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1. (a) Some cars have air bags fitted.
Look at the picture.
Air bags reduce injury if there is a crash.
Write down one other safety feature that reduces injury in a crash.
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Some safety devices such as electric windows make driving safer.
They make it easier for the driver to concentrate.
Write down one other example of a safety feature that helps the driver to concentrate.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 2 marks]
1
2. This question is about gravitational potential energy.
(a) Look at the information in the table.
planet gravitational field strength in
N / kgEarth 10
Jupiter 25
Mercury 4
Neptune 11
Pluto 1
Venus 9
Oliver calculates the gravitational potential energy for a 1 kg mass at a height of 2 m above the surface of each planet.
Where will the 1 kg mass have the greatest gravitational potential energy?
Choose from
Earth
Jupiter
Mercury
Neptune
Pluto
Venus
answer .......................................................[1]
2
(b) Oliver is weight training.
Look at the diagram.
He wants to increase the gravitational potential energy of the weights.
To do this he could add more weights to the bar.
What other thing could he do to increase the gravitational potential energy?
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
3
(c) Look at the graph.
It shows how the potential energy of a roller coaster car changes as it moves along the track.
The car is pulled to the top of the roller coaster and starts with a speed of 0 m / s at point A.
Complete the table to show how the energy of the car changes as it moves along the track.
position on track potential energy kinetic energy
A → B decreases
B → C
C → D decreases increases
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
4
3. This question is about forces, motion and terminal speed.
Vehicles can reach a maximum speed.
Several factors affect this maximum speed.
Look at the table.
factor increases maximum speed
decreases maximum speed
has no effect on maximum speed
wedge shaped car (instead of box shaped car)
putting a roof box on a car
towing a caravan
putting an air deflector on a lorry
painting a car a brighter colour
(a) Put a tick ( ) in each of the rows to show the correct effect on the maximum speed.
Two have been done for you.[2]
(b) Frictional forces can be a problem in car engines.
Write down one way that frictional forces are reduced in car engines.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
5
4. Penny drives her car up a hill.
(a) Look at the diagram.
Her car climbs 4 m for every 100 m that it moves along the road.
The car weighs 7000 N.
(i) Show that the work done is 28 000 J.
The list of equations may help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) It takes 8 seconds to do 28 000 J of work.
Calculate the power the engine needs to climb the hill.
The list of equations may help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
answer ................................................... W[2]
6
(b) As Penny drives along the road she drives past a speed camera.
(i) There are lines marked on the road in front of the camera.
Suggest a reason for these lines on the road.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The police need to know the speed of Penny’s car.
They have information from the lines on the road.
What other information is needed to calculate the speed of the car?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
7
5. Look at the sketch graphs. Some are distance-time graphs, some are speed-time graphs.
(a) (i) Which two graphs show an object moving at a steady speed?
Choose from: A B C D E
answer ............................................. and .............................................[2]
8
(ii) Which graph shows an increase in speed?
Choose from: A B C D E
answer .......................................................[1]
(iii) Which graph shows something that is stationary (not moving)?
Choose from: A B C D E
answer .......................................................[1]
(b) At a speed of 25 m / s the stopping distance is 53 m.
This is made up of
• the thinking distance (15 m)
• the braking distance (38 m).
What does braking distance mean?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 6 marks]
9
6. This question is about gravitational potential energy.
(a) Look at the information in the table.
planet gravitational field strength in
N / kgEarth 10
Jupiter 25
Mercury 4
Neptune 11
Pluto 1
Venus 9
Oliver calculates the gravitational potential energy for a 1 kg mass at a height of 2 m above the surface of each planet.
Where will the 1 kg mass have the greatest gravitational potential energy?
Choose from
Earth
Jupiter
Mercury
Neptune
Pluto
Venus
answer .......................................................[1]
10
(b) Look at the graph.
It shows how the potential energy of a roller coaster car changes as it moves along the track.
The car is pulled to the top of the roller coaster and starts with a speed of 0 m / s at point A.
Complete the table to show how the energy of the car changes as it moves along the track.
position on track potential energy kinetic energy
A → B decreases
B → C
C → D decreases increases
[2]
(c) Rosalind drops a ball from the edge of a cliff.
Look at the drawing.
The ball will reach its terminal speed.
11
(i) Explain how the ball reaches its terminal speed.
In your answer, use ideas about
• forces
• speed.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) At the terminal speed
• the kinetic energy of the ball is at its maximum
• the potential energy of the ball is decreasing.
What happens to this potential energy?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
12
7. (a) There are large forces in a high speed crash.
Air bags change shape in a crash and absorb energy.
This reduces the forces on the driver.
Explain how air bags reduce the forces in a collision.
In your answer, use ideas about
• speed• acceleration• time.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Some safety devices make driving safer.
They do not reduce injury in a crash.
Adjustable seating is one of these safety devices.
Explain how this makes driving safer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Drivers who have been drinking alcohol are more likely to have accidents.
This is because their reaction time and thinking distance have increased.
Write down one other factor that can increase thinking distance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Braking distance increases in certain conditions.
13
Write down one factor that can increase braking distance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
8. Penny drives her car up a hill.
(a) Look at the diagram.
Her car climbs 4 m for every 100 m that it moves along the road.
The car weighs 7000 N.
(i) Show that the work done is 28 000 J.
The list of equations may help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
14
(ii) It takes 8 seconds to do 28 000 J of work.
Calculate the power the engine needs to climb the hill.
The list of equations may help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
answer ................................................... W[2]
(b) (i) Look at the graph.
It shows how the driving force produced by Penny’s car engine increases with speed.
The fuel consumption at 70 mph is much larger than Penny expected.
Use the graph to explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
15
(ii) Apart from speed, write down one other factor that affects fuel consumption in Penny’s car.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Penny is concerned about polluting the environment.
She is thinking of buying an electrically powered car.
The salesman says that it does not cause pollution.
Is he really correct?
Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 7 marks]
16
9. This question is about motion.
The diagram shows speed-time graphs in the first column.
There is a list of statements in the second column.
Draw a straight line to join each speed-time graph with its correct statement.
[Total 2 marks]
17
10. This question is about measuring speeds.
(a) David and Jo measure the speed of cars as they go past their school.
(i) What equipment do they use to measure distance?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What equipment do they use to measure time?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) A speed camera uses radar to detect when a car is speeding.
There are lines painted on the road in front of the camera to measure distance.
The camera takes two photographs of a speeding car as it passes over the lines to confirm the speed.
18
Mr Green is accused of speeding. The speed limit is 13.5 m/s (30 mph).
He is shown the two photographs taken by the speed camera.
The time between the photographs is 2 s.
The distance between each of the lines on the road is 4 m.
The photographs show that his car passed over 9 lines in the time between when the two photographs were taken.
Calculate the speed of his car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ...................................... m/s[3]
[Total 5 marks]
19
11. Mark rides on a roller coaster.
The roller coaster car is lifted to the top of the ride.
It is then released at point A.
The diagram shows the roller coaster with the car at the end of the ride.
not to scale
(a) Where does the car have the most gravitational potential energy?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer .......................................................[1]
(b) Where is the car moving fastest?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer .......................................................[1]
20
(c) At maximum speed the kinetic energy of the car is 200 kJ.
More people then get into the car.
The total mass doubles.
The maximum speed stays the same.
What is the maximum kinetic energy now?
answer .................................................. kJ[1]
[Total 3 marks]
12. Mrs Brown is driving her car slowly because she is near a school.
A child runs out into the road.
The car stops safely.
The chart shows typical stopping distances when a car is travelling in a town.
(a) At 20 mph, Mrs Brown’s thinking distance is 6 metres.
21
Her braking distance is also 6 metres.
(i) What is meant by thinking distance?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What is meant by braking distance?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the car’s stopping distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) Mrs Brown continues her journey.
The car changes speed from 0 m/s to 8 m/s.
(i) What do we call a change in speed? ...................................................[1]
22
(ii) Look at the graphs.
Which graph, A, B, C or D, shows this change in speed?
answer .............................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
23
13. Modern cars have air bags and seat belts.
A car is in a crash.
Describe how both the airbag and the seat belt reduce injuries.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................[Total 2 marks]
14. Steve is a member of the Red Devils free fall display team.
24
(a) What happens to Steve’s speed when he first jumps out of the aeroplane?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What force causes him to fall to the ground?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Air resistance (drag) acts on Steve as he falls.
(i) What effect does air resistance have on Steve as he falls?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) How can Steve change the position of his body to reduce air resistance?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(d) Steve gets nearer to the ground.
He needs to slow down.
What does Steve do to slow down?
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
25
15. A speed camera uses radar to detect when a car is speeding.
There are lines painted on the road in front of the camera to measure distance.
The camera takes two photographs of a speeding car, as it passes over the lines, to confirm the speed.
26
Mr Green is accused of speeding. The speed limit is 13.5 m/s (30 mph).
He is shown the two photographs taken by the speed camera.
The time between the photographs is 2 s.
The distance between each of the lines on the road is 4 m.
The photographs show that his car passed over 9 lines in the time between when the two photographs were taken.
Calculate the speed of his car.
The list of equations may help you.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
answer ............................... m/s[Total 3 marks]
16. Mark is riding on a roller coaster.
27
The roller coaster car is lifted to the top of the ride.
It is then released at point A.
The diagram shows the roller coaster with the car at the end of the ride.
not to scale
(a) Where does the car have the most gravitational potential energy?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer .......................................................[1]
(b) Where is the car moving fastest?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer .......................................................[1]
28
(c) At maximum speed the kinetic energy of the car is 200 kJ.
More people then get into the car.
The total mass doubles.
The maximum speed stays the same.
What is the maximum kinetic energy now?
answer .................................................. kJ[1]
[Total 3 marks]
17. Mrs Brown is driving her car slowly because she is near a school.
A child runs out into the road.
The car stops safely.
29
The chart shows typical stopping distances.
(a) The speed limit in towns is usually 30 mph.
Explain why the speed limit outside schools is often 20 mph.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Mrs Brown drives at 50 mph.
Her braking distance is 38 m.
What is her thinking distance?
answer ........................................... metres[1]
30
(ii) Write down two factors that could increase her thinking distance.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................[2]
(c) Mrs Brown drives faster on a motorway.
Her speed is now 70 mph.
The chart shows that the braking distance increases to 75 metres.
Explain two situations which could increase the braking distance for her car at 70 mph.
Link your answers to
• friction• mass.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 6 marks]
31
18. (a) Modern cars have air bags and seat belts.
A car is in a crash.
The airbag and seatbelt change shape and absorb energy in the crash.
Airbags and seat belts reduce injuries to drivers and passengers.
Use ideas about forces to explain how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
32
(b) Many cars now have the controls for the cd-player mounted on the steering wheel.
How can this make driving a car safer?
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
19. Steve is a member of the Red Devils free fall display team.
(a) Steve jumps out of the plane.
His speed increases until he reaches terminal velocity.
Use ideas about forces to explain how Steve reaches terminal velocity.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
33
(b) As Steve falls, he loses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
After he has reached terminal velocity, he continues to lose gravitational potential energy but does not gain kinetic energy. Use ideas about energy transfer to explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Steve and his parachute have a mass of 85 kg.
His maximum gravitational potential energy is 2 720 000 J.
Calculate the height he jumps from.
The list of equations may help you.
(g = 10 N / kg)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ........................................... metres[2]
[Total 5 marks]
20. Four swimmers have a race. They swim two lengths of the swimming pool.
Dave measures the time each swimmer takes to swim two lengths.
Look at the information about the swimmers.
swimmer time for 1st length in seconds
time for 2nd length in seconds
Daly 22 20
Gita 24 24
Sam 21 22
Duncan 26 30
34
(a) Who swims fastest for the first length?
Choose from Daly Gita Sam Duncan
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Who increases their speed for the second length?
Choose from Daly Gita Sam Duncan
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Who has the shortest time for the whole race?
Choose from Daly Gita Sam Duncan
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Daly swims 25 metres in 20 seconds.
Calculate Daly’s speed. Write down the unit used to measure speed.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .............................................. unit .......................[3]
[Total 6 marks]
35
21. Look at the information about road vehicles.
type of vehicle van car people carrier 4X4 motorbike
average fuel consumption in
km per litre7 11 8 6 20
(a) Which vehicle has the worst fuel consumption?
Choose from
van
car
people carrier
4X4
motorbike
........................................................................................................................[1]
36
(b) The car and van have the same power, mass and engines.
But the car has a higher top speed than the van.
Look at the diagrams.
Why does the car have a higher top speed?
In your answer write about
• shape of the vehicles
• drag forces.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(c) All these vehicles use a fuel made from fossil fuel.
Name one fuel these vehicles could use.
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Some vehicles can use solar power instead of fuels.
Explain how some vehicles use solar power.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 6 marks]
22. This question is about road safety.
37
(a) Look at the diagram.
It shows the stopping distance for a car travelling at 6 m / s (15 miles per hour).
(i) Calculate the total stopping distance for the car.
answer ..................................................... m[1]
(ii) When the car goes faster the thinking distance increases.
What will happen to the braking distance when the car goes faster?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Write down one other thing that increases thinking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
38
(b) The car brakes. Look at the diagram.
The braking force is 2000 N. The braking distance is 4 m.
Calculate the work done by the brakes on the car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... J[2]
(c) The brakes on the car absorb the kinetic energy.
What happens to the temperature of the brakes when braking?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Cars are fitted with safety features.
(i) Seatbelts are one safety feature.
Why must seatbelts be changed after a crash?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name one other safety feature fitted to cars.
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 8 marks]
23. This question is about road safety.
39
(a) Look at the diagram.
It shows the stopping distance for a car travelling at 13 m / s (30 miles per hour).
(i) Cars travel into the city along a busy road.
They travel at 13 m / s.
One car travels less than 3 m behind the car in front.
This is very dangerous.
Explain why.
Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) When the car goes faster the thinking distance increases.
What will happen to the braking distance when the car goes faster?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Write down one other thing that increases thinking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
40
(b) The car brakes. Look at the diagram.
The braking force is 2000 N. The braking distance is 4 m.
Calculate the work done by the brakes on the car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... J[2]
[Total 6 marks]
24. Daly is in the swimming pool. He starts to swim and increase his speed.
Look at the graph of his speed.
41
(a) Daly accelerates steadily for the first 4 seconds. He reaches a speed of 1.1 m / s.
How far does he travel in the first 4 seconds? Use the graph to help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ........................................... metres[2]
(b) When Daly swims there are forces acting on him.
Two of these forces are
• a forward swimming force
• a backward drag force.
(i) What can you say about the size of these forces as Daly increases his speed?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
42
(ii) What can you say about the size of these forces when Daly is at a steady speed?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Daly swims the next 25 metres in 20 seconds.
Calculate Daly’s speed.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................... m / s[2]
[Total 6 marks]
25. Look at the information on fuel consumption for different vehicles.
vehicle average fuel consumptionin km per litre
car 11
van 7
(a) The car has an average fuel consumption of 11 km per litre.
The car uses 6 litres of fuel. How far will the car travel?
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................. km[1]
43
(b) The van has an average fuel consumption of 7 km per litre.
Most drivers rarely get 7 km per litre when they drive the van.
Suggest two reasons why.
reason 1
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
reason 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 3 marks]
26. Modern cars have safety features fitted to help reduce injuries.
They have crumple zones at the front.
The crumple zones absorb energy in a crash.
Look at the graphs from two test crashes.
44
(a) The modern car has a better crumple zone.
Give two reasons how a crumple zone reduces injuries in a crash.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Look at the two statements about car crashes.
who statement
Mike ‘If you double the speed the crash is only twice as bad.’
Sue ‘If you double the speed the crash is four times worse.’
Sue is correct.
Explain why.
In your answer use ideas about energy.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[3]
[Total 5 marks]
45
27. (a) Mark calculates the average speed of pupils running on the school field.
He needs to measure
• distance
• time.
Name the equipment that Mark needs to measure distance and time.
He measures distance with a ................................................................... .
He measures time with a ......................................................................... .[2]
(b) Look at the results for one of the runners.
distance = 120 metres time = 20 seconds
Calculate the average speed of this runner.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................................. m/s[2]
46
(c) Mark measures the speed and time for Tom running.
He draws a graph of the results.
Look at the speed-time graph for Tom.
(i) Which part of the graph shows Tom running at a steady speed?
Choose from the list.
A – B B – C C – D
answer .....................................................[1]
47
(ii) Which letter shows when Thomas stopped running?
Choose from the list.
A B C D
answer .....................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
28. This question is about forces and motor cars.
Emily is going to drive her car.
Look at the diagram of Emily’s car.
(a) Emily starts her car and drives forwards.
The car accelerates at 3 metres per second squared (m/s2).
Calculate the accelerating force on the car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................................ N[2]
48
(b) When Emily’s car is moving it has kinetic energy (KE).
How could she increase the KE of her car?
Write down two things that she could change.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Emily’s car uses a fuel for its energy.
This fuel is made from a fossil fuel.
What fuel could Emily put into her car?
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
49
29. This question is about car safety and power.
(a) Modern cars have many safety features.
Look at the diagram.
There are two types of safety features
• active (for example, traction control)
• passive (for example, collapsible steering column)
Write down three other active or passive safety features in modern cars.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................[3]
50
(b) Cars transfer energy from the fuel into kinetic energy.
Different cars do this at different rates.
This determines the power rating of each car.
Complete the following sentences.
Choose from the list.
higher watts lower work battery fuel joules
Power measures how quickly ....................................... is being done.
Power is measured in ........................................
Cars with bigger engines have ....................................... power ratings.
This gives them larger ....................................... consumptions.[3]
[Total 6 marks]
30. Britney is a skydiver.
Skydivers jump out of planes.
They fall for several seconds before they open a parachute.
(a) What happens to Britney’s speed just after she jumps out of the plane?
........................................................................................................................[1]
51
(b) What force is causing Britney to fall towards the ground?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Britney opens her parachute. She slows down.
What force is causing her to slow down?
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
31. Mark calculates the average speed of pupils running on the school field.
He needs to measure
• distance
• time.
He then calculates the speed of the runners.
(a) These are the results for one of the runners.
distance = 120 metres time = 20 seconds
Calculate the average speed of this runner.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................................ m/s[2]
52
(b) This runner then runs again at a faster speed.
(i) What happens to the distance travelled in 20 seconds?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What happens to the time taken to run 120 metres?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Mark measures the speed and time for Tom running.
He draws a graph of the results.
Look at the speed-time graph for Tom.
53
(i) Describe what is happening to Tom’s speed between points A and B on the graph.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what is happening to Tom’s speed between points C and D on the graph.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) How could Mark calculate the distance travelled using the graph?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 7 marks]
32. This question is about forces and motor cars.
Emily is going to drive her car.
Look at the diagram of Emily’s car.
54
(a) Emily starts her car and drives forwards.
The car accelerates at 3 metres per second squared (m/s2).
Calculate the accelerating force on the car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................................ N[2]
(b) When Emily’s car is moving it has kinetic energy (KE).
How could she increase the KE of her car?
Write down two things that she could change.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 4 marks]
33. This question is about car safety.
Matthew is learning about safety features in motor cars.
Modern cars have many safety features.
Look at the diagram.
(a) ABS brakes are an example of an active safety feature on a car.
55
Matthew has just started to make some notes about ABS brakes.
Complete the notes to explain how this feature works.
In your answer write about
• how ABS helps the driver to drive the car safely
• the forces on the road and the brake pedal
• the possible effect on braking distance.
ABS brakes:ABS brakes help a car stop more safely.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
[3]
56
(b) Matthew is also interested in the power of cars.
He finds some information about a car.
Look at the information.
driving force on car = 3000 newtons
car moves 250 metres in 15 seconds
Use this information to calculate the power of the car.
The list of equations may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................................ watts[3]
[Total 6 marks]
34. Britney is a skydiver.
Skydivers jump out of planes.
Britney’s speed increases for several seconds.
Britney then reaches a terminal velocity (terminal speed).
57
(a) Complete these sentences to explain why Britney’s speed changes and reaches terminal velocity as she falls.
Use your ideas about the forces acting on Britney in your answers.
1 Britney’s speed increases because ............................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 Britney reaches terminal velocity when ......................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Britney changes the position of her body as she falls.
She now falls with her body in a horizontal position.
She has a lower terminal velocity.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
58
35. We use fossil fuels to power our cars.
(a) What are the two main fossil fuels used in cars?
........................................................ and .......................................................[2]
(b) Look at the information on fuel consumption.
vehicle fuel consumption in kilometres per litre
A 6
B 10
C 5
D 8
Which vehicle has the best fuel consumption?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
answer ............................................................................................[1]
59
(c) We can use electric powered cars.
Electric cars do not have a fuel tank to store energy.
How do electric cars store energy?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
36. Look at the distance-time graphs for the four cars.
distance
tim e
Yellow Car
Blue Car
Green CarRed Car
(a) Which car is stationary?
Choose from the list.
Red Car Green Car Blue Car Yellow Car
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
60
(b) Which car moves at a steady speed?
Choose from the list.
Red Car Green Car Blue Car Yellow Car
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
(c) Which car has the highest speed?
Choose from the list.
Red Car Green Car Blue Car Yellow Car
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
37. This question is about force and motion.
(a) Look at the information in the diagrams.
The cars have the same mass.
They have different driving forces.
400 N
500 N
600 N
A
B
C
Which car has the highest acceleration?
Choose from A, B or C.
answer ....................................................................................[1]
61
(b) Look at the information in the diagrams.
The vehicles have the same driving force.
They have different masses.
600 kg C ar
900 kg Van
2000 kg Lorry
400 N
400 N
400 N
Which vehicle has the highest acceleration?
Choose from the list.
600 kg Car 900 kg Van 2000 kg Lorry
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
(c) Look at the information in the diagram.
400 N
The van moves a distance of 125 m.
The force on the van is 400 N.
Calculate the work done on the van.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................ J[2]
[Total 4 marks]
38. Look at the information on stopping distance.
62
th inkingdistance
21m
braking d istance75m
(a) Calculate the total stopping distance at this speed.
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... m[1]
(b) The thinking distance at this speed is 21 m.
(i) What does thinking distance mean?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Write down two things that can increase thinking distance.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................[2]
63
(c) Bald tyres and poor brakes can increase braking distance.
Write down one other thing that can increase braking distance.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
39. Jane has a parachute.
She jumps from an aeroplane.
(a) Her speed increases.
force A
force B
(i) Force A pulls her down towards the Earth.
What is the name of this force?
...............................................................................................................[1]
64
(ii) An upward force B slows her down.
What is the name of this force?
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) Jane opens her parachute. Her speed reduces quickly.
Parachutes would not work on the Moon.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
65
40. We use fossil fuels to power our cars.
These fuels produce fumes.
(a) Bill’s car has a fuel consumption of 8 km per litre.
Bill needs to travel 72 km.
How much fuel will the car use to travel 72 km?
Choose from the list.
8 litres
9 litres
64 litres
72 litres
80 litres
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
(b) Bill needs a new car.
He thinks about buying an electrically powered car.
(i) Electric cars do not fill up with fossil fuels.
How do electric cars renew their supply of energy?
...............................................................................................................[1]
66
(ii) Electric cars do not produce waste gases when they are driven.
The use of electric cars can still pollute the air.
Suggest how.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
41. Look at the distance-time graphs for the four cars.
distance
tim e
Yellow Car
Blue Car
Green CarRed Car
(a) Which car has the highest speed?
Choose from the list.
Red Car Green Car Blue Car Yellow Car
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
67
(b) The Green Car travels at a speed of 110 km / h.
How far will it travel in 3 hours?
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................... km[2]
[Total 3 marks]
42. This question is about force and motion.
(a) Look at the information on stopping distance.
th inkingdistance
21m
braking d istance75m
(i) Write down two things that can increase thinking distance.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................[2]
68
(ii) Bald tyres and poor brakes can increase braking distance.
Write down one other thing that can increase braking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) Look at the information in the diagram.
400 N
The van moves a distance of 125 m.
The force on the van is 400 N.
Calculate the work done on the van.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ...................................................... J[2]
[Total 5 marks]
69
43. Cars have safety features to reduce injuries in a crash.
(a) Look at the diagram of the crash.
crum plezone
How does the crumple zone reduce injuries in a crash?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) When a car moves faster, it has more kinetic energy.
Look at the information in the table.
The braking distance increases with speed.
speed in m / s braking distance in m
8 6
16 24
32 96
(i) Describe in detail the relationship between speed and the braking distance.
Use the numbers in the table to help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
70
(ii) Explain this relationship in terms of kinetic energy.
The equations on the equation list may help you.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
[Total 5 marks]
44. Jane has a parachute.
She jumps from an aeroplane.
At first, her speed increases.
(a) Look at the diagram.
weight
drag
(i) What happens to the drag force as she accelerates?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
71
(ii) Eventually she reaches terminal speed.
Explain why she reaches terminal speed.
Write about forces in your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) At terminal speed, Jane has kinetic energy.
As she falls, her potential energy gets less.
(i) Explain what happens to this potential energy.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the kinetic energy at terminal speed.
Choose from the list.
becomes zero
remains constant
decreases
increases
answer ...................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
72
45. This question is about motion and speed.
Brian runs a hundred metre race.
The distance he travels is measured before the start of the race and during the first part of the race.
(a) What equipment must be used to measure the distance?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Brian draws a graph of his results. It is a distance-time graph.
Look at the graph.
distance
tim e
A B
C
00
(i) Which part of the graph shows Brian not moving?
Choose from the list.
between A and B between A and C between B and C
answer ..................................................................................................[1]
73
(ii) Which part of the graph shows Brian running at a steady speed?
Choose from the list.
between A and B between A and C between B and C
answer ..................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Which letter shows when he started moving?
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
46. This question is about cars accelerating.
(a) What is meant by accelerating?
........................................................................................................................[1]
74
(b) Pat measures the speed of two cars. Both cars had started from rest (speed = zero).
The speeds were measured at the same time.
Look at the diagram.
car A car B
speed of = 10m /scar A speed of = 15m /scar B
Pat measured the speed of both cars after 3 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of car A.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ........................................m / s2
[2]
(c) Pat thinks that car B has a greater acceleration in the 3 seconds.
Why?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The driver of car B presses the brakes. The car stops.
Look at this information about the car stopping.
2 5 m1 0 m
thinking distance braking distance
(i) What is meant by stopping distance?
75
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down one factor that could increase
thinking distance .................................................................................
braking distance ..................................................................................[2]
[Total 7 marks]
47. This question is about energy. Energy can be converted from one form to another.
Look at the diagram. It shows a car powered by energy from the Sun.
solar panels
76
Complete the crossword puzzle using the clues given. One has been done for you.
clues down
1 M oving objects have th is form of energy.
5 The car in the d iagram is powered by this energy resource from the Sun.
clues across
2 If th is is increased, the object gains potentia l energy.
3 A car engine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the energy in the fuel.
4 Petrol and _ _ _ _ _ _ are fue ls used in cars.
1
2
3
4 5
C
clues across
clues down
O N V E R T S
SI
I
[Total 4 marks]
77
48. This question is about work done.
Manisha walks up the stairs in her house.
Work is being done.
(a) Work done depends on the size of the force.
What other thing does work done depend on?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Give one other example where work is being done.
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Complete the sentence. Force is measured in units called Newtons (N).
Work and energy are both measured in units called ......................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
78
49. Cars have many safety features.
Look at the diagram of a car that has been in a crash.
(a) Some parts of the car body are designed to change shape in a crash.
It is a safety feature of the car. What is this safety feature called?
Choose from the list.
safety cage ABS brakes crumple zones electric windows
answer ...........................................................................................................[1]
(b) These parts of a car reduce the risk of injury in a crash.
How do these parts reduce injuries in a crash?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 2 marks]
79
50. This question is about motion and speed.
Brian runs a hundred metre race.
The distance he travels is measured before the start of the race and during the first part of the race.
Brian draws a graph of his results. It is a distance-time graph.
Look at the graph.
distancein m etres
tim e in seconds
A B
C
00 3015
100
(a) When does the race start?
.................................................................... seconds[1]
(b) Brian runs at a steady speed between B and C.
Calculate Brian’s steady speed between B and C.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................m / s[2]
80
(c) Alice starts the race at the same time as Brian. She runs the race at a faster speed.
What would the second part of Alice’s graph look like?
You may draw your answer on the graph.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
51. This question is about cars accelerating.
(a) Complete this sentence about acceleration.
Acceleration is how much the ....................... changes each ....................... .[1]
(b) Pat measures the speed of two cars. Both cars had started from rest (speed = zero).
The speeds were measured at the same time.
Look at the diagram.
car A car B
speed of = 10m /scar A speed of = 15m /scar B
Pat measured the speed of both cars after 3 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of car A.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ........................................m / s2
[2]
81
(c) Pat thinks that car B has a greater acceleration in the 3 seconds.
Why?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The driver of car B presses the brakes. The car stops.
Look at this information about the car stopping.
2 5 m1 0 m
thinking distance braking distance
Write down one factor that could increase
thinking distance ..........................................................................................[1]
braking distance ...........................................................................................[1]
(e) The driver of car B loads up the boot of the car with heavy objects.
He then drives the car at the same speed.
The driver has to brake to stop the car.
Suggest how the braking distance changes.
Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 8 marks]
82
52. This question is about energy. Energy can be converted from one form to another.
Look at the diagram. It shows a car powered by energy from the Sun.
solar panels
(a) Electrical energy from the solar panels can be used to charge batteries.
The energy in the batteries is then used to provide power for the car.
Describe an advantage that solar powered cars have over ones that use petrol or diesel.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The solar powered car has a mass of 800 kg and moves at a speed of 8 m / s.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ............................................... J[2]
[Total 3 marks]
53. This question is about work done.
83
Manisha walks up the stairs in her house.
Work is being done.
The work done when Manisha walks up the stairs is 2 000 J.
The power developed as Manisha walks up the stairs is 500 W.
Calculate the time taken to walk up the stairs.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
answer ............................................... seconds[Total 2 marks]
84
54. Cars have many safety features.
Look at the diagram of a car that has been in a crash.
(a) Some parts of the car body are designed to change shape in a crash.
These parts are called crumple zones. They reduce the risk of injury in a crash.
How do these parts reduce injuries in a crash?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Air bags are another active safety feature in cars.
Explain how air bags reduce the forces on the driver in a crash.
In your answer, write about
• stopping distance or time
• acceleration.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 3 marks]
55. This question is about road safety.
85
(a) There is a speed camera on the road.
There are lines painted on the road near the camera.
Look at the diagram.
cam era
car car
The camera flashes twice.
Two photographs are taken of a speeding car.
The photographs show the places where the car was.
(i) Why are lines painted on the road?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Why does the camera take two photographs?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) Look at the diagram about the stopping distance for a car.
86
(i) What does thinking distance mean?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Higher speed increases the thinking distance.
What else will increase the thinking distance?
Write down two other examples.
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
[Total 6 marks]
56. Cars have safety features.
(a) How do air bags reduce injuries in a crash?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Seatbelts have to be replaced after a crash.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
87
(c) Electrically operated windows can be a passive safety feature.
Write down one other passive safety feature.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
57. This question is about energy.
Look at the diagrams.
Abooks on a shelf
Bclimbing steadily
up a mountain
Cbrick on floor
Dparachute falling steadily
Eball rolling downhill
88
(a) (i) One of these has only potential energy.
Which one?
Choose from: A B C D E
..............................................................[1]
(ii) Two of these have zero kinetic energy.
Which two?
Choose from: A B C D E
.................................................... and ..................................................[2]
(iii) One of these is gaining kinetic energy.
Which one?
Choose from: A B C D E
..............................................................[1]
(iv) One of these transfers potential energy into kinetic energy.
Which one?
Choose from: A B C D E
..............................................................[1]
89
(b) The mountain climber does work when he climbs the mountain.
The mountain climber does 4 000 J of work in 100 seconds.
Calculate the power of the mountain climber.
Use the equations list to help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... W[2]
(c) Look at the diagram of the books on the shelf.
No work is being done on the books.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 8 marks]
90
58. This question is about air resistance or drag.
These two objects can be hit with a racquet.
Look at the diagrams.
(a) Sally hits the two objects with the same racquet.
She hits them as hard as she can.
They both leave the racquet at the same speed.
Look at the graph of how their speeds change.
91
(i) The shuttlecock travels slower.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Sally cannot hit the shuttlecock any harder.
Suggest what Sally could change to make it move more quickly through the air.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) There is no atmosphere in outer space.
This means that the shuttlecock would move further in outer space.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
92
59. This question is about road safety.
(a) There is a speed camera on the road.
There are lines painted on the road near the camera.
Look at the diagram.
cam era
car car
The camera flashes twice.
Two photographs are taken of a speeding car.
The car travels at 28 m / s.
The camera flashes are 0.5 s apart.
The diagram shows the places where the car was.
Calculate the distance between each line on the road.
Use the equations on the equations list to help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... m[3]
(b) Look at the diagram about the stopping distance for a car.
93
(i) Higher speed increases the thinking distance.
What else will increase the thinking distance?
Write down two other examples.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Write down one factor that can increase braking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Look at the information on braking distances for a car.
speed of carin m / s
braking distancein m
10 6
20 24
40 96
There is a relationship between speed and braking distance.
Explain this relationship.
In your answer
• use the equations on the equations list
• write about kinetic energy.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[3]
[Total 9 marks]
94
60. Cars have safety features.
In a crash, an air bag inflates and the driver hits the bag.
This reduces injuries.
Explain how this reduces injuries by completing the sentences.
Choose your answers from the list.
absorbed increased reduced unchanged
Each word can be used once, more than once or not at all.
When the driver collides with the air bag
• the force is spread over an increased area of his body.
• the driver’s energy is ……………………………… by the air bag.
• the driver’s collision (stopping) time is ……………………………… .
• the driver’s collision (stopping) distance is ……………………………… .
• the acceleration of the driver is ……………………………… in the collision.[Total 4 marks]
95
61. This question is about energy.
Look at the diagrams.
Abooks on a shelf
Bclimbing steadily
up a mountain
Cbrick on floor
Dparachute falling steadily
Eball rolling downhill
(a) (i) One of these is gaining kinetic energy.
Which one?
Choose from: A B C D E
..........................................................................[1]
96
(ii) One of these transfers potential energy into kinetic energy.
Which one?
Choose from: A B C D E
..........................................................................[1]
(b) The mountain climber does work when climbing the mountain.
The mountain climber does 4 000 J of work in 100 seconds.
Calculate the power of the mountain climber.
The equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer .................................................... W[2]
[Total 4 marks]
62. This question is about air resistance or drag.
Look at the diagrams.
Sally drops these two objects from a very high building.
97
Look at the graph of how their speeds change.
(a) Why does the shuttlecock slow down more quickly than the tennis ball?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) After a short time, the shuttlecock falls at a terminal speed.
The forces on the shuttlecock cause it to reach terminal speed.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
98
(c) Sally cuts some feathers from the shuttlecock.
This increases its terminal speed.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
63. Adam investigates the speed of cars outside his school.
(a) He takes some measurements to calculate the speed.
(i) What measurements must he take?
What equipment does he use?
Complete the table.
measurement equipment unit
distance .................................. m
.................................. stopwatch s
[2]
(ii) What are the correct units for speed?
Choose from:
m m / s N s
answer .......................................................[1]
99
(b) Look at the speed-time graphs of three cars.
Audi
Ford
BMW
speed
tim e
(i) Which car has a steady speed?
Choose from the list.
Audi BMW Ford
answer ..................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Which car gets slower?
Choose from the list.
Audi BMW Ford
answer ..................................................................................................[1]
[Total 5 marks]
100
64. This question is about stopping distances.
(a) Look at the diagram about the stopping distance for a car.
(i) What does thinking distance mean?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the stopping distance for the car.
...............................................................................................................
answer ................................................... m[1]
(b) Higher speed increases the braking distance.
Name two other factors that will increase the braking distance.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 5 marks]
101
65. Amy investigates parachutes at school.
Look at the graph for a falling parachute.
A B C D FE
speed
tim e
(a) Look at part A of the graph.
At the start the parachute has gravitational potential energy.
The parachute falls.
What other sort of energy does it have as it falls?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) There are two forces acting on the parachute – weight and drag.
In part C the speed is steady.
Explain why. Use ideas about weight and drag in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
102
(c) Which part of the graph shows the parachute opening?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer ............................................................[1]
(d) Which two parts of the graph show steady terminal speeds?
Choose from: A B C D E F
answer ................................................. and ..................................................[2]
[Total 5 marks]
66. Cars use fuel.
(a) Which are the two main fuels used in cars?
Choose from the list.
coal
diesel
hydrogen
petrol
water
answer ................................................. and ..................................................[1]
(b) Look at the data on cars.
Georgio’s car Glenn’s car Sue’s car
fuel consumption in kilometres per litre 10 6 12
maximum driving force in newtons 5000 3000 1500
(i) Which car has the best fuel consumption?
103
Choose from:
Georgio’s Glenn’s Sue’s
answer .................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Georgio’s car uses 8 litres of fuel.
Suggest how far it travels on 8 litres of fuel.
...............................................................................................................
answer ................................................. km[1]
(c) Look at the diagram of Georgio’s car.
The driving force is 5 000 N. It moves the car 9 m.
Calculate the work done on the car.
The list of equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................... J[2]
[Total 5 marks]
104
67. This question is about stopping distances.
(a) Look at the diagram about the stopping distance for a car at 16 m / s.
(i) Two cars travel along a road at the same speed of 16 m / s.
One car follows close behind the other.
The second driver travels 8 m behind the first car.
This is dangerous.
Why is this dangerous? Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Higher speed increases the braking distance.
Name two other factors that will increase the braking distance.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................[2]
105
(b) The first car goes faster.
The car moves at 32 m / s.
(i) The driver reacts then brakes on a dry road.
It takes 6 s to brake.
Look at the graph. It shows the car stopping.
speedin m /s
tim e in s
th inkingdistance
6.750.75
32
brakingdistance
The thinking distance is 24 m.
Calculate the total stopping distance.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
answer ................................................... m[3]
106
(ii) The car now carries more passengers.
It moves at 32 m / s on a wet road.
The driver brakes.
The braking distance increases.
Explain why.
Use ideas about
• force
• mass.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[3]
[Total 10 marks]
68. Amy investigates parachutes at school.
Look at the graph of a falling parachute.
A B C D FE
speed
tim e
107
(a) There are two forces acting on the parachute – weight and drag.
In part C the speed is steady.
Explain why. Use ideas about weight and drag in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Part C is the terminal speed before the parachute opens.
Part E is the terminal speed after the parachute opens.
Explain why the open parachute has a lower terminal speed.
Use ideas about forces in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 3 marks]
69. Look at the data on cars.
Georgio’s car Glenn’s car Sue’s car
fuel consumption in kilometres per litre 10 6 12
maximum driving force in newtons 5000 3000 1500
108
(a) Georgio’s car uses 8 litres of fuel.
Suggest how far it travels on 8 litres of fuel.
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................... km[1]
(b) When Sue drives her car, it has a fuel consumption of 12 kilometres per litre.
When Glenn drives Sue’s car, the fuel consumption is only 9 kilometres per litre.
Suggest two reasons why.
first reason .....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
second reason ...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Look at the diagram of Georgio’s car.
The driving force is 5 000 N. It moves the car 9 m.
Calculate the work done on the car.
The list of equations on the equations list may help you.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ................................................... J[2]
109
(d) These cars harm the environment. This is because they
• use fossil fuels
• produce carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas)
• pollute the city with fumes.
Sue is looking for a new car.
She thinks an electric car will be much better for the environment. Electric cars have rechargeable batteries.
(i) An electric car may be better for the environment.
Suggest one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) An electric car may still harm the environment.
Suggest one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 7 marks]
110
70. Davinder does an experiment to find out the speeds of cars along a road.
She takes some measurements using some apparatus.
Complete the table about her experiment.
measurement apparatus units
distance ................................................ m
............................ stopwatch s
speed speedometer ....................................
[Total 3 marks]
71. Look at the information on the stopping distance for a car.
th inking d istance
stopping d istance
braking distance
(a) What does thinking distance mean?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) What does braking distance mean?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Write down two different factors that can increase thinking distance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
111
(d) ABS brakes can make driving safer.
Suggest how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
72. Look at the information on the fuel consumption of some vehicles.
vehicle fuel consumption in kilometres per litre
car 15
minibus 10
motorbike 25
van 8
(a) Which vehicle has the worst fuel consumption?
Choose from:
car minibus motorbike van
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The car uses 30 litres of fuel.
Look at the table.
Suggest how many kilometres the car travelled using 30 litres of fuel.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 2 marks]
112
73. Mike does weight training. He lifts the weights from the floor to above his head.
Look at the diagram.
(a) Mike does work when he lifts the weights.
He pushes up with a force of 500 N.
He lifts the weights 2 m.
Calculate the work done on the weights.
Select the correct equation from the equations list.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ........................................................ J[2]
(b) Mike holds the weights above his head.
He holds them still so that they do not move.
(i) What type of energy have the weights got now?
...............................................................................................................[1]
113
(ii) No work is done on the weights when they are still.
Explain why no work is done.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Mike gets tired.
He drops the weights.
What type of energy increases as the weights fall?
........................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Mike is a very powerful weight lifter.
He develops a high power when lifting.
What does the word power mean?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
74. Cars have some safety features.
(a) Put a ring around a safety feature that absorbs energy in a crash.
Choose from:
airbag
cruise control
electric windows
safety cage[1]
114
(b) Put a ring around one passive safety feature.
Choose from:
airbag
cruise control
electric windows
safety cage[1]
(c) Seat belts must be replaced after a crash. Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
75. Look at the information on the stopping distance for a car.
th inking d istance
stopping d istance
brak ing distance
(a) Write down two different factors that can increase thinking distance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) ABS brakes can make driving safer.
Suggest how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Look at the information on stopping distances for a car travelling at different
115
speeds.
speed of car in m / s
thinking distance in m
braking distance in m
8 6 7
16 12 28
32 24 112
(i) Calculate the stopping distance at a speed of 8 m / s.
........................................................................................................... m[1]
(ii) Calculate the thinking time of this driver.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
answer ........................................................ s[2]
(iii) A car and a van travel at 32 m / s (80 mph) on the motorway.
The van drives only 15 m behind the car in front.
This is dangerous.
Use the information in the table to explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
116
(iv) Look at the table.
Explain the relationship between speed and braking distance.
In your answer, use ideas about
• kinetic energy
• speed
• braking distance.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
[Total 10 marks]
76. Seat belts are useful in a crash.
They help keep passengers in their seats.
This can reduce their injuries.
(a) What happens to the length of a driver’s seat belt in a crash?
........................................................................................................................[1]
117
(b) How can the seat belt help reduce injuries in a crash?
Use ideas about energy in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 2 marks]
77. Look at the information on the fuel consumption of some vehicles.
vehicle fuel consumption in kilometres per litre
car 15
minibus 10
motorbike 25
van 8
(a) The car uses 30 litres of fuel.
Look at the table.
Suggest how many kilometres it travelled using 30 litres of fuel.
........................................................................................................................[1]
118
(b) The fuel consumption for the van is not always the same.
It can be anything from 5 km / l to 12 km / l.
Suggest why the fuel consumption is not always the same.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 3 marks]
78. Mike does weight training. He lifts the weights from the floor to above his head.
Look at the diagram.
Mike does work when he lifts the weights.
He pushes up with a force of 500 N.
He lifts the weights 2 m.
119
Calculate the work done on the weights.
Select the correct equation from the equations list.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
answer ........................................................ J[Total 2 marks]
79. Steph’s car has a maximum driving force of 3 000 N.
Its top speed is 100 mph.
She puts a roof box on the car. This affects the maximum speed.
Look at the diagram of the car and its forces at different speeds.
1 000 N drag
speed = 60 m ph
3 000 N driv ing force
3 000 N drag
m axim um speed = 100 m ph
3 000 N driv ing force
3 000 N drag
m axim um speed w ith roof box = 80 m ph
3 000 N driv ing force
120
The maximum (terminal) speed is different when Steph uses the roof box.
Explain why.
In your answer, use ideas about
• terminal speed
• drag forces
• driving forces.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................[Total 3 marks]
121
80. This question is about speed.
(a) Oliver wants to measure the speed of his friends in a race.
Look at the pictures.
m easuring tape
m etre ru le
m easuring stop bathroom scales cy linder c lock
Which two pieces of equipment will he need?
Choose from:
metre rule measuring tape measuring cylinder
stop clock bathroom scales
........................................................ and .......................................................[2]
122
(b) There is a speed camera outside Oliver’s school.
There are lines marked on the road.
A car goes past very quickly.
The camera flashes twice as the car crosses the lines.
Explain how the pictures can be used to check speeds.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[3]
[Total 5 marks]
81. Cars travel along a road.
The road passes through two tunnels.
Look at the diagram.
tunnel A tunnel B
not to scale
123
The tunnels are both the same length.
The table shows the time taken for different cars to travel through the tunnels.
car time to go through tunnel A in seconds
time to go through tunnel B in seconds
Fiat 5.0 5.0
Ford 7.2 7.9
Rover 4.8 4.6
Skoda 6.0 6.1
(a) (i) Which car is travelling at a steady speed?
Choose from:
Fiat Ford Rover Skoda
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Which car is speeding up?
Choose from:
Fiat Ford Rover Skoda
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) The stopping distance of a car is made up of two distances.
These are the thinking distance and the braking distance.
(i) What does braking distance mean?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
124
(ii) Write down one factor that can increase the braking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The car travels at 15 m / s.
The thinking distance is 10 m and the braking distance is 15 m at this speed.
Calculate the stopping distance.
........................................................................................................... m[1]
[Total 6 marks]
82. This question is about types of energy.
Look at the pictures.
car travelling a long fla t road books on shelf
aerop lane in flight sta tionary ba ll on p itch
Some of the objects in the pictures have kinetic energy, some have gravitational potential energy and some have both.
(a) Which object has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy?
125
Choose from the pictures.
........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Which object has only gravitational potential energy?
Choose from the pictures.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 2 marks]
83. (a) New cars have a lot of active safety features.
One active safety feature is the seat belt.
Seat belts can reduce injuries in a crash.
Explain how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(b) After a crash seat belts have to be replaced.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
126
(c) Write down another active safety feature of cars.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
84. Emma goes shopping.
She pushes her shopping trolley to the car.
She uses a steady force of 85 newtons to move the trolley.
The trolley moves 50 m.
Calculate the work done in pushing the trolley 50 m.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. J[Total 3 marks]
127
85. (a) The stopping distance of a car is made up of two distances.
These are the thinking distance and the braking distance.
(i) Write down one factor that can increase the braking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down one factor that can increase the thinking distance.
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) New cars have a lot of active safety features.
One active safety feature is the seat belt.
Seat belts can reduce injuries in a crash.
Explain how.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
(c) There are now more electrically powered cars on the road.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using electrically powered cars.
advantage ......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
disadvantage .................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 6 marks]
86. This question is about kinetic and gravitational potential energy.
128
(a) Look at the diagram of a roller coaster ride.
It shows the height at different parts of the ride.
The car is slowly pulled up to A and then released.
A
B
C
D
E
(i) Where does the car have the greatest gravitational potential energy?
Choose from: A B C D E
..............................................................................[1]
(ii) Where does the car have the greatest speed?
Choose from: A B C D E
..............................................................................[1]
129
(b) Motor cars are sometimes damaged in a crash.
The damage depends on their mass and speed.
The police say that for a particular car in an accident the damage caused at30 m / s is more than twice the damage at 15 m / s.
Explain why.
Use ideas about kinetic energy in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 4 marks]
87. Cathy and Colin have identical cars.
They use the same sort of fuel.
Colin’s car uses more fuel to cover 100 km than Cathy’s car.
Suggest reasons why.
In your answer, write about the factors affecting fuel consumption.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................[Total 3 marks]
130
88. (a) Elaine drops a twig from a bridge.
tim e in s
AB C
term inal speedspeedin m / s
Look at the graph of its speed.
It reaches a terminal speed.
(i) Write about the forces on the twig at A.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write about the forces on the twig at C.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
(b) When a sheet of paper is dropped from the same bridge, it reaches a different terminal speed from the twig.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
[Total 4 marks]
89. (a) Helen investigates the speeds of cars outside her school.
131
What two measurements does she take?
1st measurement.............................................................................................
2nd measurement ...........................................................................................[2]
(b) Helen watches racing cars.
Five cars are in a race. The race is 2 laps of the track.
Helen investigates their average speeds for each lap. She measures the times for each lap.
Look at her table of results.
car 1st lap time in seconds
2nd lap time in seconds
total time in seconds
BMW 50 70 120
Citroen 50 50 100
Fiat 60 60 120
Ford 50 40 90
Rover 40 100 140
(i) Which car wins the race?
Choose from:
BMW Citroen Fiat Ford Rover
...............................................................................................................[1]
132
(ii) Which two cars race at steady average speeds?
Choose from:
BMW Citroen Fiat Ford Rover
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Which two cars complete the second lap slower than the first lap?
Choose from:
BMW Citroen Fiat Ford Rover
...............................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Which car completes the second lap faster than the first lap?
Choose from:
BMW Citroen Fiat Ford Rover
...............................................................................................................[1]
(c) Look at the information about stopping distances for a car.
Speed of car in m/s
Thinking distance in m
Braking distance in m
Stopping distance in m
10 5 5 10
20 10 20 30
40 20 80 100
(i) What do we mean by thinking distance?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[2]
133
(ii) Higher speed makes the braking distance longer.
Write down 2 other factors that make the braking distance longer.
1st factor ................................................................................................
2nd factor ...............................................................................................[2]
134
(iii) How can you calculate stopping distance?
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 11 marks]
135
90. Cars have safety features.
These safety features help reduce injuries in a crash.
(a) One safety feature in cars is crumple zones.
Look at the diagram.
R ear crumple zone Front crumple zone
How do crumple zones help reduce injuries in a crash?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
136
(b) Another safety feature in cars is safety belts.
After a crash the car needs to be repaired. What should happen to safety belts after a crash?
........................................................................................................................[1]
137
(c) Name one other safety feature in cars.
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 3 marks]
138
91. Look at the diagram.
X
Y
A ball is lifted to position X.
The height of the lift is 20m. The force used is 10 000N.
139
(a) (i) Calculate the work done on the ball when it is lifted to position X.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
answer ............................................................................................... J[3]
140
(ii) The ball is at position X. It is still.
What type of energy does the ball have at position X?
...............................................................................................................[1]
141
(b) (i) The ball starts to roll down the hill. It passes part Y.
This is the fastest part of the journey.
What type of energy does the ball have at position Y?
...............................................................................................................[1]
142
(ii) Suggest why point Y is the fastest part of the journey.
In your answer use the idea of energy.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[1]
[Total 6 marks]
143
92. Look at the information in the table.
It shows the stopping distances for an average driver.
Speed of car in m/s
Thinking distance in m
Braking distance in m
Stopping distance in m
10 5 5 10
20 10 20 30
40 20 80 100
144
(a) Calculate the thinking time for the driver.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ......................................................... s[3]
145
(b) Higher speed makes the braking distance longer.
(i) Write down 2 other factors that make the braking distance longer.
1st factor ................................................................................................
2nd factor................................................................................................[2]
146
(ii) How does speed affect the braking distance?
In your answer write about
• The detailed connection between speed and braking distance
• Kinetic energy
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................[3]
147
(c) Higher speed is one factor that increases thinking distance.
Write down two other factors that increase thinking distance.
1st factor .........................................................................................................
2nd factor ........................................................................................................[2]
[Total 10 marks]
148
93. Cars have safety features.
These safety features help reduce injuries in a crash.
One safety feature in cars is crumple zones.
They absorb energy in a crash.
Look at the diagram.
R ear crumple zone Front crumple zone
149
How do crumple zones help reduce injuries in a crash?
In your answer use ideas about
• Acceleration
• Force
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................[Total 2 marks]
150
94. Look at the diagram.
X
Y
151
(a) A ball is lifted to position X.
The height of the lift is 20m. The force used is 10 000N.
Calculate the work done on the ball when it is lifted to position X.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
answer ......................................................... J[3]
152
(b) The ball is at position X.
It is still.
At X it has the maximum potential energy.
The ball starts to roll down the hill. It passes part Y.
This is the fastest part of the journey.
Suggest why point Y is the fastest part of the journey.
In your answer use the idea of energy.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
153
95. Ellie is a parachutist.
She jumps from an aeroplane.
Look at the simple graph of her speed as she falls.
Time in s
A
B
CSpeed in
m /s
154
(a) Look at part A.
Ellie accelerates.
Explain why. Use ideas about forces in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
155
(b) Look at part B.
Write down what happens to Ellie’s speed in part B. Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[2]
156
(c) Look at part C.
Ellie opens her parachute and slows down.
Explain why she slows down. Use ideas about forces in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................[1]
[Total 4 marks]
157
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