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ìCS4001:Computing,Society&ProfessionalismMunmunDeChoudhury|AssistantProfessor|SchoolofInterac:veCompu:ng
Week2:ReadingArgumentsJanuary17,2017
WhatisanArgument?
ì Argumentisnotafightoraquarrelì Itcanbeapleasurableexperience
ì Argumentisnotpro-condebateì Thinkofitasagroupofreasonablepersons
seekingthebestsolu:ontoaproblem
WhatisanArgument?
ì AccordingtoRichardFulkerson:ì “Anargumentisanysetoftwoormoreasser:onsin
whichone(ormore)isclaimedtooffersupportforanother.”
ì Thismeansargumentsaremadeupofproposi:ons(asser:onsorclaims)
WhatisanArgument?
ì Argumentscanbeexplicitorimplicit,sothatitinfluencesaudience’sstanceonanissueì Psychological,cogni:veimpact,
emo:onalresponse
ì Anexplicitargumentstatesdirectlycontroversialclaimsandsupportsthemwithreasonandevidence
ì Animplicitargumentdoesn’tlooklikeanargumentì Itmightbeasong,poem,story,etc.
ProtectOurKids
StopToxicImports
Dr.LouisSullivan,SecretaryofHHS
ClassDiscussion
ì Whatconversa:ondoesthisargumentjoin?
ì Whatistheargument’sclaim?
ì Whatisanopposingview?
ì Howdoestheargumenttrytodoitsworkontheaudience?
DefiningFeaturesofanArgument
ì Argumentrequiresjus:fica:onofitsclaimsì Itisnotsufficienttosimplygivereasonswithout
jus:fica:onì Exampleofanargumentbetweenateenageranda
parent
ì Argumentisbothaprocessandproductì Itisa“living”en:tythatchangesthepar:cipants
ì Argumentcombinestruthseekingandpersuasionì Thisisacon:nuumthatwethepar:cipantsmustbalanceì Astudent’sargumentonthetopic“IsAmericanSign
Languageaforeignlanguageforthepurposesofmee:ngauniversity’sforeignlanguagerequirement?”
TheContinuumofTruthSeekingandPersuasion
• Exploratoryessayexaminingallsidesofanissue• Argumentasinquiry,askingaudiencetothinkoutissuewithwriter
• Dialogicargumentseekingcommongroundwitharesistantaudience
• Classicalargumentaimedataneutralorpossiblyskep:calaudience
• One-sidedargumentaimedatafriendlyaudience(o[enforfund-raisingorcallstoac:on)
• Aggressiveone-sidedarguments• Outrightpropaganda
TruthSeeking
OutrightPropaganda
WhatisthePurpose?
ì Theblendoftruthseekingandpersuasionaskstheques:on,whatarewetryingtodo?ì Arewetryingtogetthebestsolu:on?ì Or“win”theargument?
ì Argumentandtheproblemoftruthì SophistsandSocrates–discoverTruththrough
reasonableinquiryì Therearemul:faceted,compe:ngperspec:vesor
visionstotruthì Truthneedstobenego:ated;observeallavailable
evidence
ClassroomActivityI:RolePlayingArguments
ì “SocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook(FB)createconflictsbetweenfreespeechandthereputa:onsofpeopleandins:tu:onsinthepublicdomain”(pg.16)ì AstudentathletewhohasbeenwarnedtoremoveFBphoto
showingpartying/drinkingalcoholì Generalstudentsconcernedaboutins:tu:onallyimposed
restric:onsonFBuseì Afacultywhohasbeenlibeledonastudent’sFBpageì Abasketballcoachwhopreventstheirteamfromsharing
personalinforma:ononlineì Athle:csdirectorsinterestedinbuyingtrackingtechnology
tomonitorstudentathletes’FBac:vityì Arepresenta:veofACLUwhosupportsstudents’free
speech
ASuccessfulWayofArgumentation
ì Thewellfunc:oningcommideeì Dialogcanleadtoclarifica:oninthinking
ì Example–studentseekingmathcoursewaiver(pg.17)
ì Defini:onissues
ì Resemblanceissues
ì Cause/consequenceissues
ì Evalua:onissues
ì Proposalissues
ArgumentAsInquiry
ì FindingIssuestoExploreì Dosomeini:albrainstorming(pg.25)ì Beopentotheissuesaroundyou
ì Exploreideasby:ì Freewri:ngì IdeaMapping(pg.29)ì PlayingtheBelievingandDoub:ngGame(pg.29)
ì Placingtextsinarhetoricalcontextì Genresofargumentì Culturalcontexts–whowritestheargumentsandwhy,who
istheaudience,whatisthemo:va:on,whatistheauthor’spurpose,whatisthesource,writer’sangleofvision
TheBelievingandDoubtingGame
ì Readingasabelieverì Alwaysagoodideawithresearchliteratureì Tearingsomethingapartistrivial
ì Readingasadoubterì Expressskep:cismì LookforwhatisNOTthereaswellaswhatisì Don'tassumeinforma:onsources/cita:onsare
proofì Whatdoestheciteditemreallysay?ì Whatarethecreden:alsofpeoplecited?
ClassroomActivityII:TheBelievingandDoubtingGame
ì HowFacebookMakesUsUnhappy:ì hdp://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-
facebook-makes-us-unhappy
GenresofArgument
ì Genretypes:ì Personalcorrespondence;Ledertoeditor;
Newspapereditorialorop-ed;Magazinear:cle;Scholarlyjournal(peer-reviewed);Conferenceproceedings;Organiza:onwhitepaper;Proposal;Legalbriefsandcourtdecisions;Publicaffairsadvocacyadver:sements;Advocacywebsites;Blogs;Visualarguments;Speeches;Powerpointpresenta:ons;Books;Documentaryfilms
ì Understandstatusofworkinrela:ontogenreì Understandstylis:cfeaturesofeachgenre
DialecticalThinking
ì Thinkingdialec:cally–ac:velyseekoutalternateviews
ì Ques:ons:ì WhatwouldwriterAsaytowriterB?ì TowhatextentdowriterAandwriterBdisagreeaboutfactsand
interpreta:onoffacts?ì Towhatextentdotheydisagreeaboutunderlyingbeliefsand
assump:onsandvalues?ì CanIfindareasofagreementbetweenthem?ì Whatnew,significantques:onsdoesthetextpostforme?ì A[erassimila:ngtheseinforma:on,whataremycurrentviews?
ì Ways:ì Effec:vediscussionì ReadingLogsì Aformalexploratoryessay–introduc:on,views/sources,
conclusion