fastest-growing job markets will be Computer Science and System (CENG) Engineers

* U.S. Department of Labor

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Research/Extracurriculars at USC

• Integrated Media Systems Center

– Sound, video, online collaboration, streaming

media research

• Information Sciences Institute

– AI, Internet, Advanced Processing Systems research

• Institute for Creative Technologies

– Virtual Reality, Graphics, Animation, Games

• Student Orgs

– Makers (http://viterbimakers.usc.edu/)

– HackSC, AthenaHacks, SparkSC

– IEEE, ACM

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

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Digital System Spectrum

• Key idea: Any “algorithm” can be implemented in HW or SW or some mixture of both

• A digital systems can be located anywhere in a spectrum of:

– ALL HW: (a.k.a. Application-Specific IC’s)

– ALL SW: An embedded computer system

• Advantages of application specific HW

– Faster, less power

• Advantages of an embedded computer system (i.e. general purpose HW for executing SW)

– Reprogrammable (i.e. make a mistake, fix it)

– Less expensive than a dedicated hardware system (single computer system can be used for multiple designs)

• One of the main points for the whole course:

– Applications and processing can be done in software, custom-designed HW, or some mixture of both

– Each one has pros/cons

– We will give you the knowledge for how it can be done in both

Co

mp

uti

ng

Syste

m

Sp

ectr

um

Application Specific Hardware

(no software)

General Purpose HW w/ Software

Fle

xib

ilit

y, D

es

ign

Tim

e

Pe

rfo

rma

nc

e

Co

st

http://www.xbitlabs.com/images/news/2008-06/nvda_tegra_chip_scheme.jpg

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Processing Logic Approaches

• Custom Hardware – Logic that directly implements a

specific task

– Example above may use separate adders and a multiplier unit

• General Purpose (GP) Processor– Logic designed to execute SW

instructions

– Provides basic processing resources that are reused by each instruction

• What if I want to perform:– X*Y + A*B

– What's easiest to redesign?

+ *

Data storageInstruc.Store

ADD X,YADD A,BMUL X,A

GP Proc. Implementation of (X+Y)*(A+B)

+

+

*

X

Y

A

B

Out

Custom HW Implementation

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Embedded Systems

• An embedded system is…

– A special purpose computer that is designed into a larger

device to perform some amount of dedicated tasks

• Utilize a microcontroller…

– Laptops or desktops contain a microprocessor

– Embedded systems contain microcontrollers

– What's the difference?

• Microprocessor is part of a larger computer system w/ RAM and

general purpose I/O

• Microcontroller is a single-chip with RAM and I/O to control

specific electro/mechanical devices

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A Comparison

• Different microprocessor and microcontroller

based systemsPC

(Core i7)

iPhone

(A6 chip)

MIPS32

(PIC32MX…)

Arduino

(ATMega328)

Clock speed 3 GHz 1.3 GHz 80 MHz < 20 MHz

Data size 64-bits 32-bit 32-bits 8-bits

RAM 8 GB 1 GB 16 KB 2 KB

Storage 1 TB 32 GB 128 KB 32 KB

Cost $1,000 $650 $6.04 $2.88

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Engineering Design

Engineering is

Design with Constraints

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Engineering Design

Artist: “We’ll create a spaceship powered by a warp drive.”

Engineer: “We need to build a rocket engine that works.”

Artists and engineers both design things, but differently.

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What constraints does an engineer face when designing something?

Engineering Design

Cost Performance Reliability

Durability Ease of use Weight

Power Size Safety

Environmental Political Testability

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The constraints may differ depending on the product.

Engineering Design

Toy: Cost > Reliability

Medical implant device: Reliability > Cost

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APPLICATIONS & TOPICS

Examples we'll learn about throughout the semester

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Decoders

• Decoders are digital circuits that help identify 1-of-N options.

• You might find one in a vending machine and many other

devices.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

0

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

12 13 14 154-to-16 decoder

A[3:0]

0 1 2 3 … 15

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Multiplexers

• Multiplexers ("muxes" for short) are digital circuits that help

select one data source and direct traffic in a digital system

• You will find them everywhere in digital systems, for example,

in network routers.

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Controllers and State Machines

• State machines implemented in HW or SW help control many

devices

– You will learn how to design and implement them both in HW and SW

Small Street

Turn

Sensor

S1

Turn

Sensor

S2

Overall sensor

output

S = S1 + S2

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Embedded Control

• You'll design and implement a stopwatch

with an LCD screen, buttons, etc.

• You'll learn about how to make

hardware devices display things,

measure time, make sounds, etc.

through our labs

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Hardware Acceleration

• You'll see how hardware can be used to perform

audio, image, and video effects and why hardware is

needed to accelerate many of these operations

0.62 0.625 0.63 0.635 0.64 0.645 0.65 0.655 0.66 0.665 0.67-0.8

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0

0.2

0.4

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0.62 0.625 0.63 0.635 0.64 0.645 0.65 0.655 0.66 0.665 0.67-0.4

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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

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Original signalHigh pitch tones removed after digital

HW filtering

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Computer Processor Design

• You learn about how

computer processor

work and interact with

memory

• You'll learn about

caching and other

performance

improving techniques

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

OVERVIEW

How does your computer work?

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Computer Systems Tour

• How does a SW program get mapped and executed on a computer

• What components is a computer composed of and what are their functions

• How does the architecture affect performance

C / C++ / Java

Logic Gates

Transistors

HW

SW

Voltage / Currents


Applications

LibrariesOS

Processor / Memory / I/O

Functional Units(Registers, Adders, Muxes)

Start Here

End Here

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Software Process

1110 0010 0101 10010110 1011 0000 11000100 1101 0111 11111010 1100 0010 10110001 0110 0011 1000

MOVE.W X,D0CMPI.W #0,D0BLE SKIPADD Y,D0SUB Z,D0

SKIP MUL …

Software Program

High Level Language

Description

Assembly (.asm/.s files)

Executable Binary Image

if (x > 0)x = x + y - z;

a = b*x;

LA $t0,xLW $t1,0($t0)BLE $t1,$zero,SKIPLA $t0,yLW $t2,0($t0)LA $t0,zLW $t3,0($t0)ADD $t1,$t1,$t2SUB $t1,$t1,$t3

SKIP: MUL …

1110 0010 0101 10010110 1011 0000 11000100 1101 0111 11111010 1100 0010 10110001 0110 0011 1000

.c/.cpp files1110 0010 0101 10010110 1011 0000 11000100 1101 0111 11111010 1100 0010 10110001 0110 0011 1000

Object/Machine Code(.o files)

Preprocessor / Compiler Assembler

LinkerLoader / OS

Program Executing

A “compiler”(i.e. gcc, VisualC++,

etc.) usually performs all 3 steps

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Hardware Components• Computer hardware can be

classified into three categories– Processor

• Performs operations on data

– Memory (RAM & ROM)• Stores data for processing

• Stores software code (instructions)

– Input/Output Devices• Supplies and consumes data

• Supplies the program

• Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Hard Drive

• Many variations due to different performance, cost, reliability, power factors

Processor

MemoryOutput Devices

Input Devices

Software Program

Data

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Processor

• Performs the same 3-step process over and over again

– Fetch an instruction from memory

– Decode the instruction• Is it an ADD, SUB, etc.?

– Execute the instruction• Perform the specified operation

• This process is known as the Instruction Cycle

Processor

Memory

ADD

SUB

CMP

ArithmeticCircuitry

DecodeCircuitry

1 Fetch Instruction

It’s an ADD

Add the specified values

2

3

Wires

connecting

the processor

and memory

devices

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Memory

• Set of cells that each store a group of bits

– Usually, 1 byte (8 bits) per cell

• Unique address (number) assigned to each cell

– Used to reference the value in that location

• Data and instructions are both stored in memory and are always represented as a string of 1’s and 0’s

11010010

01001011

10010000

11110100

01101000

11010001

…

00001011

0

1

2

3

4

5

FFFF

Address Data

Memory Device

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Memory Operations

• Memories perform 2 operations– Read: retrieves data value in a

particular location (specified using the address)

– Write: changes data in a location to a new value

• To perform these operations a set of address, data, and controlwires are used to talk to the memory– Note: A group of wires/signals is

referred to as a ‘bus’

– Thus, we say that memories have an address, data, and control bus.

11010010

01001011

10010000

11110100

01101000

11010001

…

00001011

0

1

2

3

4

5

FFFF

11010010

01001011

10010000

11110100

01101000

00000110

…

00001011

0

1

2

3

4

5

FFFF

2

10010000

Read

Addr.

Data

Control

Addr.

Data

Control

5

00000110

Write

A Write Operation

A Read Operation

Processor

Processor

System Bus (address, data, control wires)

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Memory Types

• RAM (Random Access Memory)

– Volatile: Contents are lost on power-off

– RAM usually refers to memory that can both be read

and written quickly

• Flash/ROM (Read-Only Memory)

– Data values are programmed prior to shipping and

cannot be rewritten by the processor

– Non-volatile: Contents are retained w/o power

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Input / Output• Keyboard, Mouse, Display, USB devices, Hard Drive, Printer, etc.

• Processor can perform reads and writes on I/O devices just as it does on memory– I/O devices have locations that contain the processor can access

– These locations are assigned unique addresses just like memory

– The value in these locations is the input data or output data that will control the device

Keyboard Interface

‘a’ = 61 hex in ASCII

61400

Processor Memory

A D C

400

61

READ

…

0

399

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Input / Output

• Writing a value to the video adapter can set a pixel on the screen

Video Interface

FE may signify a

white dot at a particular

location

…

800

Processor Memory

A D C

800

254

WRITE

…

0

399

254

01

Keyboard Interface

61400

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Amazon Echo

• Let's try to put all of this into context with an

example

• Let's see what hardware is inside

• Let's think about some of the software

considerations

Many of the terms you see may not be familiar but you will learn about many of them throughout this

course. By the end of the semester you should have a good idea of what is going on inside!

For now, focus on the categorization of processor, memory, and I/O and how they must talk to each

other by doing reads/writes.

0.42

Amazon Echo Hardware [1/3]

• Main Processing board

– [Red] Texas Instruments DM3725CUS100 Digital Media Processor

– [Orange] Samsung K4X2G323PD-8GD8 256 MB LPDDR1 RAM

– [Yellow] SanDisk SDIN7DP2-4G 4 GB iNAND Ultra Flash Memory

– [Green] Qualcomm Atheros QCA6234X-AM2D Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Module

– [Blue] Texas Instruments TPS65910A1 Integrated Power Management

IC

https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Amazon+Echo+Teardown/33953

You will learn more about

how the processor

and memory are designed.

0.43


• Daughterboard with much of the audio I/O devices– [Red] Texas Instruments LP55231 Programmable 9-Output LED Driver (x4)

– [Orange] Texas Instruments TLV320ADC3101 92dB SNR Low-Power Stereo ADC

(x4)

– [Yellow] Texas Instruments SN74LVC74A Dual Positive-Edge-Triggered D-Type

Flip-Flops

– [Green] S1053 0090 V6 Microphone (x7)


In your first few labs you will build systems to control

LEDs, perform A-to-D conversions

(ADC), and learn about "flip-flops"

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• Power and speaker I/O board

– [Red] Texas Instruments TPS53312, likely an updated version of

the TPS53311 3A Step-Down Regulator with Integrated Switcher

– [Orange] Texas Instruments TLV320DAC3203 Ultra Low Power Stereo

Audio Codec

– [Yellow] Texas Instruments TPA3110D2 15W Filter-Free Class D Stereo

Amplifier


Not everything is digital. To produce audible sound we need to worry about voltage/current

requirements.

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Amazon Echo Software

• What kind of software do we need?

– Firmware: Software that won't often change and

is meant to control the hardware

• Low-level software to control the various hardware

devices (speakers, microphones, etc.)

• Operating system to run and coordinate all the higher

level software apps

• Audio processing software to perform voice

recognition, etc.

– Extensible framework for higher level, networked

software that may perform new user-defined

skills/apps

0.46

Amazon Echo Software

• Some tasks may be

handled by the

hardware/software in the

Echo

– Recognition of "Alexa"

voice command

• Other requests may

require more information

or processing capability

than is locally present so

it is sent over the

Internet to be processed

in the cloud

https://developer.amazon.com/alexa-skills-kit

"Alexa"

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Reminders

• Take the survey linked on our website under

the Lecture Schedule…Lecture 1

• Attend lab and bring your laptops

• Get the course reader at the book store

• Watch the pre-lecture video on Circuits before

coming to our next lecture

Documents

Welcome to CENG! What is Computer Engineeringbytes.usc.edu/files/ee109/slides/EE109Unit0_Intro.pdf · Welcome to CENG! ... • You will find them everywhere in digital systems, for