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Instructional DesignTopic 2Week 22.1 Concept of Instructional DesignDelivery or teaching process is an important activity that must be implement in education and training.There are also other models of instructional design, such as:- ASSURE - ADDIE- 9S Gagne Events- Dick & Carey- Water Fall- ARCS Model of- Kemp Design Model Motivational Design- Organizational Elements (Keller) ModelMeaning 2.1.2 Role and ImportanceIs a systematic process that encompass three important stages, namely the determination of objectives, lesson planning and evaluation and reflection of teaching and learning. six basic things in the teaching process, namely:i. determine the needs of pupilsii. determine goals and objectivesiii. building assessment proceduresiv. design and choose the delivery strategyv. try out the teaching systemvi. evaluate the overall systemThere are large and small scale instructional design. Gustafon (Wah Wan Ali et al. 2008) has divided the model into three focus:i. school-oriented modelii. product-oriented modeliii. system-oriented modelAim of the design is to produce an effective teaching and learning. According to Dick and Reiser (Wah Wan Ali et al.2008), effective teaching enables pupils to acquire knowledge and skills, apart from the expected behavior change. A successful teaching can bring respect to teachers. Indirectly, it helps to produce competent, dedicated and innovative teachers.Is a classroom-based design model. This model is pioneered by Heinich et. Al (Wah Wan Ali et al.2008). It gets its name from the initial letter acronym A.S.S.U.R.E.It contains six steps that is analysis of student characteristics, state teaching and learning objectives, select strategy, technology and appropriate media, use of technology, materials and the media of teaching and learning, engage students in the learning process, and value as well as review the effectiveness of teaching and learning.2.2 Instructional Design Model2.2.1 Model ASSURE2.2.1.1 Analyse learnerBefore embarking on a teaching and learning, teachers need to know the general characteristics of the students such as age, degree / level, student background, socio-economic level and others. Teachers can obtain the complete information about pupil through student records and direct interaction with students. Through these methods, teachers will able to use appropriate technology and provide teaching materials and media based on past experience of students.Learning style refers to the psychological traits of students in processing, interpreting, collect information on knowledge and skills and in turn reacts with its environment. It refers to the most effective way of learning. According to Dunn & Dunns model (Wah Wan Ali et al., 2008), learning style refers to how a student processes information and retain new information through the five stimulus such as environment, emotional, social, physiological and psychological. Learning makes a difference in terms of mastery of the knowledge, skills and behavior. Statement of learning objectives should be written in explicit and clear manner. It can help teachers to evaluate to what extent the learning objectives or skills that have been defined can be mastered by students. Modifications to the methods or strategies can be done if the objectives are not achieved.2.2.1.2 State objective (teaching and learning)Statement of objectives help teachers in the selection of methods, materials and instructional media and technology that can be used in teaching and learning. There are four steps in this process: determine the appropriate type of technology to use select appropriate methods for teaching and learning select appropriate media format on the method chosen select, modify and design of selected media2.2.1.3 Select technology, Strategies, media and materials2.2.1.3.1 Determining the appropriate type of technologyThe selection of technology should be based on students characteristics and their learning styles. 2.2.1.3.2 Selecting methodThere is no one single method used in the process of teaching and learning. There are more than one method used in the learning process. For examplesimulation, role-playing can be used during set induction. Brainstorming method can be used during question and answer session. Each answer will be accepted by teachers.

Drills method can be used to strengthen new skill that was presented by the teacher. Selection of teaching method is be based on objectives, style of teaching, students' prior knowledge, student characteristics and learning styles of students.2.2.1.3.2 Selecting methodThere is no one single method used in the process of teaching and learning. There are more than one method used in the learning process. For examplesimulation, role-playing can be used during set induction. Brainstorming method can be used during question and answer session. Each answer will be accepted by teachers.

Drills method can be used to strengthen new skill that was presented by the teacher. Selection of teaching method is be based on objectives, style of teaching, students' prior knowledge, student characteristics and learning styles of students.2.2.1.3.3 Selecting the media format and material resourcesThere are seven factors that should be taken into account, namely: objectives target groups of pupils time the cost facility skills / technical expertise equipment requiredThere are three types of resource selection criteria. They are: making use of available resources modify an existing source material designing new resources2.2.1.3.4 Selecting, modifying and designing the selected mediaThere are seven factors that should be taken into account, namely: objectives target groups of pupils time the cost facility skills / technical expertise equipment required

Selection of available resources should follow some criteria such as: Suits curriculum Accurate, reliable and timely information Language is clear and easy to understand Attract and motivates pupils Attract student participation Have quality There is evidence of the effectiveness of the usage Free from bias Availability of user guide or manual 2.2.1.4 Utilize technology, media and materials (use of technology, material and the teaching and learning media)Use of resource material has to be accurate, timely and at the right place.The following steps have to be checked before using the the resource materials; check the resource material before using in the classroom. prepare materials for use in the classroom provide environment for optimal use prepare students emotionally and physically for maximum benefit provide learning experiences for students

2.2.1.3.5 Require learner participationTeachers can plan teaching and learning sessions involving students through student-centered methods. One example on student-centered activity is the project work. This will motivate students and enable teachers to measure changes in student behavior.2.2.1.3.6 Evaluate and reviseEvaluation during and after the teaching and learning enable teachers to make improvements and corrections, and conduct appropriate follow-up action through the practice of reflection.

Through reflection, teachers need to look at the effectiveness of planning, teaching, objectives and behavioral change of students. Through this process, Teachers could plan a more effective and quality teaching lesson in the future.2.4.1 ADDIE ModelAAnalysisDDesignDDevelopmentIImplementationEEvaluation2.4.1.1 Analysis PhaseTeachers need to identify target groups of pupils, the characteristics of students learning, teaching objectives, the time frame, selected instructional strategies and students' previous experience.2.4.1.2 Design phaseGiven to the design of teaching and learning, determination of learning objectives, content delivery, assessment tool to be used, the selection of the appropriate media type and the enhancement and enrichment training will be given to the students according to their level of skills acquired.2.4.1.3 Stage DevelopmentThis stage involves the selection of the content and use of technology.2.4.1.4 Level ImplementationIt involves the entire learning process, from understanding of the curriculum, the determination of outcomes, selection of teaching strategies, instructional media 2.4.1.5 Level AssessmentFormative and summative assessment. Formative assessment is carried out throughout the process of teaching and learning and summative evaluation is conducted at the end of the school term in the form of tests for cognitive domain and also aims at getting feedback from students.2.4.1.1 Analysis PhaseTeachers need to identify target groups of pupils, the characteristics of students learning, teaching objectives, the time frame, selected instructional strategies and students' previous experience.2.4.1.2 Design phaseGiven to the design of teaching and learning, determination of learning objectives, content delivery, assessment tool to be used, the selection of the appropriate media type and the enhancement and enrichment training will be given to the students according to their level of skills acquired.2.5 Design Message design in teaching and learningInstructional Media plays a very important role in instructional design. Media is act as mediator between the presenter and recipient of the message.

According to Educational Communication and Technology ((AECT) 2004) (Wah Wan Ali et al.2008), media are all forms or channel used to communicate a message. Media in teaching and learning context focus on delivery of teaching and learning.

The media can be divided into three components: Messages Form of message Message channel

i. MessageMessage is the content to be delivered by the presenter. Messages can be in the form of information, motivation, reminder, sign language and others.ii. Form of messageReferring to the question of how the message is delivered. It can be in the form of pictures, tables, charts, symbols, announcements, and so on.iii. Message channelRefers to the physical devices used to convey message. Messages can be delivered in the form of electrical, mechanical, digital, and other signal. Some of the tools used as message channel are radio, television, Overhead Projector, LCD Projectors, digital camera and video camera.