Weed Control Strategies for Your Christmas Tree Plantation

Ronald LeminRonald LeminVegetation Management Sales ConsultantVegetation Management Sales Consultant

CPS – TimberlandCPS – Timberland

Bangor, MaineBangor, Maine

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

A decision making process that integrates A decision making process that integrates into a management system, a combination into a management system, a combination of practical pest management strategies to of practical pest management strategies to prevent or control pests in ways to reduce prevent or control pests in ways to reduce health, environmental and economic health, environmental and economic risks.risks.

IPM as Defined by Maine Statute (Title 7, Chapter 423)

The selection, integration and The selection, integration and implementation of pest damage prevention implementation of pest damage prevention and control based on predicted and control based on predicted socioeconomic and ecological consequences, socioeconomic and ecological consequences, including:including:

IPM Understanding the systemUnderstanding the system in which the pest exists. in which the pest exists.

Establishing dynamic economic or aesthetic Establishing dynamic economic or aesthetic thresholdsthresholds to determine whether the pest warrants to determine whether the pest warrants control.control.

MonitorMonitor pests and natural enemies. pests and natural enemies.

When needed selecting the appropriate system of When needed selecting the appropriate system of cultural, mechanical, genetic, biological or chemical cultural, mechanical, genetic, biological or chemical prevention prevention techniques for desired suppressiontechniques for desired suppression..

Systematically Systematically evaluatingevaluating the pest management the pest management approaches utilized.approaches utilized.

IPM Council Mission

To define, promote and enhance To define, promote and enhance implementation of IPM practices that reduce implementation of IPM practices that reduce or minimize harmful environmental and or minimize harmful environmental and human impacts of pesticides and other human impacts of pesticides and other management practices. The Council will management practices. The Council will promote the education of the public promote the education of the public regarding the need, benefit, and practices of regarding the need, benefit, and practices of IPM.IPM.

Current IPM Council Activities Raising awareness, appreciation, and understanding

of IPM (consumers and public audiences) WWW.GotPests.org is our website which was

developed in collaboration with MBPC Recognized by EPA as an Environmental

Stewardship Partner Meet 2-4 times per year in Augusta (open to the

public) For more information contact Kathy Murray Kathy.murray@maine.gov 287-7616

What is a Herbicide?

They are one type of “pesticide” such as: They are one type of “pesticide” such as: insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, etc.insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, etc.

Relatively low in toxicityRelatively low in toxicity

Work on enzymes only found in plants, not in Work on enzymes only found in plants, not in humans, animals, and insectshumans, animals, and insects

Herbicide Modes of Action

Selective or non-selectiveSelective or non-selective

Residual or non-residualResidual or non-residual

Foliar absorbed, Root absorbed, or BothFoliar absorbed, Root absorbed, or Both

Post-Emergent, Pre-Emergent, or BothPost-Emergent, Pre-Emergent, or Both

Contact or systemicContact or systemic

Application Methods

Aerial – Helicopter or Fixed-wingAerial – Helicopter or Fixed-wing Ground – Skidder, Tractor, ATVGround – Skidder, Tractor, ATV Backpack Foliar - Mistblower, ManualBackpack Foliar - Mistblower, Manual Backpack - Basal BarkBackpack - Basal Bark Stump TreatmentsStump Treatments Tree InjectionTree Injection GranularGranular

Small Droplets – Be Careful of Inversions!

SURFACTANTS

Added to the solution to alter the dispersing, Added to the solution to alter the dispersing, spreading, or wetting properties of the spray spreading, or wetting properties of the spray droplet.droplet.

Reduces the surface tension of the water droplet.Reduces the surface tension of the water droplet. Increases the contact surface area of the droplet, Increases the contact surface area of the droplet,

better efficacy.better efficacy. SoapsSoaps

Foliar Absorption

Source: Anderson 1996

Barriers to foliar absorption:

Leaf cuticle – waxy covering on leaf epidermal cells, herbicide moves through by diffusion, also enter through cracks in the cuticle, surface tension of spray droplet critical

High surface tension – no surfactant

Low surface tension – with surfactant

Questions?

2011 NEW ENGLAND GUIDE TO CHEMICAL WEED AND BRUSH CONTROL

IN CHRISTMAS TREES

Coordinated and edited by: J.F. Ahrens, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor CT

Copies can be downloaded from the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension website: http://ceinfo.unh.edu/nrnpubs.htm

Link To Obtain a Copy Online

http://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/resource000845_rep2560.pdfhttp://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/resource000845_rep2560.pdf

A BASIC WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Identify the problem weeds, evaluate control Identify the problem weeds, evaluate control strategies. Monitor weeds before bud break in the strategies. Monitor weeds before bud break in the spring and in July and August to help make decisions.spring and in July and August to help make decisions.

Calibrate application equipment or plan on spot Calibrate application equipment or plan on spot treatments. Select proper rates using this guide, read treatments. Select proper rates using this guide, read the labels, and follow label directions.the labels, and follow label directions.

Consider site preparation before planting. Consider site preparation before planting.

Apply pre-emergence herbicides in the early spring. Apply pre-emergence herbicides in the early spring. Combine herbicides to control your problem weedsCombine herbicides to control your problem weeds

A BASIC WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Following a June evaluation, consider whether Following a June evaluation, consider whether additional treatments are needed for problem weeds; additional treatments are needed for problem weeds; for example: Vetch, or other uncontrolled weeds.for example: Vetch, or other uncontrolled weeds.

Plan on a fall treatment with Roundup or Garlon to Plan on a fall treatment with Roundup or Garlon to control perennial weeds, ferns and brush.control perennial weeds, ferns and brush.

Keep good records of equipment calibration, Keep good records of equipment calibration, products used and dosages and dates applied.products used and dosages and dates applied.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Treat perennial weeds with Glyphosate (Roundup) Treat perennial weeds with Glyphosate (Roundup) one or more times the year before planting. Organic one or more times the year before planting. Organic mulches such as wood chips, or pine needles conserve mulches such as wood chips, or pine needles conserve moisture and control many weeds alone, or can be moisture and control many weeds alone, or can be used in addition to pre-emergence herbicides.used in addition to pre-emergence herbicides.

Certain herbicides are safely sprayed directly over the Certain herbicides are safely sprayed directly over the trees (Princep, Goal, Devrinol, Surflan), whereas trees (Princep, Goal, Devrinol, Surflan), whereas others must be applied as directed sprays, where others must be applied as directed sprays, where contact with conifer foliage is minimized or avoided contact with conifer foliage is minimized or avoided entirely (Roundup, Garlon, etc.). entirely (Roundup, Garlon, etc.).

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Field planting in pre-killed sod is faster and herbicides Field planting in pre-killed sod is faster and herbicides applied after planting are used at lower rates. Band applied after planting are used at lower rates. Band treatments require less herbicide per acre of trees, save treatments require less herbicide per acre of trees, save money, and also prevent soil erosion on slopes. Bands money, and also prevent soil erosion on slopes. Bands 24 to 30 inches wide are satisfactory for two years, 24 to 30 inches wide are satisfactory for two years, but as the trees grow, the treated bands should be but as the trees grow, the treated bands should be widened. Spring-applied herbicides are usually widened. Spring-applied herbicides are usually required each year until the trees are large, but required each year until the trees are large, but dosages may be reduced after the second or third year.dosages may be reduced after the second or third year.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Spraying of brush or resistant weeds is done Spraying of brush or resistant weeds is done only as needed. Soils higher in organic matter only as needed. Soils higher in organic matter require higher rates of pre-emergence herbicide require higher rates of pre-emergence herbicide than sandy or gravelly soils low in organic than sandy or gravelly soils low in organic matter. matter.

Fully and Semi-Directed Sprays Semi-Directed Sprays Semi-Directed Sprays are applied so that only the are applied so that only the

basal 8 - 12 inches of the conifers are contacted. basal 8 - 12 inches of the conifers are contacted. Application is usually with the use of off-center Application is usually with the use of off-center nozzles or wide-angle nozzles mounted low.nozzles or wide-angle nozzles mounted low.

Fully-Directed Sprays Fully-Directed Sprays are applied in ways that avoid are applied in ways that avoid contact with conifer foliage such as the attachment of contact with conifer foliage such as the attachment of an 8 inch funnel to the nozzle of knapsack sprayers, or an 8 inch funnel to the nozzle of knapsack sprayers, or using shields on tractor mounted sprayers. using shields on tractor mounted sprayers.

BARRICADE, DEVRINOL, PENNANT, PENDULUM, SURFLAN, and TREFLAN

All control some broadleaf weeds, but are All control some broadleaf weeds, but are primarily effective in controlling annual grasses. primarily effective in controlling annual grasses. For broad spectrum pre-emergence control these For broad spectrum pre-emergence control these herbicides are often combined with broadleaf herbicides are often combined with broadleaf herbicides such as Princep, Gallery, or Goal. herbicides such as Princep, Gallery, or Goal.

BARRICADE (Prodiamine)

A long-residual preemergence herbicide for A long-residual preemergence herbicide for field grown conifers. It is similar to Surflan field grown conifers. It is similar to Surflan in chemistry and spectrum of weed control. in chemistry and spectrum of weed control. Barricade should not be used in seed beds or Barricade should not be used in seed beds or transplant beds.transplant beds.

BASAGRAN T/O (bentazon)

A contact postemergence herbicide that A contact postemergence herbicide that controls yellow nutsedge, Canada thistle, controls yellow nutsedge, Canada thistle, musk thistle and certain broadleaf weeds musk thistle and certain broadleaf weeds like ragweed, velvetleaf, dayflower, etc. A like ragweed, velvetleaf, dayflower, etc. A rate of 1.5-2 pts per acre with 1 quart of crop rate of 1.5-2 pts per acre with 1 quart of crop oil concentrate. White pine is tolerant oil concentrate. White pine is tolerant sprayed over-the-top but fully directed sprayed over-the-top but fully directed sprays are needed to prevent foliar injury to sprays are needed to prevent foliar injury to most other conifers.most other conifers.

SURFLAN AS OR ORYZALIN AS (oryzalin)

A long-residual pre-emergence herbicide A long-residual pre-emergence herbicide for field-grown conifers. It controls annual for field-grown conifers. It controls annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds, but does grasses and some broadleaf weeds, but does not control sedges or perennial broadleaf not control sedges or perennial broadleaf and grass weeds. Douglas fir and Fraser fir and grass weeds. Douglas fir and Fraser fir seedlings in transplant beds have been seedlings in transplant beds have been injured, but 3- or 4-year-old plants have injured, but 3- or 4-year-old plants have been tolerant. It should not be used in been tolerant. It should not be used in seedbeds or transplant beds!seedbeds or transplant beds!

TREFLAN 5G or 4E (trifluralin)

Related to SURFLAN but is volatile and Related to SURFLAN but is volatile and requires incorporation by tillage or requires incorporation by tillage or irrigation. It can be incorporated into the irrigation. It can be incorporated into the soil ahead of transplanting. It is not safely soil ahead of transplanting. It is not safely used in conifer seedbeds.used in conifer seedbeds.

STINGER (clopyralid)

Systemic herbicide used to control vetch, Systemic herbicide used to control vetch, legumes, thistles, horseweed and other legumes, thistles, horseweed and other broadleaf weeds. It has no effect on grasses, broadleaf weeds. It has no effect on grasses, sedges, or most woody brush and can be sedges, or most woody brush and can be safely sprayed over established conifers. Can safely sprayed over established conifers. Can be used alone or combined with other be used alone or combined with other herbicides such as Goal in early summer or herbicides such as Goal in early summer or Glyphosate in fall as a semi-directed spray. Glyphosate in fall as a semi-directed spray. Can cause damage to newly planted conifers Can cause damage to newly planted conifers in transplant beds.in transplant beds.

SUREGUARD 51 WDG (flumioxazin)

Broad spectrum preemergence herbicide with Broad spectrum preemergence herbicide with some postemergence activity on some weeds. some postemergence activity on some weeds. Controls several triazine-resistant weeds. Controls several triazine-resistant weeds. Apply prior to bud break, and do not apply to Apply prior to bud break, and do not apply to seedbeds. Combines well with Glyphosate seedbeds. Combines well with Glyphosate when weeds are emerged, but alone has little when weeds are emerged, but alone has little effect on perennial grasses and nutsedge. 12 effect on perennial grasses and nutsedge. 12 oz per acre provides equal or better results oz per acre provides equal or better results than combinations of Simazine and Oryzalinthan combinations of Simazine and Oryzalin

PENDULUM 60% WDG, 3.3EC, 3.8 AQUACAP, HURDLE 3.8 ACS

(pendimenthalin)

Chemically related to Surflan. The AQUA CAP Chemically related to Surflan. The AQUA CAP and HURDLE formulations are and HURDLE formulations are microencapsulated, sprayable forms. While microencapsulated, sprayable forms. While these are registered for several Christmas tree these are registered for several Christmas tree species, their may be risk to young seedlings. species, their may be risk to young seedlings. The water dispersible granule (WDG) The water dispersible granule (WDG) formulation is preferred after conifer bud break. formulation is preferred after conifer bud break.

GLYPHOSATE Products (Roundup Original, Glyfos, Glystar, Credit 41, Mirage, Roundup

Original Max, ect)

More than 40 different types of Glyphosate products More than 40 different types of Glyphosate products are on the market, not all registered for Christmas are on the market, not all registered for Christmas Trees. They vary in concentration and many contain Trees. They vary in concentration and many contain surfactants that can injure conifers. All these surfactants that can injure conifers. All these products are safe to use if you can prevent contact products are safe to use if you can prevent contact with the foliage. Ask your supplier for the 41% with the foliage. Ask your supplier for the 41% product that is similar to the Roundup Original.product that is similar to the Roundup Original.

GLYPHOSATE Products (Continued)

Glyphosate is a foliar-absorbed systemic herbicide Glyphosate is a foliar-absorbed systemic herbicide that is rapidly inactivated in soil and controls most that is rapidly inactivated in soil and controls most weed and brush species with the right doses and weed and brush species with the right doses and timing. Quackgrass must be actively growing and timing. Quackgrass must be actively growing and over 6 inches tall, and perennial weeds should be in over 6 inches tall, and perennial weeds should be in flower bud or later stages at treatment. Woody flower bud or later stages at treatment. Woody brush, poison ivy and brambles are best controlled brush, poison ivy and brambles are best controlled in August or September, before frost. in August or September, before frost.

GLYPHOSATE Products (Continued)

To provide residual control of weeds from seed, To provide residual control of weeds from seed, glyphosate must be followed or combined with a glyphosate must be followed or combined with a pre-emergence herbicide. pre-emergence herbicide.

Weeds not usually controlled with glyphosate Weeds not usually controlled with glyphosate include perennial vetch and Asiatic dayflower.include perennial vetch and Asiatic dayflower.

GLYPHOSATE Products (Continued)

Glyphosate sprays will injure the foliage of conifers. Glyphosate sprays will injure the foliage of conifers. Conifers are most resistant to semi-directed basal sprays Conifers are most resistant to semi-directed basal sprays (where only the basal branches of conifers are sprayed) (where only the basal branches of conifers are sprayed) with Roundup Original or Credit late in the season (late with Roundup Original or Credit late in the season (late August, September) and most susceptible during active August, September) and most susceptible during active growth. Douglas fir and white pine are more susceptible growth. Douglas fir and white pine are more susceptible to injury than spruces or true firs (Abies spp.) Adding to injury than spruces or true firs (Abies spp.) Adding surfactants or emulsifiable formulations of herbicides surfactants or emulsifiable formulations of herbicides such as Goal or Pennant to Roundup Original or Credit such as Goal or Pennant to Roundup Original or Credit increases injury potential on conifer foliage. increases injury potential on conifer foliage.

Roundup PRO and Roundup ULTRA are 41% glyphosate Roundup PRO and Roundup ULTRA are 41% glyphosate formulations that contain surfactants which make them formulations that contain surfactants which make them faster acting on weeds and more injurious to conifers than faster acting on weeds and more injurious to conifers than Roundup Original or Credit. Sprays of these products Roundup Original or Credit. Sprays of these products should not contact conifer foliage. Roundup ULTRA should not contact conifer foliage. Roundup ULTRA MAX (50.2% glyphosate) should be considered for pre-MAX (50.2% glyphosate) should be considered for pre-plant and fully directed spray only.plant and fully directed spray only.

Glyphosate is applied in the fall and pre-emergence Glyphosate is applied in the fall and pre-emergence herbicides are applied in the early spring. To prevent herbicides are applied in the early spring. To prevent winter annuals from invading in the fall it is common to winter annuals from invading in the fall it is common to add simazine (Princep, Simtrol) at 1 to 1.5 lbs. active add simazine (Princep, Simtrol) at 1 to 1.5 lbs. active ingredients per acre to the fall glyphosate spraysingredients per acre to the fall glyphosate sprays

GLYPHOSATE Products (Continued)

FUSILADE(fluazifop-P), ENVOY (clethodim)

Systemic postemergence grass herbicides that Systemic postemergence grass herbicides that control or suppress grasses with no effect on control or suppress grasses with no effect on broadleaf plants and sedges, and have little or no broadleaf plants and sedges, and have little or no residual activity in soil. Immature grasses are residual activity in soil. Immature grasses are more susceptible. Can be sprayed over conifers more susceptible. Can be sprayed over conifers and combined with or followed with simazine. and combined with or followed with simazine. Summer tank mixes with Goal are also effective.Summer tank mixes with Goal are also effective.

PENNANT MAGNUM (s-metolachlor)

A pre-emergence herbicide that is applied in A pre-emergence herbicide that is applied in early spring before bud break. It controls yellow early spring before bud break. It controls yellow nutsedge and annual grasses in transplant beds nutsedge and annual grasses in transplant beds or field-grown conifers. Comines well with or field-grown conifers. Comines well with Simazine or Goal for broad-spectrum control, Simazine or Goal for broad-spectrum control, but not safely used in seedbeds. Second but not safely used in seedbeds. Second applications may be needed for season-long applications may be needed for season-long control of nutsedge.control of nutsedge.

TOWER 6E (dimethenamid-P)

A pre-emergence herbicide similar to Pennant A pre-emergence herbicide similar to Pennant that controls yellow nutsedge and annual that controls yellow nutsedge and annual grasses, but differs in that it will control ragweed grasses, but differs in that it will control ragweed and lambsquarter. It does injury white pine and and lambsquarter. It does injury white pine and other conifers during active growth and should other conifers during active growth and should be applied before bud break. It fails to control be applied before bud break. It fails to control perennial grasses and weeds and should be perennial grasses and weeds and should be applied after a glyphosate treatment.applied after a glyphosate treatment.

WESTAR (sulfometuron methyl, hexazinon)

A combination of two active ingredients for a broader A combination of two active ingredients for a broader control of annual and perennial weeds including quack control of annual and perennial weeds including quack grass, ragweed, lambsquaters, yellow nutsedge, grass, ragweed, lambsquaters, yellow nutsedge, horseweed and many others. It is safely applied on horseweed and many others. It is safely applied on dormant trees before bud break but applications after dormant trees before bud break but applications after bud break will injure conifers. Trail use in Christmas bud break will injure conifers. Trail use in Christmas trees is suggested at 6-10 oz per acre. Lower rate on trees is suggested at 6-10 oz per acre. Lower rate on newly planted trees. Adding glyphosate to the mix newly planted trees. Adding glyphosate to the mix improves control of other weeds. Do not use in seed improves control of other weeds. Do not use in seed beds or transplant beds.beds or transplant beds.

GALLERY 75DF (isoxaben)

A pre-emergence herbicide that controls most A pre-emergence herbicide that controls most annual broadleaf weeds and suppresses annual annual broadleaf weeds and suppresses annual grasses. It controls weeds for 3 to 4 months or grasses. It controls weeds for 3 to 4 months or longer by root activity and can be sprayed over-longer by root activity and can be sprayed over-the-top of labeled conifers. It does not control the-top of labeled conifers. It does not control emerged weeds. For broad spectrum control of emerged weeds. For broad spectrum control of annual weeds it can be combined with annual weeds it can be combined with preemergence grass herbicides such as Surflan, preemergence grass herbicides such as Surflan, Devrinol, or Pennant and the post-emergence Devrinol, or Pennant and the post-emergence herbicides Goal or Stinger.herbicides Goal or Stinger.

GALLERY 75DF (isoxaben)

Use in plantations but not in seedbeds or Use in plantations but not in seedbeds or transplant beds.transplant beds.

It is a potential alternative to Simazine on It is a potential alternative to Simazine on freshly tilled sites or on sites where glyphosate freshly tilled sites or on sites where glyphosate is used to kill established weeds. Gallery could is used to kill established weeds. Gallery could substitute for Simazine for reduced leaching substitute for Simazine for reduced leaching potential in aquifers.potential in aquifers.

GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen)

A pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide A pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide useful for annual weed control in seedbeds, useful for annual weed control in seedbeds, transplant beds, and Christmas trees. Dosages transplant beds, and Christmas trees. Dosages vary with the size of the conifers and the length of vary with the size of the conifers and the length of control desired. control desired.

Pre-emergence control of broadleaf weeds lasts Pre-emergence control of broadleaf weeds lasts longer than control of grasses.longer than control of grasses.

GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen)

Goal causes contact injury on spruces and true firs Goal causes contact injury on spruces and true firs during rapid growth. Avoid applications on those during rapid growth. Avoid applications on those conifers during the 5 to 6 week period following conifers during the 5 to 6 week period following bud break. Emerged chickweeds, spurge and bud break. Emerged chickweeds, spurge and annual grasses are tolerant of Goal, but seedlings annual grasses are tolerant of Goal, but seedlings of purslane, carpetweed, pigweeds and several of purslane, carpetweed, pigweeds and several other weeds are controlled. other weeds are controlled.

Goal could substitute for simazine for reduced Goal could substitute for simazine for reduced leaching potential in aquifers.leaching potential in aquifers.

SIMAZINE products (Princep 4L , Princep Caliber 90, Simtrol)

Broad-spectrum pre-emergence herbicides.Broad-spectrum pre-emergence herbicides.

At low rates they fail to control annual grasses, At low rates they fail to control annual grasses, but at high rates they control certain established but at high rates they control certain established perennial grasses when applied before growth perennial grasses when applied before growth starts in the spring. Both sprays and granules are starts in the spring. Both sprays and granules are safely applied over the tops of tolerant plants. safely applied over the tops of tolerant plants.

SIMAZINE products (Princep 4L , Princep Caliber 90, Simtrol)

Simazine combines well with pre-emergence Simazine combines well with pre-emergence "grass herbicides" such as oryzalin, metolachlor "grass herbicides" such as oryzalin, metolachlor or pendimethalin to provide broad-spectrum pre-or pendimethalin to provide broad-spectrum pre-emergence control. emergence control.

Conifer tolerance varies with the species and Conifer tolerance varies with the species and age. Therefore, lower rates are used in transplant age. Therefore, lower rates are used in transplant beds and on field-grown spruce than on firs or beds and on field-grown spruce than on firs or pines. pines.

TRICLOPYR products (Crossbow, Garlon 3A, Garlon 4 Ultra, AquaSweep)

Systemic weed and brush herbicides, useful in site Systemic weed and brush herbicides, useful in site preparation or around conifers in late August or preparation or around conifers in late August or September, before leaf drop of target weeds (Garlon September, before leaf drop of target weeds (Garlon 3A). 3A).

They can be applied in water during the growing They can be applied in water during the growing season or in oil for basal applications on brush season or in oil for basal applications on brush during the dormant season (Garlon 4). Garlon 4 can during the dormant season (Garlon 4). Garlon 4 can produce vapors that injure actively growing conifers produce vapors that injure actively growing conifers during hot summer weather.during hot summer weather.

Triclopyr controls vetch, other legumes, goldenrod, Triclopyr controls vetch, other legumes, goldenrod, bedstraw, brambles, many other broadleaf weeds and bedstraw, brambles, many other broadleaf weeds and brush, but not grasses. brush, but not grasses.

TRICLOPYR products (Continued) It is especially useful to control susceptible broadleaf It is especially useful to control susceptible broadleaf

weeds in row middles where grass cover is desirable. It weeds in row middles where grass cover is desirable. It also is more effective than Roundup in controlling also is more effective than Roundup in controlling oriental bittersweet in early fall. oriental bittersweet in early fall.

Conifers established for three full years tolerate Conifers established for three full years tolerate semidirected basal sprays of triclopyr in September. semidirected basal sprays of triclopyr in September.

Crossbow is a combination of 2,4-D and triclopyr, useful Crossbow is a combination of 2,4-D and triclopyr, useful in spot treatments (fully directed sprays) for woody vines in spot treatments (fully directed sprays) for woody vines and brush. AquaSweep is a 2,4-D. Garlon 3A combination and brush. AquaSweep is a 2,4-D. Garlon 3A combination that can be used for brush control outside the plantation.that can be used for brush control outside the plantation.

Product Availability

Round Up Original is no longer being produced Round Up Original is no longer being produced by Monsantoby Monsanto

Mirage, Honcho, Ranger are other identical Mirage, Honcho, Ranger are other identical products produced by Monsanto.products produced by Monsanto.

Key component is a 4lb product with the 7.5% Key component is a 4lb product with the 7.5% surfactant load.surfactant load.

Credit 41 is a 4lb product with the 7.5% Credit 41 is a 4lb product with the 7.5% surfactant load provided by CPS.surfactant load provided by CPS.

QUESTIONS?

What is WPS? WPS is the Worker Protection Standard set by the WPS is the Worker Protection Standard set by the

Federal EPA to protect farm, forest, greenhouse, Federal EPA to protect farm, forest, greenhouse, nursery workers and pesticide handlers from pesticide nursery workers and pesticide handlers from pesticide exposure.exposure.

WPS applies to anyone who uses pesticides in the WPS applies to anyone who uses pesticides in the production of agricultural plants on farms, forests, production of agricultural plants on farms, forests, nurseries or in greenhouses.nurseries or in greenhouses.

Whether or not you employ agricultural workers and Whether or not you employ agricultural workers and pesticide handlers, all applicators of agricultural pesticide handlers, all applicators of agricultural pesticides are required to comply with PPE and REI pesticides are required to comply with PPE and REI statements on the labels.statements on the labels.

What is Required Under WPS? INFORMATION – employees will be informed through INFORMATION – employees will be informed through

training, posters, access to labeling, and REI notification training, posters, access to labeling, and REI notification for treatments.for treatments.

PROTECTION – ensure that your employees will be PROTECTION – ensure that your employees will be protected from exposure to pesticides, during protected from exposure to pesticides, during application and within REI intervals.application and within REI intervals.

MITIGATION – decontamination sites, wash stations, MITIGATION – decontamination sites, wash stations, emergency assistance, labels and MSDS for medical emergency assistance, labels and MSDS for medical personnel.personnel.

Contact the Board of Pesticides Control for More Information to Help You Comply With the WPS Standards

Common Herbicides use in Small Woodlot Management

ARSENALARSENAL (Imazapyr) (Imazapyr)

RODEO, ROUNDUPRODEO, ROUNDUP (Glyphosate) (Glyphosate)

GARLON 4 ULTRA AND GARLON 3AGARLON 4 ULTRA AND GARLON 3A (Triclopyr) (Triclopyr)

PATHFINDER IIPATHFINDER II (Triclopyr and basal oil) (Triclopyr and basal oil)

ARSENAL ImazapyrImazapyr, 4 LBS ACTIVE PER GALLON, 4 LBS ACTIVE PER GALLON ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED AS A POSSIBLE DRUGORIGINALLY DEVELOPED AS A POSSIBLE DRUG WATER SOLUBLE SALTWATER SOLUBLE SALT NON VOLATILENON VOLATILE AMINO ACID INHIBITORAMINO ACID INHIBITOR MERISTEMATIC GROWTH INHIBITORMERISTEMATIC GROWTH INHIBITOR BOTH ROOT AND FOLIAR ACTIVEBOTH ROOT AND FOLIAR ACTIVE POOR LEGUME, RUBUS, AND FORB CONTROLPOOR LEGUME, RUBUS, AND FORB CONTROL USED IN TANK MIX FOR MAPLE CONTROLUSED IN TANK MIX FOR MAPLE CONTROL NONIONIC SURFACTANT TO INCREASE EFFICACYNONIONIC SURFACTANT TO INCREASE EFFICACY

IMAZAPYR - SOIL BEHAVIOR

WEAKLY BINDS TO SOIL PARTICLESWEAKLY BINDS TO SOIL PARTICLES ADSORPTION INCREASES WITH OM AND CLAYADSORPTION INCREASES WITH OM AND CLAY DEGRADATION WITH SOIL MICROBESDEGRADATION WITH SOIL MICROBES SOIL HALF-LIFE FROM 19 TO 34 DAYSSOIL HALF-LIFE FROM 19 TO 34 DAYS WEED CONTROL UP TO 2 YRS DEPENDING ON WEED CONTROL UP TO 2 YRS DEPENDING ON

RATERATE REMAINS IN THE TOP 30 CM OF THE SOILREMAINS IN THE TOP 30 CM OF THE SOIL LATERAL SOIL MOVEMENT IS LIMITEDLATERAL SOIL MOVEMENT IS LIMITED

RODEO (Concentrate)-ROUNDUP

GlyphosateGlyphosate, 40 or 54% ACTIVE PER GALLON, 40 or 54% ACTIVE PER GALLON NON VOLATILE,WATER SOLUBLE SALTNON VOLATILE,WATER SOLUBLE SALT AMINO ACID INHIBITORAMINO ACID INHIBITOR DEPLETION OF 3 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS DEPLETION OF 3 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FOLIAR ACTIVE ONLYFOLIAR ACTIVE ONLY LOCKS UP TIGHTLY TO SOIL MOLECULESLOCKS UP TIGHTLY TO SOIL MOLECULES ACCORD USED FOR CONIFER RELEASEACCORD USED FOR CONIFER RELEASE NONIONIC SURFACTANT TO INCREASE NONIONIC SURFACTANT TO INCREASE

EFFICACYEFFICACY

RODEO (Concentrate)-ROUNDUP

ROUNDUP CONTAINS NONIONIC SURFACTANTROUNDUP CONTAINS NONIONIC SURFACTANT GLYPHOSATE IS A GLYPHOSATE IS A NON-SELECTIVENON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE HERBICIDE NO SOIL RESIDUAL ACTIVITYNO SOIL RESIDUAL ACTIVITY COVERAGE IS ESSENTIALCOVERAGE IS ESSENTIAL EPA CLASSIFIES GLYPHOSATE IN CATERGORY EPA CLASSIFIES GLYPHOSATE IN CATERGORY

“E” (EVIDENCE OF NON-CARCINOGENICITY “E” (EVIDENCE OF NON-CARCINOGENICITY FOR HUMANS), “E” BEING THE MOST FOR HUMANS), “E” BEING THE MOST FAVORABLEFAVORABLE

GLYPHOSATE - SOIL BEHAVIOR

RAPIDLY ADSORBED TO SOILRAPIDLY ADSORBED TO SOIL SOIL AND ORGANIC MATTER ARE SOIL AND ORGANIC MATTER ARE

GLYPHOSATE’S WORST ENEMY. GLYPHOSATE’S WORST ENEMY. REQUIRES CLEAN WATER FOR MIXINGREQUIRES CLEAN WATER FOR MIXING PLANTING CAN OCCUR IMMEDIATELY PLANTING CAN OCCUR IMMEDIATELY

AFTER APPLICATIONAFTER APPLICATION MICROBIAL DEGRADATIONMICROBIAL DEGRADATION SOIL HALF LIFE OF 47 DAYSSOIL HALF LIFE OF 47 DAYS

GARLON 4 TriclopyrTriclopyr

44% ACTIVE INGREDIENT PER GALLON44% ACTIVE INGREDIENT PER GALLON

ESTER FORMULATION WITH MSO CARRIERESTER FORMULATION WITH MSO CARRIER

VOLATILE AT HIGH TEMPS AND LOW REL. VOLATILE AT HIGH TEMPS AND LOW REL. HUMIDITYHUMIDITY

NO GRASS CONTROL - SELECTIVENO GRASS CONTROL - SELECTIVE

TYPICAL AUXIN-TYPE PLANT RESPONSETYPICAL AUXIN-TYPE PLANT RESPONSE

ABSORBED THROUGH THE FOLIAGE, BUT ALSO ABSORBED THROUGH THE FOLIAGE, BUT ALSO ROOTS, BARK, AND STEMROOTS, BARK, AND STEM

GARLON 4 INDUCES CELL ELONGATION, UNCONTROLLED INDUCES CELL ELONGATION, UNCONTROLLED

CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH.CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH. ADD TO WATER FOR FOLIAR TREATMENT ADD TO WATER FOR FOLIAR TREATMENT CREATES AN E.C. WITH OIL (20%,80%) FOR CREATES AN E.C. WITH OIL (20%,80%) FOR

BASAL APPLICATIONSBASAL APPLICATIONS

OIL CARRIES THE TRICLOPYR THROUGH BARKOIL CARRIES THE TRICLOPYR THROUGH BARK

FOLIAR EFFICACY IS BETTER IN EARLY-MID FOLIAR EFFICACY IS BETTER IN EARLY-MID SUMMER DURING ACTIVE PLANT GROWTHSUMMER DURING ACTIVE PLANT GROWTH

GARLON 3A

TriclopyrTriclopyr

3 LB ACTIVE INGREDIENT PER GALLON3 LB ACTIVE INGREDIENT PER GALLON

AMINE FORMULATION WITH 1% ETHANOLAMINE FORMULATION WITH 1% ETHANOL

ADD A NON-IONIC SURFACTANT FOR BETTER ADD A NON-IONIC SURFACTANT FOR BETTER EFFICACY IN FOLIAR TREATMENTSEFFICACY IN FOLIAR TREATMENTS

BEST FOLIAR EFFICACY IN EARLY-MID BEST FOLIAR EFFICACY IN EARLY-MID SUMMER DURING ACTIVE PLANT GROWTHSUMMER DURING ACTIVE PLANT GROWTH

PATHFINDER II Triclopyr 14% and basal oil 86% mixTriclopyr 14% and basal oil 86% mix

READY TO USE FORMULATION FOR BASAL BARK READY TO USE FORMULATION FOR BASAL BARK AND STUMP TREATMENTSAND STUMP TREATMENTS

BEST BASAL CONTROL ON STEMS LESS THAN 6 IN.BEST BASAL CONTROL ON STEMS LESS THAN 6 IN.

YEAR ROUND APPLICATION EXCEPT WHEN SNOW YEAR ROUND APPLICATION EXCEPT WHEN SNOW PREVENTS APPLICATION TO THE GROUNDPREVENTS APPLICATION TO THE GROUND

TRICLOPYR IS TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE TRICLOPYR IS TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE BARK BY THE BASAL OILBARK BY THE BASAL OIL

GARLON 4, GARLON 3A, AND PATHFINDER II- SOIL BEHAVIOR

BINDS TIGHTLY TO SOIL OM AND CLAY PARTICLESBINDS TIGHTLY TO SOIL OM AND CLAY PARTICLES

BROKEN DOWN BY SOIL MICROBES AND SUNLIGHTBROKEN DOWN BY SOIL MICROBES AND SUNLIGHT

SOIL HALF LIFE RANGES FROM 10 TO 46 DAYS FOR SOIL HALF LIFE RANGES FROM 10 TO 46 DAYS FOR GARLON 4 AND PATHFINDER II, AND 30-45 DAYS FOR GARLON 4 AND PATHFINDER II, AND 30-45 DAYS FOR GARLON 3AGARLON 3A

MOST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ARE FOUND IN UPPER MOST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ARE FOUND IN UPPER 12 INCHES OF THE SOIL.12 INCHES OF THE SOIL.

Cut Stump Treatment withglyphosate or Garlon 3A

Cut Stump Treatment withGarlon 4 and oil

Applying Herbicide to a Girdled Tree

Spaced Axe Frill Prepared forHerbicide Injection

Basal Bark ApplicationTo Lower 12-18 Inches

Aquatic Use Labels for Common Brush Control Herbicides

RodeoRodeo– Has the aquatic and terrestrial use labeling for – Has the aquatic and terrestrial use labeling for several years. Glyphosate products with surfactant are several years. Glyphosate products with surfactant are not aquatic labeled.not aquatic labeled.

ImazapyrImazapyr –BASF received labeling for 2 lb/gal –BASF received labeling for 2 lb/gal imazapyr for aquatic use (Habitat marketed by SEPRO, imazapyr for aquatic use (Habitat marketed by SEPRO, Polaris by NuFarm).Polaris by NuFarm).

TriclopyrTriclopyr – DowAgrosciences relabeled Garlon 3A for – DowAgrosciences relabeled Garlon 3A for aquatic use (Both on the Garlon 3A label and the aquatic use (Both on the Garlon 3A label and the SEPRO label as Renovate)SEPRO label as Renovate)

All are pseudo Restricted Use under Maine’s Pesticide All are pseudo Restricted Use under Maine’s Pesticide Regulations.Regulations.

Glyphosate versus Triclopyr

Triclopyr (Garlon 4 and 3A work better early in Triclopyr (Garlon 4 and 3A work better early in the season before woody plants begin to shut the season before woody plants begin to shut down.down.

Glyphosate works better later in the season as Glyphosate works better later in the season as plants begin to produce sugars to store in the plants begin to produce sugars to store in the roots.roots.

Christmas trees can be more susceptible to Christmas trees can be more susceptible to Garlon 4 than Garlon 3A.Garlon 4 than Garlon 3A.

Some Herbicides to be Cautious

Milestone and Capstone Milestone and Capstone – contain aminopyralid – contain aminopyralid which is soil active and will move through the soil which is soil active and will move through the soil and damage softwoods. A good product to use in and damage softwoods. A good product to use in headland areas to control volunteer softwood brushheadland areas to control volunteer softwood brush

Method, Viewpoint and Streamline Method, Viewpoint and Streamline – contain – contain aminocyclopyrachlor (Imprelis) which can also aminocyclopyrachlor (Imprelis) which can also cause severe softwood damage as it moves through cause severe softwood damage as it moves through the soil.the soil.

Ronald C. Lemin, Jr.CPS TimberlandBangor, Maine207-944-6160

ronald.lemin@cpsagu.com

http://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/resource000845_rep2560.pdfhttp://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/resource000845_rep2560.pdf