WEKA and Machine Learning Algorithms

Algorithm Types

• Classification (supervised)Given -> A set of classified examples

“instances”Produce -> A way of classifying new examples

Instances: described by fixed set of features “attributes”Classes: discrete or continuous “classification” “regression”Interested in:– Results? (classifying new instances)– Model? (how the decision is made)

• Clustering (unsupervised)There are no classes

• Association rulesLook for rules that relate features to other features

Classification

Clustering

Clustering

• It is expected that similarity among members of a cluster should be high and similarity among objects of different clusters should be low.

• The objectives of clustering – knowing which data objects belong to which cluster – understanding common characteristics of the

members of a specific cluster

Clustering vs Classification

• There is some similarity between clustering and classification.

• Both classification and clustering are about assigning appropriate class or cluster labels to data records. However, clustering differs from classification in two aspects. – First, in clustering, there are no pre-defined classes.

This means that the number of classes or clusters and the class or cluster label of each data record are not known before the operation.

– Second, clustering is about grouping data rather than developing a classification model. Therefore, there is no distinction between data records and examples. The entire data population is used as input to the clustering process.

Association Mining

Overfitting

• Memorization vs generalization

• To fix, use– Training data — to form rules– Validation data — to decide on best rule– Test data — to determine system performance

• Cross-validation

Baseline Experiments

• In order to evaluate the efficiency of the classifiers used in experiments, we use baselines: – Majority based random classification (Kappa=0)– Class distribution based random classification (Kappa=0)

• Kappa statistics, is used as a measure to assess the improvement of a classifier’s accuracy over a predictor employing chance as its guide.

• P0 is the accuracy of the classifier and Pc is the expected accuracy that can be achieved by a randomly guessing classifier on the same data set. Kappa statistics has a range between 1 and 1, where 1 is total disagreement (i.e., total misclassification) and 1 is perfect agreement (i.e., a 100% accurate classification).

• Kappa score over 0.4 indicates a reasonable agreement beyond chance.

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0 c

c

P P

1 P

Data Mining Process

WEKA: the software

• Machine learning/data mining software written in Java (distributed under the GNU Public License)

• Used for research, education, and applications

• Complements “Data Mining” by Witten & Frank

• Main features:– Comprehensive set of data pre-processing tools, learning

algorithms and evaluation methods– Graphical user interfaces (incl. data visualization)– Environment for comparing learning algorithms

Weka’s Role in the Big Picture

Input•Raw data

Input•Raw data

Data Miningby Weka

•Pre-processing •Classification•Regression •Clustering

•Association Rules •Visualization

Data Miningby Weka

•Pre-processing •Classification•Regression •Clustering

•Association Rules •Visualization

Output•Result

Output•Result

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WEKA: TerminologyWEKA: Terminology

Some synonyms/explanations for the terms used by WEKA:

Attribute: feature Relation: collection of examples Instance: collection in use Class: category

@relation heart-disease-simplified

@attribute age numeric

@attribute sex { female, male}

@attribute chest_pain_type { typ_angina, asympt, non_anginal, atyp_angina}

@attribute cholesterol numeric

@attribute exercise_induced_angina { no, yes}

@attribute class { present, not_present}

@data

63,male,typ_angina,233,no,not_present

67,male,asympt,286,yes,present

67,male,asympt,229,yes,present

38,female,non_anginal,?,no,not_present

...

WEKA only deals with “flat” files

Explorer: pre-processing the data

• Data can be imported from a file in various formats: ARFF, CSV, C4.5, binary

• Data can also be read from a URL or from an SQL database (using JDBC)

• Pre-processing tools in WEKA are called “filters”

• WEKA contains filters for:– Discretization, normalization, resampling, attribute

selection, transforming and combining attributes, …

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Explorer: building “classifiers”

• Classifiers in WEKA are models for predicting nominal or numeric quantities

• Implemented learning schemes include:– Decision trees and lists, instance-based classifiers,

support vector machines, multi-layer perceptrons, logistic regression, Bayes’ nets, …

• “Meta”-classifiers include:– Bagging, boosting, stacking, error-correcting output

codes, locally weighted learning, …

Classifiers - Workflow

LabeledData

LearningAlgorithm Classifier

UnlabeledData

Predictions

Evaluation

• Accuracy– Percentage of Predictions that are correct– Problematic for some disproportional Data Sets

• Precision– Percent of positive predictions correct

• Recall (Sensitivity)– Percent of positive labeled samples predicted as

positive

• Specificity– The percentage of negative labeled samples

predicted as negative.

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Contains information about the actual and the predicted classificationAll measures can be derived from it:

accuracy: (a+d)/(a+b+c+d) recall: d/(c+d) => R precision: d/(b+d) => P F-measure: 2PR/(P+R) false positive (FP) rate: b /(a+b) true negative (TN) rate: a /(a+b) false negative (FN) rate: c /(c+d)

Confusion matrixConfusion matrix

predicted

– +

true– a b

+ c d

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Explorer: clustering data

• WEKA contains “clusterers” for finding groups of similar instances in a dataset

• Implemented schemes are:– k-Means, EM, Cobweb, X-means, FarthestFirst

• Clusters can be visualized and compared to “true” clusters (if given)

• Evaluation based on loglikelihood if clustering scheme produces a probability distribution

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Explorer: finding associations

• WEKA contains an implementation of the Apriori algorithm for learning association rules– Works only with discrete data

• Can identify statistical dependencies between groups of attributes:– milk, butter bread, eggs (with confidence 0.9 and

support 2000)

• Apriori can compute all rules that have a given minimum support and exceed a given confidence

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Explorer: attribute selection

• Panel that can be used to investigate which (subsets of) attributes are the most predictive ones

• Attribute selection methods contain two parts:– A search method: best-first, forward selection,

random, exhaustive, genetic algorithm, ranking– An evaluation method: correlation-based, wrapper,

information gain, chi-squared, …

• Very flexible: WEKA allows (almost) arbitrary combinations of these two

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Explorer: data visualization

• Visualization very useful in practice: e.g. helps to determine difficulty of the learning problem

• WEKA can visualize single attributes (1-d) and pairs of attributes (2-d)– To do: rotating 3-d visualizations (Xgobi-style)

• Color-coded class values

• “Jitter” option to deal with nominal attributes (and to detect “hidden” data points)

• “Zoom-in” function

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Performing experiments

• Experimenter makes it easy to compare the performance of different learning schemes

• For classification and regression problems

• Results can be written into file or database

• Evaluation options: cross-validation, learning curve, hold-out

• Can also iterate over different parameter settings

• Significance-testing built in!

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The Knowledge Flow GUI

• New graphical user interface for WEKA

• Java-Beans-based interface for setting up and running machine learning experiments

• Data sources, classifiers, etc. are beans and can be connected graphically

• Data “flows” through components: e.g.,

“data source” -> “filter” -> “classifier” -> “evaluator”

• Layouts can be saved and loaded again later

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Beyond the GUI

• How to reproduce experiments with the command-line/API– GUI, API, and command-line all rely

on the same set of Java classes– Generally easy to determine what

classes and parameters were used in the GUI.

– Tree displays in Weka reflect its Java class hierarchy.

> java -cp ~galley/weka/weka.jar weka.classifiers.trees.J48 –C 0.25 –M 2 -t <train_arff> -T <test_arff>

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Important command-line parameters

where options are:

• Create/load/save a classification model:

-t <file> : training set-l <file> : load model file-d <file> : save model file

• Testing:-x <N> : N-fold cross validation

-T <file> : test set-p <S> : print predictions + attribute selection S

> java -cp ~galley/weka/weka.jar weka.classifiers.<classifier_name>

[classifier_options] [options]

Problem with Running Weka

Solution : java -Xmx1000m -jar weka.jar

Problem : Out of memory for large data set