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Dr JoAnne Murray (PhD, PgDip, PgCert, BSc (hons), BHSII, RNutr) Senior lecturer in animal husbandry and nutrition Equine nutrition Nutrient digestion

Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

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Page 1: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Dr Jo‐Anne Murray (PhD, PgDip, PgCert, BSc (hons), BHSII, RNutr)Senior lecturer in animal husbandry and nutrition

Equine nutrition

Nutrient digestion

Page 2: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this section you should be able to:

• Discuss the digestive physiology of the equine gastrointestinal tract and appraise its limitations in relation to nutrient digestion.

Nutrient digestion

Page 3: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Content

• Overview of nutrients in food• Nutrient digestion

– Water– Carbohydrate– Protein– Fats and oils– Vitamins– Minerals

Nutrient digestion

Page 4: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

What is in food?

General constituents of food:Food

H2ODM

Minerals CarbohydratesStructuralNon-structural

Protein

LipidsVitamins

Energy

Nutrient digestion

Page 5: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Water• Essential component of the diet

• Water required for:– Transport of nutrients around the body– Thermoregulation– Metabolism– Excretion of waste products– Gut function

• 80 % of foal’s BW = water

• 65 – 75 % of mature horse

Nutrient digestion

Page 6: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Water• Water requirements depend on:

– Age– Level of exercise– Type of feed (horses drink ↓ on ↑ moisture diets)– Environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity)

• Water in food:– Referred to as moisture content– Many horse feeds have ↑ moisture content – Dry matter (DM) calculated to compare nutrients

Nutrient digestion

Page 7: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Carbohydrate (CHO)

• Collective name for– Starches– Sugars– Dietary fibre

• CHO definitions– Structural (fibre)– Non‐structural (sugar, starch and fructan)

• CHO 1o required for energy

Nutrient digestion

Page 8: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Structural CHO

• Components constitute fibrous fraction of plant– Structural role in plants (hence name structural CHO)– Dietary fibre– Major energy source to horses

• Cell wall components – Cellulose– Hemicellulose– Pectin– Lignin

Nutrient digestion

Page 9: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Structural CHO

• Degraded by microbes in LI– VFA– Gases– Not digested in SI 

• Feeds high in fibre– Grass– Hay– Straw– Sugar beet pulp

Nutrient digestion

Page 10: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Lignin

• Lignin is non‐CHO monomer • Closely associated with NSP fraction• Negatively correlated to digestibility

– Gives plant strength but highly resistant to chemical and microbial degradation

– Also some plant CHO & proteins “bound” to lignin =  their digestibility

• Lignin content ↑ with maturity• Mature plants, hay and straw rich in lignin

Nutrient digestion

Page 11: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Structural CHO – Stage of maturity

• 1o factor in nutritive value of forages• ↑ maturity = ↑ structural material (i.e. stem)• Result =  nutritive value

Nutrient digestion

Page 12: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Fibre analysis

• Acid detergent fibre (ADF)– Measures cellulose and lignin

• Neutral detergent fibre (NDF)– Total cell wall (including ADF fraction)

Nutrient digestion

Page 13: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Non‐structural CHO

• Associated with cell contents• Components constitute storage CHO of plant• Storage CHO of forage crops:

– Fructan – Starch

chloroplastStorage CHO

Nutrient digestion

Page 14: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Non‐structural CHO ‐ Fructan

• Major storage CHO of grasses• Lactated primarily in the stem• Polymers of fructose• Soluble in H2O• Digestion:

– Fermented in LI– Horse has no enzymes in SI to break down fructose– Large intakes of fructan can = digestive upset (laminitis)

Nutrient digestion

Page 15: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Non‐structural CHO – WSC fraction

• Grasses also store simple sugars– Glucose– Fructose– sucrose  

• Fructan + simple sugars = Water soluble CHO (WSC) fraction

Nutrient digestion

Page 16: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

WSC content of grass = ↑ variable

• Season – Early spring: ↑ growth = WSC– Late spring/summer =  growth = ↑ WSC– Year effects

0

50

100

150

200

250

March May August October

WSC

con

tent

(g/k

g D

M)

Longland, 2007

Studies reported highestincidence of laminitis in May

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

WSC

con

tent

(g/

kg D

M)

Longland, 2007

Nutrient digestion

Page 17: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

WSC content of grass = ↑ variable• Time of day

– Balance b/w photosynthetic activity & utilisation– Affected by light & temperature– ↑ during the day– Peaks late afternoon/early evening– Decline during hours of darkness

0

50

100

150

200

250

6:00 AM 9:00 AM 11:00 AM 6:00 PM 11:00 PM

Time of Day

WSC

con

tent

(g/

kg D

M)

Longland, 2007

Nutrient digestion

Page 18: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

WSC – Factors affecting accumulation

• Environmental & management factors– Temp:  temp = ↑ WSC– Light intensity: ↑ light = ↑ WSC– Water stress:  water = ↑ WSC– Fer liser applica on: ↑  fer liser = WSC– Cu ng/mowing: ↑ cu ng/topping = WSC

Nutrient digestion

Page 19: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Starch

• Major source of NSC found in many plants– Cereal grains– forage legumes– roots & tubers– Leaves and stems of grass

Nutrient digestion

Page 20: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Non‐structural CHO – Starch

• Starch content varies with plant species– Very low in leaves and stems of grasses– Forage legumes = 5 % of DM– Cereal grains = 40 – 70 % of DM

Nutrient digestion

Photo courtesy of Dengie Crops Ltd.

Page 21: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Non‐structural CHO – Starch

• Digestion– Broken down in SI– Amylases break starch down to simple sugars– Horse can digest limited amounts of starch in SI– Excess travel to LI = causing disturbance 

Nutrient digestion

Page 22: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Fats and oil

• Horse diets typically ↓ in fats & oils

• Fats & oils are digested in SI by lipases

• Horse don’t require ↑ levels of fat & oils in their diet

• Can add fats & oils to diet to ↑ energy content

• 2 x energy of CHO

Nutrient digestion

Page 23: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Protein

• Required for various functions– Structural (e.g. muscle, skin, hair)– Enzymes (catalysts that affect the rate of reactions in the body)– Hormones (chemical messengers that regulate metabolic processes)– Immune compounds (for fighting infection)– Transport compounds (e.g. transport of nutrients)

• Consists of chains of amino acids

• Essential and non‐essential amino acids

Nutrient digestion

Page 24: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Protein

• Non‐essential: synthesised by the animal

• Essential (need to be supplied in the diet)– Lysine (first limiting: present in the least amount relative to requirement)– Methionine– Threonine– Isoleucine– Valine– Arginine– Tryptophan– Histidine– Phenylalanine

Nutrient digestion

Page 25: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Protein• Protein breakdown begins in the stomach

– Acidity denatures the proteins– Pepsin partially degrades proteins into smaller peptides– No protein absorption in the stomach 

• Further broken down in SI– Proteases break down proteins to aa– Absorbed across SI gut wall

• Protein associated with the plant cell wall – fermented in LI 

Nutrient digestion

Page 26: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Protein• Protein digested in SI – used by the horse

• No aa absorption in LI 

• Microbes in LI degrade protein – Used for microbial growth– No biological value to horse

Nutrient digestion

Page 27: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Minerals

• Required for various functions:– Growth– Co‐factors to enzymes– Involved in transport of energy

• Mineral digestion:– Majority absorbed in SI– Majority of P absorbed in LI

Nutrient digestion

Page 28: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Minerals

• Two categories of minerals:– Macro‐minerals– Trace‐miners

• Macro‐minerals:– Required in relatively large quantities (g/day)

• Micro‐minerals:– Needed in very small quantities (mg/day)

• Amounts important – also ratios of minerals (e.g. ca:p)

Nutrient digestion

Page 29: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

• Two categories of minerals:

• Amounts important – also ratios of minerals (e.g. ca:p)

Minerals

Macro‐minerals: Required in g/day– Calcium (Ca)– Phosphorus (P)– Sodium (Na)– Potassium (K)– Magnesium (Mg)– Sulphur (S)– Chloride (Cl)

Micro‐minerals: Required in mg/dag– Cobalt (Co)– Copper (Cu)– Molybdenum (Mo)– Zinc (Zn)– Maganese (Mn)– Iron (Fe)– Floride (F)– Iodine (I)– Selenium (Se)– Chromium (Cr)

Nutrient digestion

Page 30: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Vitamins• Required in small amounts – but vital for many bodily functions

– Vision, immunity, growth, bone development, blood clotting etc etc

• Two categories:– Fat soluble (A,E,D,K)– Fat soluble = associate with fat to be absorbed & transported in blood– Water soluble (C, B complex) – dissolve easily in water

• Water soluble vitamins not stored– B vits need to be supplied regularly – B vits produced by microbial synthesis in LI– But – disrup on to LI environment (e.g. ↑ starch diets) can affect this– Vit C synthesised in the liver 

Nutrient digestion

Page 31: Week 2 - feed constituents and nutrient digestion€¦ · Nutrient digestion. Structural CHO –Stage of maturity •1o factor in nutritive value of forages • ↑ maturity = ↑

Questions?

Nutrient digestion