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Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 Seminar
Measurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsEquivalents
andandAntimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals
Chapters 7 & 18Chapters 7 & 18
Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 Seminar
Measurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsEquivalents
andandAntimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals
Chapters 7 & 18Chapters 7 & 18
1
Assignment Hints• Show your work, so I can give
partial credit• Attempt it early so you can ask for
help • Don’t forget about the Math
Center if you need help
2
Three Basic Units of Measurement
• Weight – gram (g, gm)
• Volume – liter (L)
• Length – meter (m)
3
Sliding Mnemonic Conversions
Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L) GRAM(g)
10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106
EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm
Metric RulesWhich is correctly written?
3.0 0.3 3/10
What are the rules?Include leading zeroAvoid trailing zeroAvoid fractions
Meter conversion factors
= 1,000,000 micrometers
• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters= 100 centimeters= 10 decimeters= 0.1 dekameters= 0.01 hectometers= 0.001 Kilometers
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5 Steps to Convert Units
1. What are we converting to & from?2. What is our conversion factor?3. Set up equation. Start with what
you’re given.4. Solve. Cancel units.5. Review – does our answer make
sense?
7
Let’s practice a length conversion
75mm =____ cm• 1. have mm, need cm• 2. Conversion factor from p. 133
1cm = 10mm• 3. 75mm x 1cm/10mm =• 4. Solve 75/10= 7.5cm• 5. Does it make sense?
8
Length Mneumonic Method
• 75mm=___cm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ milli, must move decimal
to the left one time to reach centi so move 75 mm to 7.5 cm
Your turn to solve…
0.5m =___mm
10
How did you do?• 0.5m=____mm• 1. m to mm• 2. 1m = 1000mm• 3. 0.5m x 1000mm/m =• 4. 500mm• 5. Review
VolumeLiter Conversion
Factors =1,000,000microliters• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter
12
Volume Conversion Factors
1 mL = 1cc1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)
13
Let’s Practice Volume Conversions
4 L = _____ ml
250 ml _____L
0.3 ml = ______cc
14
How did you do?
4 L = _____ mlConversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L4 L x 1000 ml/1L = 4,000 ml
250 ml _____LConversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L250 ml x 1L/1000ml = 0.250 L
0.3 ml = ______ccConversion factor: ml = cc0.3ml = 0.3 cc
15
Weight Gram Conversion
Factors =1,000,000micrograms
• 1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram
16
Most Commonly Used• Milligram• Gram• Kilogram• 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)• 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or
kilo)
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Weight Conversion Practice
•0.2 mg = ____mcg•0.004 g = _____mg•25 g = _____kg•1500 mg = ____g
18
How did you do?• 0.2 mg = ____mcg• Conversion factor: 1000mcg = 1 mg• 0.2 mg x 1000mcg/1mg = 200 mg
• 0.004 g = _____mg• Conversion factor: 1000mg = 1 g• 0.004 g x 1000mg/g = 4 g
• 25 g = _____kg• Conversion factor: 1000 g = 1 kg• 25 g x 1kg/1000 g = 0.025kg
• 1500 mg = ____g• 1500mg x g/1000mg = 1.5g
19
Household Measurement
Conversion Factor
1 kg = 2.2 pounds1 tsp = 5ml1 tbs = 15ml3 tsp = 1 tbs1 pt = 16 oz
20
Let’s practice!• How much will a 160lb person
weigh in kilograms?
• Lb to kg• Conversion factor: 1kg = 2.2 lb• 160 lb x 1kg/2.2lb = 72.7 kg
21
Your turn…How many kg is a 65 lb
child?
22
How did you do?How many kg is a 65 lb child?
lb to kgConversion factor: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs65 lb x 1kg/2.2lbs = 29.5 kgReview
23
More practice…• One teaspoon is how many mls?
• 4 tbs = _____tsp
• 3 pt = ______oz
24
How did you do?• One teaspoon is how many mls?• 1 tsp = 5ml
• 4 tbs = _____tsp• Conversion factor: 3 tsp = 1 tbs• 4 tbs x 3 tsp/1tbs = 12 tsp
• 3 pt = ______oz• Conversion factor: 1 pt = 16 oz• 3 pt x 16oz/1pt = 48 oz
25
Word Problem Practice• A medication comes in 0.25 g or 250 mg
strengths. Which is weaker?• 0.25g x 1000mg/g = 250 mg therefore they are same
strengths
• If a patient drank 1500 ml of water, how many L is this?
• 1500ml x 1L/1000ml = 1.5 L
• If a patient is told to take 3 tablespoons, how many teaspoons should they take?
• 3 tbs x 3 tsp/1 tbs = 9 tsp
26
What does x equal?• One gram = x milligrams• One liter = x milliliters • One Meter = x millimeters
27
Answer• One gram = 1000milligrams• One Liter = 1000 milliliters• One meter= 1000 millimeters
28
Sample prescription
Kristie Kaplan4/4/10
1000 1st St. DOB: 3/3/85NY, NY
Amoxicllin 500mg PO BID x 10 days# 20
0 Refills
Dr. Feelbettersoon
29
Scenario 1• A patient goes to the doctor and is
given a document ordering a blood pressure medication.
– What is this document called?
30
A prescription is…• A written order for dispensing
medication by a physician, dentist or other licensed health care professional as allowed by law. It is a legal document that indicates the medication needed and the directions for use for the patient for whom it was prescribed.
31
Scenario 2• A doctor tells a nurse to
administer 1 liter of normal saline to a hospitalized patient. What is this order called?
32
A medical order is…• A written or verbal order for
administration of a medication in a health care setting. It tells the allied health professional which medication to administer.
33
Questions???
34
35
Drug ClassesDrug ClassesChapter 18Chapter 18AntibioticsAntibiotics
Drug ClassesDrug ClassesChapter 18Chapter 18AntibioticsAntibiotics
36
• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.
• Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.
• Inhibits growth or kills microorganisms. • There are families of antibiotics all
similar to the original chemical, with various properties that make them useful for treating different types of infections.
When choosing an Antibiotic
37
• Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.
• Match bug to drug, if possible• What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.
Antibiotic Resistance
38
• The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
• The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.
• Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Penicillin
39
– First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s– Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials. – Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.
– Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade
How Penicillins are Classified
40
• Narrow-spectrum– First generation
• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal – Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
• Broad-Spectrum– Second generation– Effective against a broader spectrum
• Extended-spectrum – Third generation– Wider antimicrobial action than second
Side Effects of Penicillins
41
• Nausea and Vomiting (all antibiotics )• Allergic reactions-rashes and hives• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic
reactions than other medications• Patients should report diarrhea, sore
mouth and tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.
• A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all
• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)
42
• First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics• Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline• Short Acting : Tetracycline• Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness• Harmful if used after the expiration date.• Side effects
– Sun sensitivity– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8
yrs.– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
Macrolide Antibiotics•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin•Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)•Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic• Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage •SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved
for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin
Questions???
45