NENG 301 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nanomaterials

Prof. Y. Alex Xue

CNSE, SUNY Polytechnic Institute

office: CESTM B230C

phone: 956-7220

e-mail: yxue@sunypoly.edu

office hours: Tuesdays 1:002:30 PM

Course Website: http://www.albany.edu/~yx152122/NENG301-15.html

mailto:yxue@sunypoly.eduhttp://www.albany.edu/~yx152122/NENG301-15.htmlhttp://www.albany.edu/~yx152122/NENG301-15.htmlhttp://www.albany.edu/~yx152122/NENG301-15.html

Applications of first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics to open and closed systems. Thermodynamics of multicomponent, multiphase chemical and biological systems are reviewed. Applies the concepts of reaction rate, stoichiometry and equilibrium to the analysis of materials systems. Rate expressions from reaction mechanisms and equilibrium or steady state assumptions are used. Design of reactions via synthesis of kinetics, transport phenomena, and mass and energy balances are covered. Introduction to diffusional processes.

Prerequisite(s): satisfactory completion of AMAT 311, NENG 120/122

What is Thermodynamics? is a funny subject. The first time you go through

it, you don't understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don't understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, it doesn't bother you any more

-- Arnold Sommerfeld

0th: "You must play the game." 1st: "You can't win." 2nd: "You can't break even, except at absolute zero." 3rd: "You can't get to absolute zero."

The Laws of Thermodynamics, in brief

Course learning objectives The overall learning objectives for this course are the following:

The student will demonstrate understanding of the basic structure of thermodynamics, including state functions and process variables; extensive and intensive properties; and the First, Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics

The student will be able to develop, manipulate, and utilize relationships between thermodynamic variables and apply these relations to gases, liquids and solids

The student will demonstrate understanding of how thermodynamic processes determine the equilibrium structures of materials at the macroscale, the microscale, and the nanoscale

The student will learn how the kinetics of physical and chemical processes are dictated by thermodynamic driving forces

The student will learn how to address important scientific and engineering problems by thermodynamic and kinetic analyses

At the beginning of each book chapter covered I will provide you with a list of specific learning objectives for that chapter

Subjects to be covered

Background Why Study Thermodynamics

The Structure of Thermodynamics

The Laws of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Variables and Relations

Equilibrium in Thermodynamic Systems

Unary Heterogeneous Systems

Multicomponent Homogeneous Non-reacting Systems Solutions

Multicomponent Heterogeneous Systems

Thermodynamics of Phase Diagrams

Multicomponent Multiphase Reacting Systems

Capillarity Effects in Thermodynamics

Textbook and other readings

Textbook: R. DeHoff in Materials (Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006)

available at the University Bookstore

I will follow the textbook very closely: make sure you read it!!!

Extra readings on kinetics: D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling, Transformations in Metals and

Other readings may be distributed from time to time

All non-textbook readings will be made available on the course web site

Group exercises, exams and grading

Group exercises: Six sessions

Administered RANDOMLY

You will be working collaboratively on problems in class

NO MAKE-UP exercise

Group ordered according to last name initial

Group I: B,C,W (7) Group II: D, E, F, Y (7)

Group III: G,J, T (7) Group IV: K, M, U (7)

Group V: N, S (6) Group VI: P, R (6)

There will be one comprehensive final exam

Grades will be based on the final exam (40%), and participation in group exercise (6 x 10%).

Academic dishonesty

Academic dishonesty refers to plagiarism, cheating, multiple submission, forgery, sabotage, falsification, unauthorized collaboration, and bribery

Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated in this course

Any incidence of academic dishonesty will result in an automatic failure of at least the assignment if not the course and will be reported in writing to the CNSE Office for Student Services

Lectures and Slides

Lectures will be MWF 10:25 to 11:20; attendance is expected and mandatory

corollary: it would be foolish for you to miss lectures!

Lecture slides will be posted on the course website each week

It is possible/probable that I may prepare too many slides to fit into a 55 minute class period; in this case, I will halt the presentation wherever it is and pick up from that spot at the beginning of the next lecture

Student multitasking activities

Ragan et al (2014)

Justification

Sana and Weston (2013)

Students who multitask in class average 11% lower when quizzed on material immediately afterword.

Students who are surrounded by laptops scored 17% lower.

Freid (2008)

Students who used laptops spent considerable time multitasking and the laptop use posed a significant distraction to both users and fellow students.

The level of laptop use was negatively related to self-reported understanding of course material and overall course performance.

Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)

Student who take notes on laptops tend to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words. Laptop notetakers performed worse on conceptual questions.

Some comments on subject matter

Classes on thermodynamics have a certain reputation for being difficult

If you have never seen this stuff before, it can be somewhat challenging

mechanics: thermodynamics and kinetics are founded in real-life experiences

Also: thermodynamics and kinetics are important foundations for a wide variety of scientific and technical subjects

If you are in nanotechnology, you will see this stuff for the rest of your career you must know this!!

Some other thoughts

please study accordingly and hard!

Lectures will start at 10:25 sharp

likely to be puzzling to someone else)

Group exercise if you do not actually and actively participate in the problem solving yourself, you will not be able to solve them on the exams

Need extra help? Check out a Physical Chemistry textbook from the Science Library

Or the famous Feymann Lectures in Physics for the more adventurous

NENG 301 Lecture 1 Basic concepts of

thermodynamics (DeHoff, Chap. 1)

Look to the north. Keep looking. There's nothing coming from the south.

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Learning objectives for Chapter 1

At the end of this chapter you will be able to:

Understand the breadth of thermodynamics as an essential subject in science and engineering

Understand the concept of equilibrium as it pertains to thermodynamics

Understand the meaning of terms such as system, surroundings, boundary, and properties from a thermodynamics viewpoint

Understand the concept of phase in a thermodynamics sense

Understand the concept of a unary phase diagram and how it can be used to predict structure as a function of the state of a system

Appreciate the concept of equilibrium maps as products of thermodynamic analyses

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What is Thermodynamics? The study of energy transformations and the relationships among physical properties of substances which are affected by these transformations.

-- K. Wark, Thermodynamics, 5th Edition (1988)

Classical (phenomenological) thermodynamics Deals with macroscopic systems, without recourse to the nature of the individual particles and their interactions Requires no hypothesis about detailed structure of matter on the atomic scale, thus laws are not subject to change as knowledge concerning nature of matter is discovered

Statistical thermodynamics Based on statistical behavior of large groups (ensembles) of individual particles, and postulates that values of macroscopic properties merely reflect some sort of statistical behavior of enormous ensembles

Quantum thermodynamics: properties and interactions depend on the distribution of electrons and their energies

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Why is the study of thermodynamics important?

1. Thermodynamics is pervasive

2. Thermodynamics is comprehensive

3. Thermodynamics is established

4. Thermodynamics provides the basis for organizing information about how matter behaves

5. Thermodynamics enables the generation of maps in equilibrium states that can be used to answer a prodigious range of questions of practical importance in science and industry

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How is thermodynamics comprehensive?

Systems: metals, ceramics polymers, composites, solids, liquids, gases, solutions, crystals with defects

Applications: structural materials, electronic materials, corrosion-resistant materials, nuclear materials, biomaterials, nanomaterials

Influences: thermal, mechanical, chemical, interfacial, electrical, magnetic

How is thermodynamics pervasive?

Thermodynamics applies to every volume element of all systems at all times

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How is thermodynamics established?

J. Willard Gibbs: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances was a 300-page paper published between 1875 and 1878

You flip through the pages and it reads, more or less, like a modern physical chemistry textbook

Just about everything that we are covering in this course can be traced to Gibbs

theory is the more impressive the greater the simplicity of its premises, the more different kinds of things it relates, and the more extended its area of applicability. Therefore the deep impression that classical thermodynamics made upon me. It is the only physical theory of universal content which I am convinced will never be overthrown, within the framework of applicability of its basic conceptsA. Einstein)

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How does thermodynamics provide a basis for organizing information on how matter behaves?

Thermodynamics provides a mechanism for describing the properties of scientifically and technologically important systems

It allows you to take database information and apply it to an even wider collection of real-life problems

A huge amount of information has been collected, is stored in databases, and is available for use

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