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Semantic web course Computer Engineering Department Sharif Univ. of Technology Fall 2005 1

Web Services

Semantic Web - Fall 2005Computer Engineering Department

Sharif University of Technology


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Outline

What are web services? Definitions Advantages

Challenges Architecture

WS Protocol Stack SOAP

WSDL UDDI Apache Axis


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Web evolution

Programthe Web

XML

Browsethe Web

HTML

TCP/IP

Connectthe Web

Technology

Applications

Text Hypertext ApplicationsFTP,E-mail,Gopher

WebpagesWebservices


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Definitions Definition 1:

A web service is a service (program) that can beinvoked from another program via the web.

Definition 2: Web Services are self-contained, self-describing,

modular applications that can be published, located, andinvoked across the Web. IBM Web Services Tutorial

Definition 3: A Web Service is a service on the Internet that

Use a standardized XML messaging system

Not tied to any operating system or programming language Optional features

Self-describing: provide public interface to the service via acommon XML grammar

Discoverable: Interested parties can find a service andlocate its interface


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Examples Flight Reservation

Weather Service

Amazon.com web services

Retrieve geographic information http://terraserver.microsoft.net/TerraService.asmx

Search the web, check spellings One of the first useful Web Services built around SOAP Allows you to integrate your application with Googles search,

spell check, and cached page databases. http://www.google.com/apis/
http://terraserver.microsoft.net/TerraService.asmxhttp://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://terraserver.microsoft.net/TerraService.asmx


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A Basic Web Service

Language: Perl

Operating System:

Windows 2000

Language: Java

Operating System:

Linux

XML

XML
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Web Services Advantages

Use open, text-based standards, which enablecomponents written in different languages and fordifferent platforms to communicate.

Promote a modular approach to programming, somultiple organizations can communicate with thesame Web service.

Self-describing (metadata for access and use)

Discoverable (search and locate in registries)

loosely coupled (i.e. Services should not bedependent on each other).
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Service OrientedArchitecture (Basic Model)

ServiceBroker

ServiceUser

ServiceProvider

Find

Publish Bind

UDDI

WSDL

SOAP

SOAP SOAP

SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol / SOA Protocol

WSDL Web Services Description Language

UDDI Universal, Description, Discovery, and Integration
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Service Interaction

I book planesI book car

RentalsI book hotels

I locate services

I organise

holidaysGet a car rental quotelocate service

ask for quote

Is quote good enough?

Yes

Reserve car, provisionally get other resources reserved

Confirm reservation

ServiceIdentifier

I convert

currency

I know

the weather

quote
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Web Service Protocol Stack

Discovery UDDI

Description WSDL

XML Messaging XML-RPC, SOAP,XML

Transport HTTP,SMTP,FTP

Transporting XML messages between client and server

Encoding messages in XML format

Describing

Web Services

interface

Searching /

Publishing

Web Services
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Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)

SOAP is an XML-based protocol designed toexchange information in a distributed environment(a communication protocol).

SOAP is platform & language independent

SOAP is a W3Cstandard
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SOAP: Message Structure



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SOAP: Request Example
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SOAP: Response Example
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SOAPAdvantages/Disadvantages

Advantages Human-readable XML

Easy to debug

SOAP runs over HTTP Firewalls not affected

Services can be written in any language,platform or operating system.

Disadvantages S-L-O.............W

XML produces a lot of overhead for small messages
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WSDL Web Services Description Language WSDL is an XML-based format designed to describe the

interfaces exposed by a service What a service does? How clients can use it?

Separation of abstract service description from concretemessaging format: An abstract section describing the interfaces in a protocol-

independent way A concrete section relating the abstract definitions with the

specific protocols It can be used with all protocols (HTTP, SMTP, etc.), but it

normally runs over HTTP. If sender & receiver share and understand same WSDL file,

interoperability is guaranteed.
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WSDL: Definitions A WSDL document defines services as a collection of network endpoints or

ports, where the port types are abstract collection ofoperations, andthe concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular porttype constitutes a reusable binding.

Types: a container for data type definitions using some type system suchas XSD.

Message: an abstract, typed definition of the data being communicated.

Operation: an abstract description of an action supported by the service. PortType: an abstract set of operations supported by one or more

endpoints. They are equivalent to interfaces.

Binding: a concrete protocol and data format specification for a particularport type. The interfaces are bound to specific network and transport protocols. It is akin

to implementing an interface. Port: a single endpoint defined as a combination of a binding and a

network address. Service: a collection of related endpoints.
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WSDL Structure
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The

The types element contains XML Schemasdefining the datatypes that are to bepassed to and from the web service
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The The element is used to define the

messages that will be exchanged between theclient and the service

These message elements contain elements, which will be using types defined in thetypes element

All the parts are namespace qualified
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The The types and messages have been defined, but they have

not been defined in terms of where they fit in thefunctionality of the web service

This is done within and elements

A portType is analogous to a class An operation is analogous to a method in that class
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Types of There are four distinct types of operation Synchronous

Request-response - The service receives a messageand sends a reply

Solicit-response - The service sends a message andreceives a reply message

Asynchronous One-way - The service receives a message

Notification - The service sends a message

All of these can be defined in WSDL
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Defining the type ofoperation

Presence and order of input/output elementsdefines the type of operation.

Request-response

Solicit-response

One-way only

Notification only
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The element

This element is used to define the mechanismthat the client will actually use to interact with theweb service

The most common choice is currently SOAP

The binding element defines the protocol specific

information for the portTypes previously defined
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The binding tag

The tag indicates that we will map a to aprotocol

Indicates we will be using the SOAP binding extensions to map

the operations.The alternative to rpc is document.

( to use GET/POST use

to use MIME use )
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The final component of a WSDL file is the

element The element defines elements that

specify where requests should be sent

The subelement identifies the URL of theservice

The precise content of elements will be dependentupon the mechanism, i.e. SOAP, HTTP or MIME
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WSDL: Example (1/5)
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WSDL: Example (2/5
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WSDL: Example (3/5)
http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/


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WSDL: Example (4/5)


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WSDL: Example (5/5)

My first service
http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/


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UDDI Universal Description, Discovery and Integration A Web Service registry & discovery mechanism for

retrieving pointers for web services interfaces Publish your business information and technical

details of your Web Service Search for other Web Services and connect tothem

UDDI is not only limited to XML Web Services The key to the ultimate success of Web services,

but has some key limitations, and alternativediscovery methods are provided by ebXML andWS-Inspection.
http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/


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UDDI Details

SOAP is used to talk to UDDI registries

White pages Business information (name, contact info)

Yellow pages Categorization (industry, products, location)

Green pages Technical specifications (service description)
http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/


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Addressing Axis EWS JaxMe jUDDI

jUDDI (pronounced "Judy") is an open source Java implementation of the Universal Description,Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) specification for Web Services.

Kandula Mirae Muse Pubscribe Sandesha Scout SOAP TSIK

Woden WSIF

The Web Services Invocation Framework (WSIF) is a simple Java API for invoking Web services,no matter how or where the services are provided.

WSRF WSS4J XML-RPC
http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://www.google.com/apis/http://ws.apache.org/addressing/http://ws.apache.org/axis/http://ws.apache.org/ews/http://ws.apache.org/jaxme/http://ws.apache.org/juddi/http://ws.apache.org/kandula/http://ws.apache.org/mirae/http://ws.apache.org/muse/http://ws.apache.org/pubscribe/http://ws.apache.org/sandesha/http://ws.apache.org/scouthttp://ws.apache.org/soap/http://incubator.apache.org/tsik/http://incubator.apache.org/woden/http://ws.apache.org/wsif/http://ws.apache.org/wsrf/http://ws.apache.org/wss4j/http://ws.apache.org/xmlrpc/http://ws.apache.org/xmlrpc/http://ws.apache.org/wss4j/http://ws.apache.org/wsrf/http://ws.apache.org/wsif/http://incubator.apache.org/woden/http://incubator.apache.org/tsik/http://ws.apache.org/soap/http://ws.apache.org/scouthttp://ws.apache.org/sandesha/http://ws.apache.org/pubscribe/http://ws.apache.org/muse/http://ws.apache.org/mirae/http://ws.apache.org/kandula/http://ws.apache.org/juddi/http://ws.apache.org/jaxme/http://ws.apache.org/ews/http://ws.apache.org/axis/http://ws.apache.org/addressing/


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Apache Axis

Apache Axis is an Open Source SOAPserver and client

It is completely written in Java

The server can be executed as a webapplication into servlet engines such asJakarta Tomcat


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Standard mappings from WSDLto Java

XML Schema Datatype Java Datatype

xsd:base64Binary byte[]

xsd:boolean boolean

xsd:byte bytexsd:dateTime java.util.Calendar

xsd:decimal java.math.BigDecimal

xsd:double double

xsd:float float

xsd:hexBinary byte[]


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Standard mappings from WSDLto Java

XML Schema Datatype Java Datatype

xsd:int int

xsd:integer java.math.BigInteger

xsd:long long

xsd:QName javax.xml.namespace.QName

xsd:short short

xsd:string java.lang.String

P bli hi W b S i


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Publishing Web Serviceswith Axis

Lets say we have a simple Java class likethe following:

public class Converter {

public double toLire(double euro) {

return euro * 1936.27;

}

public double toEuro(double lire) {

return lire / 1936.27;

}

}

P bli hi W b S i


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Publishing Web Serviceswith Axis

JWS (Java Web Service) files Instantdeploying Step 1

Copy Converter.java file into your axis webappdirectory, and rename it as Converter.jws

Step 2 You should now be able to access the service at the

following URL (assuming your Axis web application is

on port 8080):http://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws

C i W b S i
http://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jwshttp://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws


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Consuming Web Serviceswith Axis

import org.apache.axis.client.Call;import org.apache.axis.client.Service;

import javax.xml.namespace.QName;

publicclass ConverterClient {

publicstaticvoidmain(String args[]) {

try {

String endpoint = "http://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws";

Service service = new Service();

Call call = (Call) service.createCall();

call.setTargetEndpointAddress(new java.net.URL(endpoint));

call.setOperationName(new

QName("http://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws", "toLire"));Double ret = (Double)call.invoke(new Object[] {new Double(10.0)});

System.out.println("10 euro = " + ret.doubleValue() + " lire");

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}


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Consuming Web Serviceswith .NET (1/2)

C# Client Create a new C# console application project

Add a class called ConverterClient

Add a web reference tohttp://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws?wsdlin theproject, otherwise the class ConverterServicewill not be found.
http://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jwshttp://localhost:8080/axis/Converter.jws


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Consuming Web Serviceswith .NET (2/2)

using System;

using ConsoleApplication.localhost;

namespace ConsoleApplication {

///

/// Summary description for Class1.

///

class ConverterClient {

///

/// The main entry point for the application.

///

[STAThread]

static void Main(string[] args) {ConverterService converter = new ConverterService();

System.Console.WriteLine("10 euro = {0}",

converter.toLire(10));

System.Console.ReadLine();

}

}

}

U i th A i TCP M it


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Using the Axis TCP Monitor(tcpmon)

The tcpmon utility keeps a log of allrequest/response SOAP messages

It can be found in the org.apache.axis.utils

package To run it from the command line:

java org.apache.axis.utils.tcpmon


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Publishing Web Serviceswith .NET (1/2)

Visual Studio .NET 2003 From the File menu, point to New, and click

New Project

Select ASP.NET Web service Change the Location if necessary

Click OK

Open the code window

Add the following code


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Publishing Web Serviceswith .NET (2/2)

[WebMethod]

public double toLire(double euro)

{

return euro * 1936.27;

}

[WebMethod]

public double toEuro(double lire)

{

return lire / 1936.27;}


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The Java client (1/2)

Generate the stub to access to the WebServicejava org.apache.axis.wsdl.WSDL2Javahttp://localhost/Converter/Service1.asmx?WSDL

This tool generates the following files: Service1.java

Service1Locator.java

Service1Soap.java

ServiceSoapStub.java


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The Java Client (2/2)import org.tempuri.*;

publicclass DotNetConverterClient {

publicstaticvoidmain(String args[]) {

try {Service1 service = new Service1Locator();

Service1Soap calculator = service.getService1Soap();

System.out.println("10 euro = " + calculator.toLire(10) + "lire");

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}}


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Web Services Challenges

The standards that drive Web services are still indraft form.

Web services need standard securityprocedures (a common problem to all of the

distributed computing solutions). The leading registry, based on the UDDI

specification, has some key limitations, andalternative discovery methods are needed.

Web services need Quality of Service (QoS)support from Web Services Registries, Brokerages,and Network Providers.


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References

Web Services Activity

http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/

W3C Web Services glossary

http://www.w3.org/TR/ws-gloss/

Documents

webservicespps3416