Upload
adrianna990
View
123
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course
Unit 7
The Simple Sentence
1. Clause Patterns
2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings
3. Concord
4. Negation
5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations
IssuesIssues
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/1
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformed
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/2
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
S, V, O, C, AThey appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/3
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required for the complementation of the verb.
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/4
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
Clause typesClause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).He is eating (the cake).
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/5
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
1. SVA Mary is in the house.2. SVC Mary is kind.3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.7. SV The lady smiled.
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/6
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/7
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
Many critics disliked the play (SVOd)
The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/8
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
Passive transformation
Mom considered him a genius.(SVOO)
He was considered a genius (by Mom).(SVC [A])
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/9
Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements
Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types7 Clause types
Clause types transformedClause types transformed
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
1. SV SVCThe baby is sleeping The baby is asleep
2. SV SVATwo loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient
3. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/10
Which clause type does each of the following
sentences belong to?
1. He’s getting angry.
2. He got through the window.
3. He’ll get a surprise.
4. He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. He got himself into trouble.
6. He got her a splendid present.
Clause TypesClause Types1
1/11
1. SVC He’s getting angry.
2. SVA He got through the window.
3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.
4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.
6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.
One verb can belong to a number of different classes.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/1
Sentence elements syntactically defined
Subject
Object
Complement
Adverbial
See Quirk, pp170
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty It
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/3
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
She opened the door.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/4
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The key opens the door.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/5
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The door opens.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/6
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
ITShe has a new shirt.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/7
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
This room accommodates 20 people.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/8
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
Tomorrow is my birthday.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/9
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The meeting ended successfully.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/10
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/11
We opened the door.
He invented the telephone.
We passed the building.
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
effected
locative
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/12
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
recipient
We paid him a visit.
We gave him some money.
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/13
He is tired.
He becomes tired.
Semantic Roles of the Object
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2
2/14
Semantic Roles of the Complement
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
We found the room empty.
They left the room empty.
ConcordsConcords3
3/1
CONCORDS Grammatical concord
Notional Concord
Concord by Proximity
Concord with coordinated subject
ConcordsConcords3
3/2
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
ConcordsConcords3
3/3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plurThis dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.
SUBJECT (clause) VERB singWhat they are doing now is my concern.
ConcordsConcords3
3/4
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The child was an angel.
The children are angels.
ConcordsConcords3
3/5
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
He injured himself.
ConcordsConcords3
3/6
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The boy likes his toys
ConcordsConcords3
3/7
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun
ConcordsConcords3
3/8
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
What he says isn’t true. (= The thing he says isn’t true)What they like best are tea and coffee. ( The things they like…)
ConcordsConcords3
3/9
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.(All members of the cabinet…)
The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)
ConcordsConcords3
3/10
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
None of the students like Grammar.None of the cheese is fresh.
ConcordsConcords3
3/11
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or
pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject
ConcordsConcords3
3/12
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
One in ten take drugs.
ConcordsConcords3
3/13
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… orThere are two chairs and a desk there.There is a chair and two desks there.
ConcordsConcords3
3/14
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.
ConcordsConcords3
3/15
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
normally takes a plural verb
ConcordsConcords3
3/16
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
The hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.
ConcordsConcords3
3/17
Concord with coordinatedsubject
Coordinated subject representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the samething/ person
His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.
NegationNegation4
4/1
The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication.E.g.
The attempt has succeeded.The attempt has not succeeded.
We may win the match. We may not win the match.
NegationNegation4
4/2
1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives
2. Negative intensification
3. Alternative Negative elements
4. Scope of negation
5. Focus of negation
6. Relationship between scope and focus of negation
7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation
NegationNegation4
4/3
Assertives Non-assertives
Some
Someone
Somewhere
Somehow
To some extent
Already
A great deal
Too
A long way
Too
A long time
Any
Anyone
Anywhere
In any way
At all
Yet
Much
Either
Far
Very
Long
Non-assertive forms = itemsthat do not naturallyoccur outside negative,interrogative, andconditional sentences.
E.g.I saw him somewhere.I didn’t see him anywhere.
(Quirk p.184)
NegationNegation4
4/4
Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.
I found nothing at all the matter with him.
I have no excuse whatever.
I'll never, never go there again.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.
She has never spoken to me even a single word.
NegationNegation4
4/5
Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)
An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.
I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.
NegationNegation4
4/6
Scope of NegationNormally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause.
E.g.I definitely didn’t speak to him.
(It’s definite that I did not.)I didn’t definitely speak to him.
(It’s not definite that I did.)
= The stretch of language over which the negative
meaning operates
NegationNegation4
4/7
Focus of Negation 1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary.
Somebody loves Mary but it’s not
John.
2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary.
John likes Mary but it’s not love.
3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY.
John loves somebody else but
it’s not Mary.
The contrastive nuclear stress falling
on a particular part of a clause
indicates that the contrast of
meaning implicit in the negation is
located at that spot and the rest of
the clause can be understood in a
positive sense.
NegationNegation4
4/8
Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.
(I listened none of the time.)
I didn’t listen ALL the time.
(I listened some of the time.)
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of
the focus we can realize the
extent of the scope
NegationNegation4
4/9
Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,
does John love Mary or not?
John doesn’t LOVE Mary
because she is a teacher.
John doesn’t love Mary because
she is a TEACHER.
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of
the focus we can realize the
extent of the scope.
NegationNegation4
4/10
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation
NegationNegation4
4/11
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negation includes the meaningof the auxiliary itself
NegationNegation4
4/12
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)You can’t be serious.
(It is not possible that…)You can’t go swimming.(You are not allowed…)She can’t ride a bicycle.(She is not able to…)
NegationNegation4
4/13
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’tYou needn’t pay that fine.(You are not obliged to…)
It needn’t be my fault.(it is not necessary that…)
NegationNegation4
4/14
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.(You are not allowed to…)
NegationNegation4
4/15
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. May not (=possibility)They may not bother to come if it’s wet.
(It is possible that they will not bother to come.)
NegationNegation4
4/16
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
NegationNegation4
4/17
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)
He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)
They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.
NegationNegation4
4/18
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.
NegationNegation4
4/19
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)
NegationNegation4
4/20
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You mustn’t keep us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)
NegationNegation4
4/21
Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)
He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/1
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/2
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/3
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/4
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questionsHas the boat left?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Has the boat left already?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Hasn’t the boat left yet?
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/6
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions• Rising tone = neutral assumption• Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/7
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsDeclarative Questions
You’ve got the explosive?
He didn’t finished it?
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/8
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsExclamatory QuestionsNegative Y-N
Hasn’t he grown!Wasn’t it good!Positive Y – N
Am I hungry!Do I look annoyed!
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/9
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/10
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv• When will you come back? (A time)• Where should I put these? (A place)• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/11
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?
Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/12
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamationssentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,
or sometimes of questions with the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/13
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/14
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Be reasonableNegative: Don’t make noise
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/15
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’‘You’ as subject Infinite pronoun S
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/16
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’‘You’ as subject-You there be quiet!-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.- Will you come in and sit down?
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/17
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’Indefinite Pronoun SPositive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/18
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/19
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/20
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!
Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/21
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamationWhat a book!
How wonderful!
That’s the end of unit 7.