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Women Leaders: SacagaweaBy Biography.com Editors and A+E Networks, adapted by Newsela staff
Grade Level 607/25/2016
Word Count 691
Sacagawea
Synopsis: Sacagawea was born around 1788 in Lemhi County, Idaho. She_ was the
daughter of a Shoshone Indian chief. _At around age 12, she was captured by an
enemy tribe and sold to a French-Canadian fur trapper who made her his wife. In
November 1804, she was invited to join the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the
West as a Shoshone interpreter. After leaving the expedition, she died at Fort Manuel
in what is now Kenel, South Dakota, around 1812.
Early Life
Sacagawea was a Shoshone Indian interpreter best known for serving as a member of
the Lewis and Clark expedition into the American West. She is also well-known for
being the only woman on the famous journey. Much of Sacagawea's life is a mystery.
She was born around 1788, although some say 1786 or 1787, in Lemhi County, Idaho,
and was the daughter of a Shoshone chief.
Around the age of 12, Sacagawea was captured by Hidatsa Indians, an enemy of the
Shoshones. They then sold her to a French-Canadian fur trapper named Toussaint
Charbonneau, who made her one of his wives.
Sacagawea and her husband lived among the Hidatsa and Mandan Indians in the
upper Missouri River area. This region is now part of North Dakota. In November
1804, an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark entered the area. The
group wanted to explore the western lands of the United States and find a route to the
Pacific Ocean. Lewis and Clark met Charbonneau and quickly hired him to serve as
their interpreter. Even though she was about to give birth to her first child, Sacagawea
was chosen to go along with them. Lewis and Clark thought that her knowledge of the
Shoshone language would help them during their journey.
Lewis And Clark Expedition
In February 1805, Sacagawea gave birth to a son named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau.
Although she was busy taking care of a baby, Sacagawea was helpful to the explorers
in many ways. She was skilled at finding edible plants. When her boat tipped over, she
was able to save some of its cargo, including important documents and supplies. She
also served as a symbol of peace. People were less suspicious of a group traveling with
a woman and a child than a group of men traveling alone.
Sacagawea made a miraculous discovery of her own during the trip west. When the
explorers came across a group of Shoshone Indians, she soon realized that its leader
was her brother Cameahwait. It was through her that the expedition was able to buy
horses from the Shoshone to cross the Rocky Mountains. Despite this joyous family
reunion, Sacagawea remained with the explorers for the rest of the travels west.
They reached the Pacific coast in November 1805. Sacagawea was allowed to vote
along with the other members of the expedition on where they would build a fort to
stay for the winter. They built Fort Clatsop near present-day Astoria, Oregon. They
remained there until March of the following year. Sacagawea, her husband, and her
son remained with the group on the return trip east until they reached the Mandan
villages. During the journey, Clark had become fond of her son Jean Baptiste,
nicknaming him "Pomp" or "Pompey." Clark even offered to help him get an education.
Her Life After The Expedition
Once Sacagawea left the expedition, few details of her life are known. In 1809, it is
believed that she and her husband—or just her husband, according to some accounts—
traveled with their son to St. Louis, Missouri, to see Clark. Pomp was left in Clark's
care. Three years later, Sacagawea gave birth to her second child, a daughter named
Lisette. A few months after her daughter's birth, Sacagawea died at Fort Manuel in
what is now Kenel, South Dakota, around 1812. After her death, Clark looked after her
two children, and ultimately adopted them both.
Over the years, many have honored Sacagawea and her contribution to the Lewis and
Clark expedition. There are places named after her and statues made in her
image. She is even featured on a dollar coin issued by the U.S. Mint.
READING QUESTIONS
1. Which detail would be MOST important to include in a summary of the article?
A Sacagawea was an interpreter on the Lewis and Clark expedition. B Fort Clatsop was built near present-day Astoria, Oregon.C Clark nicknamed Sacagawea's son "Pomp" or "Pompey."D Sacagawea is featured on a dollar coin.
2.Read the section "Lewis And Clark Expedition."Which sentence BEST summarizes the central idea of this section?
A Sacagawea discovered her brother Cameahwait during her travels with Lewis and Clark.B Lewis and Clark led an expedition across the Rocky Mountains and reached the Pacific coast in 1805.C Sacagawea played an important role in helping Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific coast.D Sacagawea was a dedicated mother to her son on her journey into the American West.
3.What is the MAIN way the author introduces Sacagawea in the first three paragraphs of the article?
A by giving a brief overview of the major events in her life.B by telling a story about her journey with Lewis and ClarkC by describing what people think of her in modern timesD by listing her life's major achievements
4.Why has Sacagawea been honored by people in the United States?
A She negotiated peace between the Shoshone Indians and the explorers Lewis and Clark.B She helped Lewis and Clark in their efforts to discover a route to the Pacific Ocean.C She died assisting Lewis and Clark on their journey to explore the American West.D She led Lewis and Clark to the Pacific Ocean while caring for her infant son.
Military Leaders: TecumsehBy Biography.com Editors and A+E Networks, adapted by Newsela staff
Grade Level 805/10/2017
Word Count 861
Tecumseh standing and holding a rifle. Photo from Library of Congress.
Synopsis: Tecumseh was a Shawnee Native American chief, born in 1768 south of
present-day Columbus, Ohio. He opposed the United States during the early 1800s and
attempted to organize a confederation, or group, of tribes to resist white settlement in
the Ohio River Valley. During the War of 1812, Tecumseh and his followers joined the
British to fight the United States. He was killed in the Battle of the Thames in Canada
on October 5, 1813.
Early Life
Tecumseh grew up amid constant warfare that ravaged the Ohio River Valley in the
late 1700s. His father, Puckeshinwa, a minor war chief, was killed in the Battle of Port
Pleasant during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). His mother,
Methoataske, migrated with other Shawnees to what is now Missouri. This left
Tecumseh to be raised by his older sister, Tecumpease.
Young Warrior
During his teenage years, Tecumseh joined a confederation of Native Americans led by
Mohawk chief Joseph Brant. Brant encouraged tribes to pool their resources and
defend their territory against the white man’s advances. Tecumseh led a raiding party
that attacked the boats of white settlers who were traveling down the Ohio River. For a
while, he successfully stopped settlers from moving on the river. However, Tecumseh
was appalled by the brutality displayed by both whites and Native Americans. After
seeing a white man burned at the stake, Tecumseh vehemently criticized his fellow
tribesmen for their actions.
In 1791, under the leadership of Shawnee chief Blue Jacket, Tecumseh led a scouting
party against U.S. General Arthur St. Clair at the Battle of the Wabash. Other Native
Americans joined the Shawnee in this battle, which killed 952 of the 1,000 American
soldiers present. In June 1794, Tecumseh, fought against troops led by Major General
Anthony Wayne, but the Native Americans were badly defeated at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers.
Forming A Confederation Of Native American Tribes
This defeat led to the Treaty of Greenville between the United States and Native
American tribes. Tecumseh was so bitter about this loss that he refused to attend the
peace negotiations or to acknowledge the treaty. He sharply criticized the “peace”
chiefs who signed away land that he believed wasn’t theirs to give. He said that the
land was like the air and water, a common possession of all Native Americans.
Around 1808 Tecumseh and a small band of tribesmen traveled to what is now Indiana.
They joined his brother Tenskwatawa, who had recently become a prominent Native
American religious leader known as the Prophet.
Using his superior speaking skills, Tecumseh over time transformed his brother’s
religious following into a political movement that gained new supporters. He
discouraged Native Americans from assimilating into the white world. Tecumseh made
his headquarters at Prophetstown, Indiana, near the meeting point of the Tippecanoe
and Wabash rivers. He began recruiting different tribes throughout the Northwest
Territory and southern United States.
The Battle Of Tippecanoe
In the fall of 1811, Tecumseh was in the South on a recruiting mission. At that time,
Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison moved a force of 1,000 men to
Prophetstown. On November 6, the Prophet sent a message asking to meet with
Harrison, but the next day he launched a sneak attack on Harrison's camp. During the
Battle of Tippecanoe, the Native Americans were thrown back and defeated after three
hours of fighting. The victorious Americans burned the town and scattered Tecumseh's
forces. Afterward, Tecumseh returned to try and rebuild his confederation.
The War Of 1812
On June 1, 1812, the United States Congress declared war on Great Britain. In the
Northwest Territory, the different Native Americans tribes found their allegiances
split. For his part, Tecumseh joined forces with the British. He moved his small band of
warriors to Michigan to assist British Major-General Sir Isaac Brock in the Siege of
Detroit. As British forces were stationed just outside the range of the Americans' guns,
Tecumseh had his warriors repeatedly parade out from a nearby wooded area and
circle back, making it appear that their numbers were much greater. Fearing a
massacre, American commander Brigadier General William Hull surrendered.
Final Battle And Death
But Tecumseh’s euphoria over the victory at Detroit would be short-lived. In the spring
of 1813, he joined British Major General Henry Procter, and together they led their
forces in the Siege of Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio. This fort was commanded by
Tecumseh’s old enemy, William Henry Harrison. When Harrison’s forces
counterattacked, Procter and Tecumseh retreated farther into Canada, to the Thames
River, in present-day southern Ontario. Procter promised Tecumseh he would send
reinforcements to Tecumseh, but the reinforcements never showed. On October 5,
1813, Tecumseh’s small 500-man force was overrun by Harrison’s 3,000-man army and
Tecumseh was killed.
Legacy
Tecumseh’s death marked the decline of Native American resistance in most of the
middle and southern United States. Over the next two decades, exhausted Native
American tribes were forced to move beyond the Mississippi River. During his life,
Tecumseh’s political leadership, humane policies and bravery attracted the respect of
friends and foes alike. In the time since, a mythology has developed around him that
has transformed him into an American folk hero.
READING QUESTIONS
1.Read the selection from the section "The Battle Of Tippecanoe."
On November 6, the Prophet sent a message asking to meet with Harrison, but the next day he launched a sneak attack on Harrison's camp. During the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Native Americans were thrown back and defeated after three hours of fighting. The victorious Americans burned the town and scattered Tecumseh's forces. Afterward, Tecumseh returned to try and rebuild his confederation.
Which idea is BEST supported by this selection?
A Tecumseh was determined to continue fighting even after a serious defeat.B The Native Americans would have won the battle if Tecumseh had been there.C Tecumseh's forces were not willing to rejoin the confederation after defeat.D The Native American forces no longer listened to the Prophet after the sneak attack.
2.The article suggests that Tecumseh was an outspoken supporter of fair and humane practices in battle. Which of the following selections from the article BEST supports this idea?
A However, Tecumseh was appalled by the brutality displayed by both whites and Native Americans. After seeing a white man burned at the stake, Tecumseh vehemently criticized his fellow tribesmen for their actions.
B In 1791, under the leadership of Shawnee chief Blue Jacket, Tecumseh led a scouting party against U.S. General Arthur St. Clair at the Battle of the Wabash. Other Native Americans joined the Shawnee in this battle, which killed 952 of the 1,000 American soldiers present.
C He sharply criticized the “peace” chiefs who signed away land that he believed wasn’t theirs to give. He said that the land was like the air and water, a common possession of all Native Americans.
D As British forces were stationed just outside the range of the Americans' guns, Tecumseh had his warriors repeatedly parade out from a nearby wooded area and circle back, making it appear that their numbers were much greater.3.The section "Early Life" develops a key concept of the article by:
A describing the migration of Tecumseh's family and other Native AmericansB explaining the battle principles Tecumseh had learned from his fatherC demonstrating how Tecumseh was affected by his family relationshipsD establishing conflict with whites as a defining part of Tecumseh's life
4.Read the paragraph from the section "Forming A Confederation Of Native American Tribes."
Using his superior speaking skills, Tecumseh over time transformed his brother’s religious following into a political movement that gained new supporters. He discouraged Native Americans from assimilating into the white world. Tecumseh made his headquarters at Prophetstown, Indiana, near the meeting point of the Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers. He began recruiting different tribes throughout the Northwest Territory and southern United States.
What does this paragraph accomplish?
A It demonstrates Tecumseh's reasons for establishing Prophetstown as a headquarters.B It illustrates the contrast between the beliefs of Tecumseh and his brother.C It describes the events that led to Tecumseh's transition from warrior to leader.
D It explains the cause of Tecumseh's belief that Native Americans must not compromise.