U.S. HistorySTAAR

E.O.C. Review

Name: ANSWER KEY

Teacher____________________________________ Period_________________________

Adapted from: M. Morrison

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Alexis de Tocqueville said these values are crucial to America’s success.

Then, what is the importance of Democratic Process—Civic Responsibility? “Building a

More Perfect Union”

Lobbying: attempt to influence government officials

Non-violent protest: means of changing injustices

Litigation: resolving disputes in court

Amendments: official changes made to

5. Liberty Freedom No overly controlling gov’t Rule of law

4. Egalitarianism —Equality—

Society where people are equal

Land ownership Social equals

Laissez-Faire —Free enterprise—

Individual controls own interests

No government control over economy

2. Individualism Free to choose Little to no government

control

3. Populism —Popular Sovereignty—People participate in political

life—people rule

Describe with words or pictures how each of Alexis de

Tocqueville’s five values are important to U.S. democracy.

Founding Fathers’ Line-up1. Explain the significance of these Founding Fathers to the formation of the United States. Create a symbol to

help you remember the last 6 people.2. Using the twitter pages from the Moodle Review, who would these Founding Fathers follow and who would

follow them?

Benjamin Rush “Father of American Medicine” who was a doctor, teacher and humanitarian who signed the Declaration of Independence.

John HancockBusinessman and President of the Continental Congress. Large signature on Declaration of Independence symbolized freedom.

John JayFavored independence and helped negotiate a peace agreement with Britain ending the American Revolution.

John WitherspoonMinister who signed the Declaration of Independence and supported independence through education. President of

John Peter MuhlenbergMinister who recruited soldiers to fight against the British.

Charles CarrollWealthy supporter of independence who financed the American Revolution.

Jonathan Trumball, Sr.Governor of Connecticut who sided with the colonists against the British.

John LockeEnglish philosopher whose ideas from “Two Treatises of Government” stated that people were born with natural rights and a ruler’s power comes from the people.

George WashingtonCommanded the new Continental Army.

Thomas JeffersonWrote most of the Declaration of Independence listing grievances against British

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Charters of FreedomDeclaration of Independence Constitution Bill of Rights

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self eviden‐ t, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.‐‐That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That ‐‐whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government

We the People of the United States, in Order to form amore perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domesticTranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed adesire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added.

Amendment V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

In your own words…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

In your own words…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

In your own words…

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Importance…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

Importance…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

Importance…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

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Principles of the U.S. Constitution

Protections of the Bill of

Checks & Balances—creates a balance of power between 3 branches—each branch (legislative, executive, judicial) assigned certain powers

1 Freedom of speechreligionassemblypresspetition

2 right to bear arms

Federalism—division of power based on location

Federal

State

Local

3 no quartering of troops

4 no unreasonable search and seizure

Separation of Powers—divides government powers into 3 branches

1. legislative – law-making body2. executive – executes the law3. judicial – judges the law

5 no self-incrimination no double jeopardy grand jury eminent domain. . . the government can take over property with just compensation

6 trial by jury right to a lawyer speedy trial

Limited Government—government has only the powers given in the Constitution

7 trial by jury (civil cases)

Republicanism—democratic government chosen by the people-representation

8 no cruel and unusual punishment

Popular Sovereignty—people hold the power over government

9 rights of the people are not limited to those in the Constitution

Individual Rights—protected rights of the people in the Bill of Rights

10 all powers not specified in the Constitution

are given to the states

Explain these in your own words or draw an image that reflects the meaning

Fill in the blanks

5

What was the Klondike Gold Rush? Rush to the Yukon area to find gold.

How did mining impact western expansion? Miners would move hoping to strike it rich which spread settlement into new areas

Farm Issues:

List challenges of the frontier—drought, weather grasshoppers

Eventual economic problems—low crop yields Barbed wire impact—conflict between farmers & ranchers Populists—3rd party movement that tried to address

farmers’ problems

Railroads: What impact did the railroad industry have on settlement? Attracted settlers & business to the West

through transportation connections

Which Railway connected east with the west? Transcontinental Railroad

Homestead Act: made land available to settlers. What impact did this have on settlement of the West? Opened the opportunity to settlement of the West by settlers desiring land.

Western Expansion

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What role did ranchers play in western expansion? (cattle industry boom) Ranching caused movement of cattle to railroad lines

What was Manifest Destiny? The belief that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.

How did this change demographic patterns? Government encouraged Western Expansion

Indian Wars: much conflict erupted as settlement pushed westward. What did the U.S. government do to attempt to solve the conflict?

Sent military Forced removal Treaties

Explain the Dawes Act: Abolished Native American tribes by giving each family 160 acres to encourage Americanization

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TECHNOLOGYElevatorTelephone/telegraphOil drillingBessemer ProcessElectricityHow did technology impact business?improved productivity and standard of living

URBANIZATIONRural to urban-Why did people move?Rapid growth brought problems:

o Overcrowdingo Sanitation problemso Tenementso Infrastructureo Corruption

BUSINESS Free enterprise, laissez-faire government

and abundant resources caused — growth in business

Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopoliesEntrepreneurs

Andrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of Wealth (philanthropy)John Rockefeller – Standard Oil

List workplace abuses—low wages, long hours, dangerous work environments, repetitive tasks

Why was this called the Gilded Age? wealth for some; poverty for othersWhat was Social Darwinism? competition in business-stronger would survive

What are some characteristics of the time?Industrialism

Progressive Era Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact.

Problem Muckraker Reform What impact did the reform

have?

Economic

1. Monopolies/trusts

2. Banks

3. Laissez-faire government

Ida Tarbell

Theodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Business regulation: o Interstate Commerce Acto Sherman Anti-Trust Acto Clayton Anti-Trust

Increased the federal government’s ability to prevent unfair business

activities Federal Reserve Act 1913—Established

the Federal Reserve System to help with economic issues

Federal government’s movement toward enacting

monetary policy 16th Amendment—Income Tax Congress could now tax

personal incomeSocial

1. Civil Rights

2. Suffrage

3. Working conditions

4. Living conditions

5. Consumer safety

Ida B. Wells W.E.B. DuBois Elizabeth Cady

Stanton

Susan B. Anthony Jane

Addams, Jacob RiisBooker T. Washington

Upton Sinclair wrote —The Jungle

NAACP Gave a voice to racial equality

19th Amendment Moved nation toward equality based on gender

Settlement houses Education

Movement toward social reform

Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

Protection of consumer health

Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor Gave a voice to workers’ rights

Political

1. Government corruption

2. Amendments

Lincoln Steffens Robert LaFollette

Initiative—voters can introduce bill Recall—voters can remove elected

officials Referendum—voters could seek

legislators to put a bill on a ballot Direct Primary—used by voters to choose

candidates 17th Amendment—direct elec. of senators Civil Service Reform—created commission

to monitor

Helped end corruption and increased participation in

democratic process

Environment

1. Abuse of natural resources

Teddy Roosevelt

John Muir

National Park Service Act—established parks & monuments under federal control

National Park System—supervision & maintenance of natural parks, monuments

Conservation of natural resources by the federal

government 8

American ImperialismFrom Isolationism to Expansionism

Why? Examples:

Ä Militaryo Alfred T. Mahan argued for a

strong Navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”

o Protection of territorieso Refueling ports

Ä Economic/Politicalo Need for raw materials and

markets.o Open Door Policy— U.S.

declares continued trade with China.

o Boxer Rebelliono Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s

idea to give economic support to other countries.

o Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U.S. troops to intervene in Central America.

Ä Socialo Spread of American

institutionso Missionary zeal

Ä Annexation of Hawaiio Sandford B. Doleo Missionarieso Military Port

Ä Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade

Ä Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for expansionism— what is that? Desire to expand territory for economic, social, or political gain

Ä How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy?Isolationism was original foreign policy (neutrality)

Ä Panama Canalo Huge undertaking that

Theodore Roosevelt oversawo Improved trade and military

movemento Malaria/challenges of

geography

Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power? Social, economic and political motives in addition to acquiring territory moved the U.S. as world power.

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Who?

Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism

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USS Maine sinks and the U.S. blames Spain

Why?

DéLome letter calls President

McKinley weak. Americans are

outraged

__________________________

U.S. vs. Spain

Turning Point!

Significance U.S. acquired territory from

Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines

Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba

What was the result? U.S. moves into world power

Why is this war considered a turning point? U.S. began to have more international influence

How? Media—

Yellow journalism increases support

Land—U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines

Sea—U.S. defeats Spain quickly

Where? Havana, Cuba

San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by Theodore Roosevelt

Philippines

When? 1898

USS Maine is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests

Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.

Spanish American WarReview this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks

When? 1914-1918

World War I—Why is this a Turning Point?

Technological Innovations?

Poison gas

Tanks

Machine guns

Airplanes

Effects of Technological Innovations

Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France

Trench warfare … led to a

Stalemate led to …

Massive casualties

Significance Treaty of Versailles—

Germany reparations and accept guiltWoodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of Nations

Great Migration U.S. returns to isolationism International instability Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act

restricted freedom of speech Selective Service Act

Who? President Wilson initially declared

neutrality Alliances:

Allies vs. Central Powers

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by John J. Pershing

Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because it shattered the German defenses

Alvin York won the Congressional Medal of Honor

Another Turning Point!

Causes?Militarism: build-up of

military Alliances: joining forces

with countries with similar ideology

Imperialism exercising control over another nation

Nationalism:

extreme loyalty to your nation

Assassination of — Archduke Franz Ferdinand

When 1917

Lusitania is sunk

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare

Ties to Allies

Zimmerman Telegram

Sussex Pledge

Reasons for United States Entry

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The Roaring Twenties(The Great American Mullet)

Instructions: Fill in the importance of each of the following:“Business in the Front” “Change in the Back”

POLITICALÄ “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policiesÄHarding & Teapot Dome ScandalÄ18TH Amendment—Prohibition of AlcoholÄ19th Amendment— women’s right to voteÄ21st Amendment—repealed prohibitionECONOMIC$Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy?$Mass Production/Assembly Line-allowed faster, less costly means of production

$Henry Ford—built first affordable cars on a large scale

$Laissez-Faire-little government regulation led to rapid growth in business

$Buying-on-Credit-allowed consumers to purchase goods and to pay in installments; increased buying SOCIALo Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti—reflected nativist

feelings related to anti-communismo Growth of nativism-after WWI, increased fear

led to Red Scareo Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924-

restricted immigration from Southern/Eastern Europe

o Eugenics-desire to restrict certain groups; driven by nativism

o Great Migration influenced culture-movement of African Americans to large urban areas for jobs

o Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied

to society and business

SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalismAdventure—

o Charles Lindbergh—1st person to fly the Atlantic Ocean

o Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water

Changing Role of Women—o Flappers-greater independenceo Frances Willard — Temperance

Movemento Women’s Rights Movement

Cultural Values—o Prohibition Organized Crime-

increasedo Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash

between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.

Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan

Art, Music & Literatureo Jazz Age – birth of new music-

awakening of African American Cultureo Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes-literature Marcus Garvey-political activist

o Tin Pan Alley—NYC area that mixed culture and music to form new pop music

o Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis-captured the spirit of change in the 20s with new values

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Great Depression to New DealAmerica’s Road to RecoveryReview this information by completing the blanks and questions.

1920

’s

Warning Signs— Overproduction Speculation and buying on margin Buying on credit Bad banking practices Federal trade policies

1929

What was Black Tuesday? Day in 1929 when stock prices fell to all-time lows and led to stock market collapse

1930

’s

Immediate reactions— People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans Bank runs/failures Reduced demand for goods/unemployment

Hoover— Rugged individualism Believed government involvement should be limited Reconstruction Finance Corp. Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican

American immigrants to their home country Hoovervilles

Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time Widespread unemployment Business failures Foreclosures Homelessness – hobos Americans looked to government to solve economic problems

Dust Bowl— Where? area of the Great Plains Why? periods of drought, over-production of soil, winds Impact? economic disaster that destroyed harvests and farms Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties

FDR is elected (1932)— Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the

economy “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor

New Deal provided— Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs Recovery —support production Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act

Opposition— A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges

that the federal government was overstepping its powerFDR’s Court-packing—

FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal Viewed as challenge to separation of powers

New Monetary Policy— Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate

economy 13

Why was this a

Turning Point?

FDR’sNEW DEALInstructions: What is important about the

following—Relief(Short-term)

Is like — a band-aid

Recovery(Stimulus)

Is like — a cast

Reform(Systematic)

Is like — preventionBank Holiday: closed all nation’s banks to stabilize and restore consumer confidence

Emergency Mortgage Loans:to support business and consumers

Work Relief Programs:CCC;PWA; WPA hired workers for federal projects

National Recovery Administration: federal program that set prices and production controls plus a minimum wage

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: paid farmers to plant fewer crops; government also bought overages

Social Security Administration:workers/employers pay into system that provides support for the unemployed and elderly

Securities & Exchange Commission: organized to oversee the stock market and prevent corruption

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.:insures bank deposits up to $250,000

Tennessee Valley Authority:

Decreased spending

Decreased wages

Unemployment

Increased spending

Increased employment

Increased wages

All of these are in effect

today!

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WORLD WAR II

Turning Point!

Dec.7, 1941 Pearl

Harbor attacked

1942 Battle of Midway

Aug.1945 Atomic bombs

dropped

Place the starred events below and its date in the correct location on the map. Then

write the importance of each in the boxes below.

European Theatre

Adolf Hitler—Nazi leader of Germany; extreme nationalism; wanted Europe Benito Mussolini—fascist leader of Italy Joseph Stalin—established totalitarian dictatorship in Soviet Union Dictatorship—weak economic and political factors following WWI allowed dictators to seize power Aggression—German invasions Poland, etc.; Italy built-up military; Japan seized much territory in Asia Winston Churchill—prime minister of Great Britain; defiantly defended Britain Fascism—aggressive nationalism; expansion of territory George Patton—commanded U.S. forces invading N. Africa/Sicily Dwight Eisenhower—commanded invasion of Normandy—D-Day Omar Bradley—commander of D-Day invasion of Omaha and Utah beaches, coast of France D-Day Invasion & Normandy—largest amphibious operation that moved Allies eastward to German strongholds Tuskegee Airmen— African American fighter pilot group that served with distinction; paved way for military integration Holocaust—Nazi murder of nearly 6 million Jewish people Liberation of concentration camps— as Allies advanced into Europe, U.S. Army units were some of the 1st to report camp atrocities

American Home Front:Isolationism to War

Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—early U.S. attempts to remain neutral/support Britain Roosevelt—president during WWII; initially supported internationalism until Pearl Harbor Appeasement—attempt to prevent conflict by giving in to demands; ex. Germany Pearl Harbor—U.S. enters war after Japan executes surprise attack on naval base Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—wartime fear resulted in internment of Japanese Americans; raised constitutional issues Office of War Information + Propaganda—government organization that supported war effort; posters, radio programs, conservation War bonds, rationing, victory gardens—efforts to economically support the war Volunteering/patriotism—government encouraged citizens to support/sacrifice Enlist—Selective Service/Training Act provided build-up of armed forces in 1940; recruits known as GIs Mobilization—gathering military equipment & personnel to support war effort Vernon J. Baker—received Congressional Medal of Honor for courage in Europe U.S. entry—FDR asks Congress to declare war Dec. 8, 1941

Pacific Theatre Hideki Tojo—military leader of Japan; prime minister during Pearl Harbor Attack Flying Tigers—volunteer U.S. pilots who supplied China Bataan Death March—U.S. prisoners forced by Japanese on 60 mi. march in Philippines Island-Hopping—military strategy of liberating islands from Japan Navajo Code Talkers—group of military who used Navajo language to code communication Chester Nimitz— U.S. Pacific fleet commander; instrumental in stopping Japan’s advance Douglas Macarthur— commanded U.S. Army in the Pacific George Marshall—acted as Chief of Staff-Army; worked with FDR regarding military/strategy Battle of Midway—turning point in war in Pacific Atomic bombs dropped—Hiroshima & Nagasaki; war ends

June 6, 1944, D-Day Invasion

COLD WAR

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Soviet Responses: Add the significance of each.

Warsaw Pact— Soviet Union and Eastern European countries formed alliance to defend each other

Satellite Nations —communist countries of Eastern Europe

Iron Curtain — phrase used by Churchill to describe the division between democratic Western and communist Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall — built by the Soviet Union to cut off communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin

U.S. Responses: Add the significance of each. Truman Doctrine —policy to support any country fighting communism Containment Policy —designed to prevent the spread of communism Marshall Plan —economic support given to war-torn countries in Europe NATO/Collective Security —U.S., Canada, & 10 Western European countries pledged to defend each other against communism Domino Theory —influenced U.S. foreign policy of intervention in areas that could fall to communism Eisenhower Doctrine —continued containment policy by supporting any Middle Eastern country against communism

Political Characteristics: representative

government multi-party system protected freedoms—

speech, religion, press, assembly, etc.

Economic Characteristics free enterprise system private ownership of

property supply & demand set

prices limited government

involvement

Political Characteristics: communist government one political party restricted freedoms censorship

Economic Characteristics: communist economy no private property government controls

industry government provides

education/healthcare

Who was involved?

U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)United States/

Western Europe

Team Communism

Team Democracy

a

United Nations

A Battle of Ideology

European Theatre

Adolf Hitler—Nazi leader of Germany; extreme nationalism; wanted Europe Benito Mussolini—fascist leader of Italy Joseph Stalin—established totalitarian dictatorship in Soviet Union Dictatorship—weak economic and political factors following WWI allowed dictators to seize power Aggression—German invasions Poland, etc.; Italy built-up military; Japan seized much territory in Asia Winston Churchill—prime minister of Great Britain; defiantly defended Britain Fascism—aggressive nationalism; expansion of territory George Patton—commanded U.S. forces invading N. Africa/Sicily Dwight Eisenhower—commanded invasion of Normandy—D-Day Omar Bradley—commander of D-Day invasion of Omaha and Utah beaches, coast of France D-Day Invasion & Normandy—largest amphibious operation that moved Allies eastward to German strongholds Tuskegee Airmen— African American fighter pilot group that served with distinction; paved way for military integration Holocaust—Nazi murder of nearly 6 million Jewish people Liberation of concentration camps— as Allies advanced into Europe, U.S. Army units were some of the 1st to report camp atrocities

American Home Front:Isolationism to War

Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—early U.S. attempts to remain neutral/support Britain Roosevelt—president during WWII; initially supported internationalism until Pearl Harbor Appeasement—attempt to prevent conflict by giving in to demands; ex. Germany Pearl Harbor—U.S. enters war after Japan executes surprise attack on naval base Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—wartime fear resulted in internment of Japanese Americans; raised constitutional issues Office of War Information + Propaganda—government organization that supported war effort; posters, radio programs, conservation War bonds, rationing, victory gardens—efforts to economically support the war Volunteering/patriotism—government encouraged citizens to support/sacrifice Enlist—Selective Service/Training Act provided build-up of armed forces in 1940; recruits known as GIs Mobilization—gathering military equipment & personnel to support war effort Vernon J. Baker—received Congressional Medal of Honor for courage in Europe U.S. entry—FDR asks Congress to declare war Dec. 8, 1941

Pacific Theatre Hideki Tojo—military leader of Japan; prime minister during Pearl Harbor Attack Flying Tigers—volunteer U.S. pilots who supplied China Bataan Death March—U.S. prisoners forced by Japanese on 60 mi. march in Philippines Island-Hopping—military strategy of liberating islands from Japan Navajo Code Talkers—group of military who used Navajo language to code communication Chester Nimitz— U.S. Pacific fleet commander; instrumental in stopping Japan’s advance Douglas Macarthur— commanded U.S. Army in the Pacific George Marshall—acted as Chief of Staff-Army; worked with FDR regarding military/strategy Battle of Midway—turning point in war in Pacific Atomic bombs dropped—Hiroshima & Nagasaki; war ends

17

CUBA

Fidel Castro—Which form of government? Communist supported by Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? U.S., supported Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro which failed; seen as a foreign policy failure

Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened? Soviet missiles discovered on Cuba caused Kennedy to order a naval blockade. After several days of tension, Soviet Union agreed to remove the weapons. Kennedy agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey

Vietnam—What was the importance of each? Domino Theory—supported U.S. involvement against communist North Vietnam’s takeover of South Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— Congress voted to give Johnson power to militarily stop North Vietnam’s aggression Escalation/combat— Johnson increased troop commitment following Gulf of Tonkin; challenges of combat Roy Benavidez— received Congressional Medal of Honor for valor in rescuing wounded platoon members Tet Offensive— massive attack by Vietcong which led to anti-war movement sentiment Anti-War Movement—discontent about war caused by Tet Offensive, credibility gap, and drawn out conflict Vietnamization— Nixon’s policy to withdraw U.S. troops while attempting to negotiate peace & give S.Vietnamese control. Fall of Saigon—North Vietnam took over South Vietnam in 1973; country united under communism War Powers Resolution—set limits on President’s powers to commit U.S. troops in a conflict

China Mao Zedong — What happened in 1949? China became communist

Korea Korean War ÄReasons: communist North Korea invaded democratic South Korea; U.S. intervened

ÄOutcomes: halted North Korean aggression

SOVIET UNIONSputnik—1957 TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race Arms Race-buildup of weapons between U.S. & Soviet Union Breakup of U.S.S.R.

Europe Marshall Plan-economic support for rebuilding of war-torn European countries Berlin Airlift-Western countries support of West Berlin during Soviet blockade Berlin Wall- Soviets built division, reflecting differences between democracy and communism

UNITED STATES How did life change?

Space Race—increased funding for education & space program Education Priorities—math,science Moon-Landing—continued advancement of science Arms Race—acceleration of defense spending Red-Scare—fear of communism led to internal security issues HUAC—Congressional committee formed to investigate disloyalty Joseph McCarthy senator who led harsh accusations against Americans as a fear of communism Rosenberg Trials—reflected fear of communist spies; couple charged with spying and executed Venona Papers—revealed identities of communist spies including Julius Rosenberg Détente—foreign policy of Nixon which relaxed tension with Soviet Union using dipomacy Star Wars—name given to Reagan’s SDI program to defend U.S. against Soviet missiles

Presidents’ Views?

Truman—containment Eisenhower—domino theory Kennedy—flexible response Johnson—domino theory Nixon—détente/normalization Ford—détente Carter—negotiation/human rights Reagan—Reagan Doctrine Bush—End of the Cold War

18

1950’s Conformity Post-War prosperity led to economic growth for many Americans and pursuit

of the American dream.

Baby Boom — What was the impact?increased number of babies born following WWII provided economic boom

Transportation—Interstate Highway Actsupported economic expansionMigrationmovement supported economic growthBusiness Growth —Franchises (McDonalds)

Communication (TV)

Science —Polio & Measles vaccine

Advances in surgery

What caused this prosperity?

Increased consumption/spendingEconomic prosperity

More leisure time

Non-Conformist Ideas

GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided—Low cost mortgagesMoney for college

What impact did this have? increased demand for

homes and goods; growth of suburbs

increased education; job opportunities

Fear of Communism”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many comes one—became official in 1956

“In God We Trust” national motto adopted in 1956

Religious resurgence—Growth of churches

Beat Generation

Jack Kerouac

Housing BoomGrowth of the—

suburbs

Levittown

Legislation/Landmark Court

Cases

Civil War Amendments: 13th —abolished slavery

14th —granted citizenship to all persons born in U.S.

15th — gave African American men the right to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) — established the constitutionality of “separate-but-equal”Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —court stated Hispanic students could not be segregated in CaliforniaExecutive Order 9981, (1948) —abolished segregation in the militaryDelgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) —Texas case that ruled segregation of Hispanic students

Legislation (cont.)

Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —stated that Hispanics could not be excluded from juriesBrown v. Board of Education (1954) — ruled segregation in public schools illegalCivil Rights Act of 1957 — Eisenhower’s effort to expand voting rights for African AmericansCivil Rights Act of 1964 — prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, or ethnicity in the workplace24th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal elections) 1965 Voting Rights Act — ended poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent discrimination in voting practicesAffirmative Action (1965) — increased minority representation in colleges some businessesEdgewood ISD v. Kirby (1984) —court ruled Texas must revise its school funding system

EventsFounding of NAACP (1909)—W.E.B. DuBois — early civil rights activist who worked to demand rights for African AmericansMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)— year- long protest over segregated bus system in Montgomery, AlabamaLittle Rock Nine (1957) — 9 African American students who were escorted by federal troops to Central High School to enforce integrationSit-Ins (1960-61) — peaceful protests against segregated lunch countersFreedom Rides (1961)— efforts to end segregation on public transportation by interracial groups riding busesJames Meredith (`1962)— federal troops sent to support integration of University of MississippiLetter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-outlined Dr. King’s views on civil disobedience as means to enact changeMarch on Washington (1963) —peaceful demonstration for passage of Civil Rights bill; MLK gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speechSelma March (1965) — protest march for voting rights that helped 19

Southern DemocratsLester Maddox

Orval FaubusGeorge Wallace

INSTRUCTIONS:

Review the events by

providing the importance of

Road to the Civil Rights Movement

illegalSweatt v. Painter (1950) —Supreme Court decision against UT for establishing a separate law school for African Americans

gather support for Voting Rights Act of 1965

Civil Rights MovementINSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer

African Americans Women Hispanic Americans

American Indian

“Status Quo”Existing System

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil Disobedience —peaceful protest of unjust laws

Influenced by — Gandhi

Gathered widespread support by — speeches writings peaceful

protests

Famous Quotes/Speeches

“I Have a Dream”

Letter from a Birmingham jail

Turning Point —o Assassinated 1968

Malcolm X

Views — questioned the

views of Dr. King and became a symbol of black power movement along with Stokely Carmichael

Influenced by — Nation of Islam

which advocated black nationalism

later broke away from the organization

Assassinated 1965

Black Panthers

Views — believed a

revolution was needed to gain equal rights

more militant

Community –based political organization— attempted to

provide greater local opportunities for African Americans

Leaders— Huey Newton Eldridge

Cleaver

Betty Friedan wrote — The Femine Mystique

National Organization for Women (NOW) formed in 1966

to promote women’s rights

Gloria Steinam —Ms Magazine

Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized —

abortion

Equal Pay Act — required equal

pay for equal work

Title IX (1972) — banned

discrimination against females in educational institutions

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United —

Farm Workers(UFW)

o Boycotts

Hector P. Garcia started GI Forum for —

Veterans rights.

LULAC — League of

United Latin American Citizens created to fight Hispanic discrimination

La Raza Unida — political party

organization in Texas to mobilize Hispanic voters

Chicano Mural Movement — art work to

promote Hispanic culture during 1960s

American Indian Movement (AIM) — attempt to call

attention to Native American discrimination

Alcatraz

Wounded Knee

Introduced term Native American

and

brought attention to discrimination and bias

20

Great Society Anti-War Movement

Domestic Program

War on Poverty

Programs created to give economic opportunity

—Medicare/Medicaid helped the elderly and poor access health care

—Head Start/Child Nutrition Act

Programs were costly/expanded role of government

Miranda v. Arizona

Immigration Act of 1965

DOVES HAWKS

Credibility gap —lack of trust caused by differences seen between reality of war and government statements Pentagon Papers —revealed government officials questioned war while publicly supporting it Draft —caused anti-war sentiment 26t h Amendment — lowered voting age to 18 Role of the media— presented reality of war Silent Majority— citizens who supported Nixon but were not outspoken

21

Some adopted

attitude of rebellion

Challenged materialism and the “establishment”

Youth CultureLed to —

New lifestyles — communes, hippies

New fashion

Use of illegal drugs

Music

Brought renewed

hope

Peace Corps

“Ask not what your

country can do for

you, but what you can do for your

country.”

New FrontierSpace Race —U.S. on Moon

Promoted space program

Improved lives as a result

—Advances in technology

—Communication

—New products

—GPS

Winds of Social Change (1960’s)

Connect the kite with the correct photo and then add a

Report Card on the 1970s PresidentsPresident Describe the topic or event Give them

a GradeExample:Nixon-R

DétenteNixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy

A

Nixon Normalization in Relations with ChinaForeign policy designed to open communication with China by restoring diplomatic relations

Nixon First Amendment RightsTinker v. Des Moines (1968): 1st Amendemt free speech case supporting students’ rights to wear anti-war armbands Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972): Amish parents freedom of religion protected against state requirement for school attendance

Nixon Environmental Protection Act (EPA) / Endangered Species ActEnvironmental Protection Act (EPA): Law that sets air/water pollution standards Endangered Species Act: Protection of plants/animals that face extinction

Nixon Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)Approved by Congress in 1972 but not ratified by the states

Nixon War Powers ActSet limits on presidential power to commit U.S. troops in a conflict without Congress’ approval

Nixon Fall of SaigonFollowing U.S. withdrawal, North Vietnam took over South Vietnam and united the country under communism

Nixon Watergate ScandalPolitical scandal that began with a break-in at Democratic Party headquarters; escalated into a Nixon cover-up, included Oval Office tapes; ended with Nixon’s resignation

Ford-R Pardon of NixonEffort to put the Watergate Scandal behind by pardoning Nixon angered some Americans

Carter-D Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Formed by oil producing countries in 1960 to manage global oil prices Department of Energy Organized to deal with the oil crisis

Carter Community Reinvestment ActRequired banks to offer loans in all communities to support inner city restoration

Carter Panama Canal TreatyAgreement resumed control of the Canal Zone to Panama with full control of canal given by 2000

Carter Camp David AccordsHistoric peace treaty signed between Egypt and Israel

Carter Iran Hostage CrisisAmerican hostages taken in Iran by students angry over U.S. support of the Shah and for supporting Israel

22

Republican (1989-1993)

George BushRonald ReaganRepublican (1981-1989)

23

Republican (1989-1993)Republican (1981-1989)

Bill Clinton1993-2001

George W. Bush2001-2009

Barack Obama2009-2017

EconomicIssues

Attempted health care reform with Hillary Clinton leading task force – did not pass Congress

Supported welfare reform, lower taxes, and stricter crime prevention measures

GATT — Changed to World Trade Organization

NAFTA— impacted trade in N. America

Financial Crisis of 2008 led to—

Home foreclosures Fear of financial failures Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and businesses from failing

Ä American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus$700 billion spent by federal government to support economy

Ä Banking and credit reformLegislation to support credit card and lending practices 2000 Election — What was unique?

Gore won popular vote; Supreme Court stopped Florida recount giving Bush the electoral college win

2001 Terrorist Attack —Turning PointWorld Trade Center and Pentagon attacked by al-Qaeda; Bush launched a war on terror

U.S. Patriot Act created to give Gov’t expanded power to conduct security measures following 9/11

War on Terror: Iraq— U.S. troops deployed when Hussein was thought to have weapons of mass destruction Afghanistan—U.S. troops deployed to find terrorists

PoliticalIssues

Ross Perot —3rd party candidates can impact elections

Contract with America was supported by most Republicans proposed by Newt Gingrich, Republican Speaker of the House

Balkan Crisis— Ethnic tension caused conflict in the Balkans; Clinton sent troops which led to a compromise

Ä 2008 Election Turning Point – First African American President

Ä Affordable Care Act— Healthcare reform designed to make health care available to Americans

Ä Appointed Sonia Sotomayor 1st Hispanic American to U.S. Supreme Court

SocialIssues

Scandal led to impeachment (formal accusation) by the House of Representatives

Senate vote did not remove the president

Ä Appointed—Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State

Ä Influence of Oprah Winfrey — Publicly endorsed President Obama during election over Hillary Clinton

24

No Child Left Behind was created topromote educational reform by testing students in English and Math

Hurricane Katrina caused by natural disaster and human factors (levee failure, delayed rescue)

TAKIN’ CARE OF BUSINESS

TCBTCB

Can I quote you on that?American Imperialism Progressive Era World War I World War II Civil Rights Movement

“But today we are raising more thanwe can consume. Today we are making more than we can use…There are more workers than there is work. We do not need more money – we need more circulation, more employment. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor…” – Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 1898

How does this passage relate to the topic of American Imperialism?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

What might someone say if they opposed the point o‐ f view‐ in the above passage?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

“…In the barrels would be dirt andrust and old nails and stale water— and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast. Some of it they would make into "smoked" sausage—but as the smoking took time, and was therefore expensive; they would call upon their chemistry department, and preserve it with borax and color it with gelatin to make it brown. All of their sausage came out of the same bowl, but when they came to wrap it they would stamp some of it "special," and for this they would charge two cents more a pound.” – The Jungle, Upton Sinclair

What impact did this book have onAmerican society?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

#14: “A general association ofnations must be formed.” – Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

“I object in the strongest possible way to having the United States agree, directly or indirectly, to be controlled by a league [of nations] which may at any time…,be drawn in to deal with internal conflicts inother countries…We should never allow the United States to be involved in any internal conflict in another country.” – Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

In your own words…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

How are these documents related to the words – isolationism and neutrality?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

“…The Director of the WarRelocation Authority is authorized and directed to formulate an effectuate [implement] a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander under the authority of Executive Order No.9066 of February 19, 1942, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision…” – Executive Order 9102, 1942

In your own words…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

What constitutional issues are raised by the passage of Executive Order 9066?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

“One may want to ask: ‘How can youadvocate breaking some laws and obeying others?’ The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.I would agree with St. Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all.” – Letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr.

In your own words…

ANSWERS MAY VARY

What impact did this letter have on the Civil Rights Movement?

ANSWERS MAY VARY

26

Great American Quilt

WILLIAM “BOSS” TWEED

1850S-1870S

INDUSTRIALISM/GUILDED AGE

CHILD LABOR

1880S-1900S

UNIONS FORM TO CREATE BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS/WAGES

INDUSTRIALISM

TENEMENT HOUSES

1870S-1900S

INDUSTRIALISM/GUILDED AGE

IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVISM

MANIFEST DESTINY1870S-1900S

THE FRONTIER (WESTERN

EXPANSION ) INDIAN ASSIMILATION

DAWES ACT- FAILS

1870S-1900STHE FRONTIER (WESTERN

EXPANSION)

INDUSTRIALISM

TEDDY ROOSEVELT-

PANAMA CANAL

EARLY 1900S

“GREAT WHITE FLEET”- INTIMIDATION

IMPERIALISM/EXPANSIONISM

FLAPPERS

WOMEN’S ROLES CHANGE- SHORT HAIR, SHORT SKIRTS, DRANK,

SMOKED, DIDN’T MARRY

THE ROARING 20s

STOCK MARKET CRASH

1929- 1930S

THE 30s—GREAT DEPRESSIONBUYING ON MARGIN (CREDIT)

RUN ON BANKS

Great American Quilt

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR- YELLOW JOURNALISM

1898

ACQUIRED GUAM, PHILIPPINES, PUERTO RICO

IMPERIALISM/EXPANSIONISM

TRENCH WARFARE

1914-1918

WWI ALLIES V. CENTRAL POWERS

MEAT

INDUSTRY-“MUCKRAKER” JOURNALISTS

EXPOSE ISSUES AND FIX THEM

1890-1920S

PROGRESSIVES

MIGRANT MOTHER- DUST BOWL

THE 30s—GREAT DEPRESSION

F.D.R.- NEW DEAL

PROGRAMS

RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM

THE 30s—GREAT DEPRESSION

ROSIE THE RIVETERWOMEN REPLACE MEN DURING THE

WAR

1939-1945

WWII

FEAR OF NUCLEAR ATTACKS BY USSR

AND CUBA

1945-1991

COLD WAR

LEVITTOWN- SUBURBS-

INFRASTRUCTURE-HIGHWAY SYSTEM

1945-1991

COLD WAR

ROSA PARKS- LEADER OF BUS

BOYCOTTS

1950-1960S

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

FREEDOM RIDES, SIT-INS, MARCHES 28

Great American Quilt

MOON LANDING1969

SPACE RACE WITH THE USSR

COLD WAR

SPUTNIK- SPACE RACE WITH

SOVIET UNION

1957

COLD WAR

MLK JR.ASSASSINATED IN 1968

NON-VIOLENT CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

CHICANO CIVIL RIGHTS (CESAR

CHAVEZ)

1960S-1970S

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

VIETNAM PROTESTSANTI-WAR

MOVEMENT

THE 60s—VIETNAM

RICHARD NIXON

RESIGNS- WATERGATECOVERED UP EVIDENCE

AMERICANS LOSE TRUST IN GOVERNMENT

THE 70s

FALL OF BERLIN WALL

(GERMANY)- 1989

SEPARATES COMMUNIST EAST FROM DEMOCRATIC WEST

COLD WAR

PRESIDENT OBAMMA 2009-2016

1ST MINORITY PRESIDENT

21 st CENTURY

9/11/2001- TERRORIST ATTACKS

WORLD TRADE TOWERSPENTAGONFLIGHT 93AL-QAEDA

OSAMA BIN LADEN

WAR ON TERROR

21 st CENTURY

29