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Welcome! Please find a seat.
Principles of Biology, BI 212Dr. Kristin Latham
Introduction
Lecture Website:
http://www.wou.edu/~lathamk/BI212_Summer_2015/Latham.htm
Dr. Kristin Latham
503.838.8868
My office hours: M, T, W, R; 9 - 9 50 am
BI 212: Principles of Biology is 4 credits, lecture and lab. Per week, 8 hours of lecture and 6 hours of lab for four weeks.
Introduction
Who do I ask…….
BI212 has a lecture professor, a course coordinator, and three TAs.
If you question/concern is aboutLab content, assignments and grades: contact your TA. Also see this person first for help understanding lecture material.
Laboratory issues, class enrollment, registration, grading, scheduling and final grades: contact the course coordinator, Lori Kayes.
Basically, if it is not content/lecture material related, or lab assignment related it should go to Dr. Kayes.
Lecture content and exam content: talk to me (Dr. Latham)! To send email, please be sure to put BI212 in the subject line
Tentative Schedule
DatesLecture 1Monday
Lecture 2Tuesday
Lecture 3Wednesday
Lecture 4Thursday Readings
July 20-23
Introduction; Course Tips
BiomoleculesCell Structure and Function
Cell Membrane and Transport
Cell Energy and Enzymes
M: Ch. 2,5T: Ch. 6W: Ch. 7R: Ch. 8Lab: Scientific Investigation Lab: Diffusion & Osmosis
July 27-30
Exam #1(Ch. 2, 5-8)
Metabolism and Cell Respiration
Respiration & Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Cell Communication
M: Ch. 9T: Ch. 9,10W: Ch.10R: Ch. 11
Lab: Enzymes Lab: Photosynthesis
August 3-6
Exam #2(Ch. 9-11)
Plant Structure, Growth, Development
Plant Transport & Nutrition
Plant Response to Signals
Animal Form & Function
M: Ch. 35T: Ch. 36,37W: Ch. 39R: Ch. 40
Lab: Plant Anatomy Lab: Plant Growth
August 10-13
Exam #3(Ch. 35-37,39-40)
Nutrition & Digestion
Circulation & Gas Exchange
Osmoregulation & Excretion
Final Exam(Ch. 41-42,44) +
Cumulative
M: Ch. 41T: Ch. 42 W: Ch.44R: ---
Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections
Lecture 1 Outline (Ch. 2, 5)
I. Atoms and bonds
II. Biomolecules/Macromolecules
III. Carbohydrates
IV. Lipids
VI. Proteins
VII. Nucleic Acids
VIII. Summary
ProtonsNeutrons
Basic Chemistry
Atoms
Diagram the general structure of an atom.
• Strongest bond
• e- attracted to (+) in nucleus
• e- attracted to nearby nucleus
• bond = e- pair shared
Chemical Bonds - Covalent
What if one atom attracts the electrons more highly?Why might this situation occur?
• electronegativity: attraction of e- by atom
• non-polar = e- shared equally
• polar = e- unequal
• bonds can differ in polarity
Chemical Bonds - Covalent
• electronegativity so unequal, e- stripped
• Example: sodium chloride
Chemical Bonds - Ionic
• H atom (covalent bond), attracted to electronegative atom
• between like or unlike molecules
Chemical Bonds - Hydrogen
Carbon isomers
• Isomers = same molecular formula, different shape
C4H10 C4H10
butane isobutane
• Organic compounds all contain carbon- vary atoms with which carbon bonds- vary shape/structure of molecules
Functional groups
1. Hydroxyl (-OH)
2. Carboxyl (-COOH)
4. Amino (-NH2)
5. Sulfhydryl (-SH)
-
-
3. Phosphate (-PO42-)
• functional groups – common atom combinations, reactions
6. Methyl (-CH3)
Images
PenicillinCysteine
ATP
Macromolecules
Macromolecules = giant molecules
Four biological classes/groups
Synthesis –
Monomers (single units) joined into polymers (multi-unit)
Dehydration synthesis = remove H2O, new bond
Hydrolysis = add H2O, break bond
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Which stores more energy – polymer or monomer?
Which is more “orderly” – polymer or monomer?
What does this say about order and energy?
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide – simplest sugar molecule
- multiple of CH2O
for fuel/energy & building materials
See also - Fig. 5.3
- C @ each corner
Carbohydrates - disaccharides
• How are carbohydrate monomers joined (name of process)?
glycosidic bond
Carbohydrates - disaccharides
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
• Polysaccharide – 100s – 1000s of monosaccharides
Carbohydrates - polysaccahrides
Two purposes:
Storage:
- plants – starch
- animals – glycogen
Structure:
- plants – cellulose
- (animals – chitin)
Carbohydrates - storage
Animal storage - glycogen
Plant storage - starch
α glucose β glucose
starch cellulosedigestible (humans) indigestible (humans)
Carbohydrates
lipids – fats, phospholipids, steroids
• not made of monomers
i. fats – glycerol + fatty acid – process?
Lipids
fat molecule (aka triglyceride):
one glycerol, plus 3 fatty acids
– ester bond
Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?Functional groups present?
• saturated fats – all Carbon bonded to as many Hydrogen as possible
• unsaturated fats – one or more Carbons with fewer Hydrogens (1 instead of 2)
Lipids - Fats
• trans fats – type of unsaturated fat
- synthetically hydrogenated oils
- for texture and preservation
• difference is in the orientation of unsaturated bonds
Lipids - Fats
ii. phospholipids – glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
Lipids - phospholipids
• lipid bilayer
Lipids - phospholipids
Why does it make sense for a membrane to be a phospholipid bilayer?
iii. Steroids – C skeleton 4 fused rings
cholesterolestradiol
testosterone
Lipids - steroids
cortisol
How might steroids interact with phospholipids?
Protein monomer unit – amino acid
R-group
Proteins
• peptide bond
Proteins
Proteins have various structures
Many are large & globular
Have “nooks” for different functions
N
C
i. Primary – unique sequence of a.a.
*determined by peptide bonds
Proteins - structure
MET TYR CYS
ii. Secondary – coiled and folded (sheet or helix)
*determined by H-bonds
Proteins - structure
iv. Quaternary: two or more protein subunits
*determined by protein-protein interaction
Proteins - structure
iii. Tertiary – regions linked
*determined by R-group bonds
Nucleic Acids - Intro
DNA: polymer
nucleotide: monomer
Relationship of DNA to RNA, Proteins?
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Nucleic acids
OH
• Monomers – linked by ???
• Bond formed – phosphodiester bond
Nucleic acid - Polymers
H
Nitrogenous bases:
- different between nucleotides
Pentose sugars:
Nucleic acid - components
Be able to RECOGNIZE/ID purines vs pyrimidines
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Hydrogen bonds link paired nucleotide bases across the DNA double helix.
DNA Structure
• double helix
• Hydrogen bonds
– base to paired base
• Covalent bonds
- sugars to phosphates
- bases to sugars