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Weight ManagementChapter 9
National Institutes of Health 66% of American adults are overweight Including more than 33% of adult men and 35% of
adult women are obese. 2015
75% of adults will be overweight and 41% will be obese
2030 Estimated that the entire American adult population
will be overweight or obese
2
Overweight and ObesityOverweight = characterized by a body
weight that falls above the range associated with minimum mortality; weighing 10% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 25
Obesity = severely overweight, with an excess of body fat; weighing 20% or more over recommended weight or having a BMI over 30
Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity
More than 30% rise in Type 2 diabetes
100,000+ premature deaths annually
Obesity is one of the six major controllable risk factors for heart disease
Weight loss of 5-10% in obese individuals can reduce the risk of certain diseases
Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Genetic Factors
Genetic factors influence body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate
Genetic contribution to obesity is estimated at 25–40%
Hereditary influences must be balanced against contribution of environmental factors
Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Physiological Factors
Metabolism = sum of all vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) = energy required to maintain vital body functions; the largest component of metabolism
Factors That Affect Metabolic Rate
RMR is higher in Men People with more muscle mass People who exercise
RMR is lower in Women People who are sedentary People who have lost weight
Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Physiological Factors
Hormones play a role in the accumulation of body fat; the hormone leptin is involved in the regulation of appetite and metabolic rate
Weight cycling, or yo-yo dieting
Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors
Eating—compared to the past, Americans now Consume more calories Consume more refined and simple
carbohydrates Eat out more often
People underestimate portion sizes
Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors
Physical activity levels have declined; on average, Americans spend:
15 minutes per day exercising 170 minutes per day watching television and movies
Psychosocial factors include eating as a means of coping and cultural and family influences
Activity Level and Risk of Obesity
Data from Hu, F. B., et al. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14): 1785–1791.
Diet and Eating HabitsTotal calories—choose an appropriate
energy intake for your activity level
Portion sizes—limit portions to those recommended by My Pyramid to help keep energy intake moderate; measure portions at home and read food labels
Energy (calorie) density—choose foods with a low energy density, meaning those that are relatively heavy but have few calories
Diet and Eating Habits Fat calories—keep total fat intake moderate, and
limit intake of saturated and trans fats
Carbohydrate—emphasize whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and other high-fiber foods; limit consumption of foods high in refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and easily digestible starch
Protein—meet recommended intake of 10–35% of total daily calories
Eating habits—eat meals and snacks on a regular schedule
Physical Activity and Exercise
Physical activity—increase daily physical activity to at least 30 minutes per day; to lose weight or maintain weight loss, 60–90 or more minutes per day is recommended
Exercise Endurance exercise burns calories Strength training builds muscle mass, which can
increase metabolic rate
Approaches to Overcoming a Weight Problem
Doing it yourself Diet books Dietary supplements and diet aids Weight-loss programs Prescription drugs Surgery Psychological help
Surgery
Adjustable gastric banding Roux-en-Y gastric bypassSource: National Institutes of Health
http://www.videojug.com/interview/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-2http://www.videojug.com/interview/adjustable-gastric-banding-3
Body Image Body image = the mental
representation a person holds about her or his body
It consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions
Media images are linked to negative body image
Different cultures have different ideas of the “ideal” body type
Different Body BuildsENDOMORPHY MESOMORPHY
ECTOMORPHY
BMI of Miss America Pageant Winners
The data shows a steady decline in winners’ BMI from a range of 20–25 in the 1920s to below 18.5, considered undernutrition by WHO and represented by the horizontal line.
SOURCE: Rubinstein, S., and B. Caballero. 2000. Is Miss America an undernourished role model? Journal of American Medical Association
283(21): 1569. Used with permission from the American Medical Association.
Severe Body Image Problems
Poor body image can cause psychological distress
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) Related to obsessive-compulsive disorder Can lead to depression, social phobia, and suicide Treated with medication and psychotherapy
Muscle dysmorphia = a disorder characterized by distorted body image; affected people inaccurately perceive themselves as small, with underdeveloped muscles
Body Image Knowing when the
limits to healthy change have been reached.
Knowing the unrealistic cultural ideal.
Acceptance and change Knowing what is a
healthy lifestyle change
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http://www.videojug.com/interview/understanding-body-dysmorphic-disorder-2
Body Image
Dissatisfaction with weight and shape is common in people with eating disorders
Eating Disorders
Eating disorder = a serious disturbance in eating pattern or behavior, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat
Major types Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder
Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat
enough food… Affects 3 million people – 95% are female
Typically develops between the ages of 12 and 18 Characteristics
Fear gaining weight. Distorted self-image. Compulsive behaviors and rituals. Excessive exercise
Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa Stop menstruation Intolerant of cold Low blood pressure and heart rate Dry skin Hands and feet may swell and take on a
blue tinge Depression and suicide
Medical complications Disorders of the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems
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http://www.videojug.com/interview/dangers-of-anorexia-2
Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge
eating followed by purging. Begins in adolescence or young adulthood
Increasingly younger (11-12 years) and older (40-60 years) ages. Characteristics:
Rapidly consumes food, then purges. Done in secret. After a binge - feels ashamed, disgusted and physically and
emotional drained. Health Risks:
Erodes tooth enamel Deficient calorie intake Liver and kidney damage Cardiac arrhythmia Chronic hoarseness Esophageal tearing Rupture of the stomach Menstrual problems Increased depression
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http://www.videojug.com/interview/physical-dangers-of-bulimia-2
Eating Disorders Binge-Eating - Similar to
Bulimia except no Purging behavior. Eating patterns - very rapid,
eating until uncomfortably full.
Often eat as a way of coping. Likely to be obese. High rates of depression and
anxiety
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Treating Eating Disorders
Must address both problematic eating behaviors and the misuse of food to manage stress and emotions
Averting a medical crisis
Dealing with psychological aspects
Stabilizing eating habits
Changing behavior patterns and thoughts
Possibly involving medication and/or hospitalization
Energy Balance
Connect Worksheet Assignment
Chapter 9 Connect Worksheet is due on Monday, November 5th, no later than 11:59PM.