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Weed Management Systems in Florida Sugarcane
Calvin Odero
TREC Seminar Series
Everglades Research & Education CenterWeed Science
• Research (35%)
• Extension (65%)
• Crops
‒ Sugarcane
‒ Vegetables
‒ Bioenergy crops
‒ Rice
‒ Commercial sod
Everglades Agricultural Area
• 700,000 acres of land– Major crop - sugarcane– Other crops – vegetables,
rice & sod
• 416,000 acres of sugarcane– 78% on muck (organic) soils
(Histosols)– 22% on mineral (sandy)
soils (Spodosols & Entisols)
Source: http://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch7.cfm
Muck soils
• Formed ~5,000 years– Decaying saw grass &
marsh plants under flooded conditions
• High soil organic matter content– Up to 85%
• Soil depth– 6 inches to over 4 feet
Muck soil subsidence
• Drainage of soils resulted in – Oxidation & mineralization of
large quantities of organic N
• Microbial oxidation – 50 to 75% of the subsidence
• Subsidence rates for EAA Histosols – 0.13 to 1.71 inches/year
In 1924 a 9ft post was driven into the bedrock at the EREC
Sugarcane taxonomy
• Giant grass (Poaceae)• Tribe: Adropogoneae • Saccharum officinarum L.• Saccharum officinarum L. is
– ‘Noble cane’ with long, thick, heavy, juicy & sweet stalks
• Other species– S. barberi– S. robustum– S. sinese– S. spontaneum
• Commercial clones are typically 3-part hybrids
General agronomy
• Sugarcane is perennial that is harvested annually • Planting season: mid-October to end-December• The first year is referred to as plant cane and the successive years
are ratoon or stubble crops • Harvest season: mid-October to March/April
– Plant cane (1st year): 13-18 months – 1st ratoon ≈ 11 months – 2nd ratoon until final year ≈ 10 to 11 months – Final ratoon (early harvest plow-out) ≈ 8 to 10 months
• Typically replanted every 3 to 5 years• Planting
• Following fallow period‒ Temporary rotation with different crops following final ratoon
• Successive‒ Replanting several weeks after final ratoon
Furrowing for planting
• 3 or 5 furrows made in one pass• GPS guided
• Furrows typically 4-6 inches deep5 ft
Fertilizing before planting
Fertilizer is Broadcasted or Banded in the furrow
• Custom blended fertilizer• Primary nutrients applied
‒ P, K, Mg‒ Cu, Zn, Mn, B‒ N (mostly on sand soils)
Seed cane
Seed cane loading
Whole stalk seed cane is loaded on wagons using a “Grab Loader”
• 2 to 6 crews depending on size of operation
• 30 to 120 A/day
Hand planting sugarcane
• 8 or 9 people crews
‒ 4 droppers
‒ 4 choppers
Covering sugarcane after planting
Weed management in sugarcane
• Major cost associated with sugarcane production• Successful weed control is essential• Weeds can reduce sugarcane yields by competing
– Moisture, nutrients & light
• Several weed species serve as alternate hosts– Disease & insect pests
• Weed control is most critical early in the season prior to sugarcane canopy closure over the row middles
• Weeds that mature and produce seed become– Source of seed bank replenishment – Source of re-infestation in subsequent years
Common weed species
Grass & grass-like weeds
• Fall panicum*
• Guineagrass• Goosegrass• Bermudagrass*
• Almum sorghum• Elephantgrass• Yellow nutsedge*
• Purple nutsedge
Broadleaf weeds
• Common lambsquarters*
• Amaranths*
• Common ragweed*
• Common purslane• Alligatorweed• Nightshades
Common lambsquatersSpiny amaranthAmerican blacknightshade
Weedy and woody host plants of the sugarcane root weevilOdero et al. 2013. J Ento Sci 48:81-89Odero et al. 2015. J Ento Sci 50:3-13
Coffee senna
Spiny amaranth
Common purslane
Sugarcane
Fall panicumBermudagrass
Weed control: crop rotation
• Crop rotation patterns will affect weed management– Leafy greens, sweet corn, snap bean,
radishes, rice
• Fallow period has effectively been used to manage troublesome perennial weeds– Mechanical cultivation & herbicide application
• Flooding fallow fields also aids in weed control
Head lettuceSnap beansRiceSweet corn
Weed control: crop competition
• Crop competition for sunlight is important
• A good stand of sugarcane – Emerge rapidly & uniformly – Form a complete canopy– Shade the row middles early in the season
• Loss of sugarcane stools in ratoon crops– Rodent, insect, or harvest damage – Create open spaces in the cane canopy
• Maintaining maximum sugarcane populations throughout all production phases– Benefits weed control efforts
Fall panicum
Bermudagrass
Weed control: cultivation
• Economical means of suppressing weed growth• Sugarcane plants get the early advantage in the competition for light
– Height differential must be established between cane plants and weeds
• Preemergence herbicides are most effective in establishing this height differential
• Only when the sugarcane plants are growing taller than competing weeds can mechanical cultivation be effective
• Cultivation when weeds are not present due to application of a herbicide or previous cultivations are not recommended
• Cultivation when weeds are not present can – Encourage germination of additional weed seeds– Remove the layer of herbicide present for soil-applied herbicides
• In ratoon crops, mechanical cultivators must – Cut through surface debris and thoroughly mix the soil– Row middles
Weed control: herbicides
• Useful and economical tools in sugarcane production• Must be incorporated into an overall management plan
to obtain their maximum benefit.• Sugarcane must have the initial competitive advantage
against weeds• Application
– Preemergence (PRE)– Postemergence (POST)– POST-directed
• Sprayer calibration is important before herbicide application
Weed control: herbicides
Preemergence
• Atrazine• Metribuzin• Pendimethalin
Postemergence
• 2,4-D• Dicamba• Ametryn• Atrazine• Metribuzin• Asulam• Halosulfuron• Trifloxysulfuron
Preplant/Preemergence/Fallow• Glyphosate
Dissipation of oil-based pendimethalin Dissipation of water-based pendimethalin
Odero & Shaner. 2014. Weed Technol 28:82-88
Preemergence herbicides
Preemergence herbicides
Dissipation of atrazineDT50 4-10 days
Dissipation of metribuzinDT50 19-24 days
Odero & Shaner. 2014. Weed Technol 28:578-586
Broadleaf weeds2,4-D, dicamba, atrazine, metribuzin, mesotrione
GrassesAsulam, trifloxysulfuron, ametryn*, metribuzin*
SedgesHalosulfuron
Postemergence herbicides
Lumax
• A commercial premix of – Atrazine (110 g/L)– Mesotrione (30 g/L), – S-metolachlor (300 g/L)
• PRE or early POST – Control of fall panicum & other weed species
S-metolachlor PRE
Mesotrione POST
Control
Premix 1x POST
Premix 1x PRE
Non-crop areas
Herbicide treatment
Rate
Controlc 3 WAT 6 WAT 9 WAT
Location 1 Location 2 Location 1 Location 2 Location 1 Location 2 (g ai ha-1) -------------------------------------------------%------------------------------------------------- Aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron + NIS 83 + 33 88 75 100 100 100 100 Aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron + NIS 166 + 66 94 88 100 100 100 100 2,4-D amine 1120 45 56 28 89 40 93 2,4-D amine 2240 74 71 93 100 94 99 Aminopyralid + NIS 70 b 80 76 100 100 100 100 Aminopyralid + NIS 123 b 88 78 100 100 100 100 Clopyralid 105 b 48 35 53 68 50 69 Clopyralid 210 b 54 35 96 88 98 98 Flumioxazin + NIS 53.5 35 8 29 25 26 18 Flumioxazin + NIS 107 33 8 34 45 30 48 Fomesafen + NIS 210 33 35 26 64 20 55 Fomesafen + NIS 420 58 59 70 59 74 45 Oxyfluorfen + NIS 224 11 2 13 23 13 29 Oxyfluorfen + NIS 450 17 14 18 49 23 49 Saflufenacil + dimethenamid-P + MSO 40 + 350 100 100 100 100 100 100 Saflufenacil + dimethenamid-P + MSO 90 + 790 100 100 100 100 100 100 Imazapic + NIS 2.8 b 69 53 75 81 75 66 Imazapic + NIS 5.6 b 79 51 91 84 93 61 Imazethapyr + NIS 35 b 48 24 33 23 45 25 Imazethapyr + NIS 70 b 45 33 24 33 20 14 Mesotrione + COC 52.5 14 13 15 49 20 48 Mesotrione + COC 105 13 7 20 39 26 35 Glyphosate 420b 5 0 15 0 23 0 Glyphosate 840b 9 0 26 10 18 1 Glufosinate 127 60 84 40 79 48 75 Glufosinate 254 86 96 86 91 93 85 Paraquat + NIS 420 19 4 24 19 25 10 Paraquat + NIS 840 10 7 15 30 18 10 Hexazinone 560 100 100 100 100 100 100 Hexazinone 1120 100 100 100 100 100 100 Untreated check 0 0 0 0 0 0 LSD (0.05) 16 13 23 22 26 30
Fernandez et al. 2015. Weed Technol 29:233-242
Contact information
Calvin Odero
Phone: 561-993-1509
Email: [email protected]
http://erec.ifas.ufl.edu/weeds/
THANKS
QUESTIONS?