Welcome to BIOLOGY!

JBHS

SCI 204

Mrs. Melissa Harris, MAed

The Goal of Science is to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world,

and to use those explanations to make useful

predictions.

Nature of Science Scientific knowledge is _public__ (ex: Media, newspaper) Scientific knowledge is ___historic_____

(ex: work of past scientists) Scientific knowledge is ___replicable___

(ex: repeated experiments w/ the same results) Scientific knowledge is __tentative___

(ex: subject to change)• Scientific knowledge is __probabilistic___

(ex: problem solving using the ____scientific method___)

What is Biology?

*The study of life (greek word bios, meaning _life_- and logos, meaning _study_)

Characteristics of Life

Living things are made of _cells__

Living things _reproduce__

Living things _grow__ Living things _develop__

(living things change during their life)

Living things __respond__ to stimuli in order to maintain _homeostasis_(balance) ex: maintaining __constant internal__-- temperature

Living things use __energy___ (cellular respiration-how organisms obtain energy)

Living things need __food__ (may be consumer or producer)

Living things __adapt__ and can __evolve___ (change)

• ORGANISM-anything that possesses all of these characteristics of life.

• SPECIES-organism that can interbreed and produce fertile

offspring (if not leads to EXTINCTION)

• VIRUSES-are not considered to be living-can only REPRODUCE!

Groups of Cells

Levels of Biological OrganizationBiosphere-Earth

Scientific Inquiry: Thinking Like a Scientist

• Scientists collect data by making careful observations.

• An Observation is a __record___ or note made by studying something using the __senses__.

• Data is __information__ gathered through __observations__.

• An Inference is a _deduction__ or assumption based on __observations__ and prior __knowledge___.

THEORY:

AdditionalHypothesis

Reject &ReviseHypothesis

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Parts of an experiment

• Experiment: __an organized process used to test a hypothesis__

• Variable: factor that might affect the _outcome__ of the test.

• Control GroupGroup not altered or changed

Used as a standard for comparison

• Experimental Group

•Group altered or changed

Independent Variable (manipulated variable)

• usually goes on x-axis of graph (I. V.)

factor adjusted by the experimenter

The cause in the experiment (causes change)

Graphed on the x-axis

Dependent variable (responding variable)

• usually goes on the y-axis of graph (D. V.)

Results from the action of the I.V. The effect in the experiment

(changed) Graphed on the y-axis

ExampleWashing clothes w/ different types of

detergent• IV?

–detergent• DV?

–How clean the clothes turned out• Control?

–The clothes not washed• Constant?

–Ink (amount), size, type of ink, time

Constant

Factors that do not change throughout an experiment

Conditions common to both experimental group and control group

Bart believes that mice exposed to microwaves will become extra strong. He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave for 10 seconds. He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food. He found that 8 out of 10 of the microwaved mice were able to push the block away. 7 out of 10 of the non-microwaved mice were able to do the same.

Identify the-1. Control Group

Mice not exposed.

2. Independent Variable

Amount of microwave exposure

3. Dependent Variable

Ability to move the wood block

4. What should Bart's conclusion be?

Microwaves have no influence on strength of mice.

5. How could Bart's experiment be improved?

Change the activity measured, more experimental groups, etc…

Kinds of Research

Quantitative Research1. Controlled experiments

that result in _counts or measurements_ (numerical data)

2. May be used to make _graphs_ or __tables_

Descriptive Research

1. __Written___ descriptions of what scientists __observe_ (observational data)

2. Useful b/c some phenomena _are not appropriate_ for quantitative research

Ways to Present Information:

Types of Graphs A _graph_ is a _visual display of

information or data__. Different kinds of graphs are

appropriate for displaying different types of information.

3 most commonly used graphs

1) Line Graphs are used to show trends or continuous change

2) Extrapolation: used to make predictions

0

0 .5

1

1 .5

2

2 .5

3

3 .5

4

4 .5

0 2 4 6

F lo w R a te (g a llo n s p e r m in u te )

Tim

e (m

inu

tes)

ROOM TEMPERATURETime (minutes afterturning on the heat)

Temperature(oC)

0 165 1710 1915 2020 2025 20

Heating Water

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time (min)

Tem

p (

oC

)

2) Bar Graph are useful for showing information collected by counting

Average Annual Precipitation

050

100

150200

Pre

cip

itati

on

(cm

)

3) Pie Graphs are used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts

Biology Grades

A28%

B55%

C17%

International system or Systeme Internationale (SI)

Metric system is an international system of measurements based on units of 10 _90%__ of nations use the _metric

system_ allows scientific research to be

understandable to scientist around the world

The U.S. uses both the English and metric system

Systeme Internationale (SI) is a modernized version of the metric system created in _1960_ by the French

It uses a decimal system based on units of 10

BASIC SI UNITS USED:Measurement Definition SI Unit SymbolLength

Mass

Volume (liquid)(solid)

Time

Temperature Celsius oC

KILO1000Units

HECTO100

Units

DEKA10

UnitsDECI

0.1Unit

CENTI0.01Unit

MILLI0.001Unit

MetersLitersGrams

Ladder Method

How do you use the “ladder” method?

1st – Determine your starting point.

2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point.

3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.

4 km = _________ m

12

3

How many jumps does it take?

Starting Point Ending Point

4.1

__.2

__.3

__. = 4000 m

Try these conversions using the ladder method.

1000 mg = _______ g 1 L = _______ mL 160 cm = _______ mm

14 km = _______ m 109 g = _______ kg 250 m = _______ km

Conversion Practice

Compare using <, >, or =.

56 cm 6 m 7 g 698 mg

Write the correct abbreviation for each metric unit.

1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____

2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____

3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____

Try these conversions, using the ladder method.

10) 2000 mg = _______ g 15) 5 L = _______ mL 20) 16 cm = _______ mm

11) 104 km = _______ m 16) 198 g = _______ kg 21) 2500 m = _______ km

12) 480 cm = _____ m 17) 75 mL = _____ L 22) 65 g = _____ mg

13) 5.6 kg = _____ g 18) 50 cm = _____ m 23) 6.3 cm = _____ mm

14) 8 mm = _____ cm 19) 5.6 m = _____ cm 24) 120 mg = _____ g

Metric Conversion Challenge

Compare using <, >, or =.

25) 63 cm 6 m 27) 5 g 508 mg 29) 1,500 mL 1.5 L

26) 536 cm 53.6 dm 28) 43 mg 5 g 30) 3.6 m 36 cm

Common Prefixes KiloMega 1 000 000

100010010

BASE UNIT 11/101/1001/1000

micro 1/1 000 000

Common Conversions Used in Science

1m= ______ cm

1m= ______mm

1cm= _____mm

1g=____mL

1mL= _______L