Task: Students will journey back in time during the 4th quarter of 2013. Students will be reintroduced to topics that they may have already had a prior knowledge to via their Social Studies classes. The topics are very serious in nature as is the goal of this unit. The goal is simple, get students to respond via writing about incidents that changed the course of history. Students will also be posed the question, what if these events never happened in order to jump start their imagination... The theme of the unit is going back to the future. Back To The Future, a cult classic movie during the 1980’s, poses the question, what if you had the power to change history, should you do it and what are the ramifications of your actions? There will be multiple lessons via direct instruction as well as several view and respond activities using multi-media devices to give students basic background to several important events in history. Students will also be given reintroductions on how to write an informative, expository, and persuasive essay to better prepare them for the upcoming assignments in this unit. There will be at least 2 assessments to formally gauge their comprehension (art/essay assignments).

Enclosed in this packet is reading material that students will be expected to read and use for reference. Students will be given direct instruction on this reading material, and they

will be expected to take notes for comprehension! Please do not lose this because you will only be provided with one copy due to the size of the packet & paper use.

Integrated Unit: Back To The Future (History, Language Arts/Writing & Literature, Fine Arts, and

Media)

JFK [who, what, where, when, why?]

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas.[1][2] Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas governor John Connally, and the latter's wife Nellie, in a Presidential motorcade. Kennedy is the most recent of the four Presidents who were assassinated. He followed Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKinley, all of them fatally shot. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy)

The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission, 1963–1964, concluded that the President was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone and that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. These conclusions were initially supported by the American public; however, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.[3][4]

Contrary to the Warren Commission, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that President John F. Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. [5] The HSCA found both the original FBI investigation and the Warren Commission Report to be seriously flawed. While agreeing with the Commission that Oswald fired all the shots which caused the wounds to Kennedy and Governor Connally, it stated that there were at least four shots fired and that there was a "high probability" that two gunmen fired at the President. No gunmen or groups involved in the conspiracy were identified by the committee, but the CIA, Soviet Union, organized crime and several other groups were said to be not involved, based on available evidence. The assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories and alternative scenarios.

establishment of the Peace Corps, an organization that is now responsible for sending thousands of American volunteers around the world to help the needy.

issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination in the sale or lease of housing that was financed by federally guaranteed loans or owned by the federal government.

nuclear test ban treaty - (october 7th, 1963) The treaty outlawed atmospheric but not underground tests of nuclear weapons

cuban missle crisis - october 15th, 1962 – october 28th, 1962 The Soviet Union was very scared that their support of Castro’s communist regime in Cuba would eventually lead Kennedy to strike against them, so Khrushchev decided in May and June of 1962 to gain first-strike capability against the United States by placing 24 medium-range missiles, and 16 intermediate-range missiles, which traveled 1,050 and 2,100 miles respectively.

MLK jr [who, what, where, when, why?]

King had arrived in Tennessee on Wednesday, 3 April to prepare for a march the following Monday on behalf of striking Memphis sanitation workers. As he prepared to leave the Lorraine Motel for a dinner at the home of Memphis minister Samuel ‘‘Billy’’ Kyles, King stepped out onto the balcony of room 306 to speak with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) colleagues standing in the parking area below. An assassin fired a single shot that caused severe wounds to the lower right side of his face. SCLC aides rushed to him, and Ralph Abernathy cradled King’s head. Others on the balcony pointed across the street toward the rear of a boarding house on South Main Street where the shot seemed to have originated. An ambulance rushed King to St. Joseph’s Hospital, where doctors pronounced him dead at 7:05 P.M. (http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_kings_assassination_4_april_1968/)

Shortly after the assassination, witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel where he was renting a room. A package was dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars with Ray's fingerprints on them. The rifle had been purchased by Ray under an alias six days before. A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in the arrest of Ray at London Heathrow Airport two months later

Violence and controversy followed. In outrage of the murder, many blacks took to the streets across the country in a massive wave of riots. The FBI investigated the crime, but many believed them partially or fully responsible for the assassination. A man was arrested, but many people, including some of Martin Luther King Jr.'s own family, believe he was innocent.

The greatest achievement of King was undoubtedly as a leader of the American Civil Rights Movement played a prominent role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955. The boycott was called for in Montgomery, Alabama

to fight against racial discrimination on the city's public transit system. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an American civil rights organization in 1957. The organization

aimed at supporting the philosophy of non-violence. He was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from various colleges and universities across the United States. Luther

was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize on October 14, 1964 for his significant role in bringing racial discrimination to an end in the United States.

Abraham Lincoln [who, what, where, when, why?]

On the evening of April 14, 1865, while attending a special performance of the comedy, "Our American Cousin," President Abraham Lincoln was shot. Accompanying him at Ford's Theater that night were his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, a twenty-eight year-old officer named Major Henry R. Rathbone, and Rathbone's fiancee, Clara Harris. After the play was in progress, a figure with a drawn derringer pistol stepped into the presidential box, aimed, and fired. The president slumped forward. (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrintr.html)

The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, dropped the pistol and waved a dagger. Rathbone lunged at him, and though slashed in the arm, forced the killer to the railing. Booth leapt from the balcony and caught the spur of his left boot on a flag draped over the rail, and shattered a bone in his leg on landing. Though injured, he rushed out the back door, and disappeared into the night on horseback.

A doctor in the audience immediately went upstairs to the box. The bullet had entered through Lincoln's left ear and lodged behind his right eye. He was paralyzed and barely breathing. He was carried across Tenth Street, to a boarding-house opposite the theater, but the doctors' best efforts failed. Nine hours later, at 7:22 AM on April 15th, Lincoln died.

There were at least four conspirators in addition to Booth involved in the mayhem. Booth was shot and captured while hiding in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia, and died later the same day, April 26, 1865. Four co-conspirators, Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt, were hanged at the gallows of the Old Penitentiary, on the site of present-day Fort McNair, on July 7, 1865.

Abraham Lincoln's foreign policy was successful in preventing other countries from intervening in America's Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which began the process of freedom for America's slaves. The document also allowed black soldiers to fight for the Union.

Abraham Lincoln was a strong supporter of the Thirteenth Amendment that formally ended slavery in the United States.

Review [Power, Violence, Fear, Possible Prevention?]

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Slavery

Sources of SlavesMost often, slaves were captives of war. Many Irish, for example, were enslaved in Viking raids. Africa, where slavery was practiced for centuries, was a major source of slaves. Between 650 and 1905, some 18 million black slaves were exported from Africa to countries throughout the Islamic world. Europeans began to trade along the west coast of Africa in the second half of the 15th century. By 1867, an estimated 7 million to 11 million Africans had been shipped as slaves to the New World -- most were sent to sugar plantations in the Caribbean. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of

International Information Programs) < >Slavery in the United States was part of a long established system of labor exploitation that dates to ancient times. Much of the ancient world was composed of well-organized slave societies of one sort or another. Slavery existed in the great civilizations of ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and even among the Inca and Aztec worlds of pre-colonial America. The business of capturing and trading enslaved people was also a fundamental part of human society throughout recorded history. Prior to the Atlantic trade of enslaved Africans to the Americas, Muslim traders out of the Middle East and Northern Africa purchased, sold, and captured millions of enslaved Africans and Central Europeans in a slave-trading network that extended from present day Hungary to Southeastern Asia and the Far East. (http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_overview.htm)

Legal BasisThe earliest slave-owning societies justified slavery through cultural traditions buttressed in part by religious texts of their respective civilizations. They also wrote laws that governed the obligations of both owners and slaves. Most societies had legal codes that protected the slave from extreme physical abuse from the owner. Nonetheless, the slave was property -- merchandise that could be bought, sold or traded. Few people considered the institution of slavery immoral until the second half of the 18th century. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

Slavery in America: Historical OverviewOn the eve of the American Civil War approximately 4 million enslaved African Americans lived in the southern region of the United States of America. The vast majority worked as plantation slaves in the production of cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rice. Very few of these enslaved people were African born principally because the importation of enslaved Africans to the United States officially ended in 1808, although thousands were smuggled into the nation illegally in the 50 years following the ban on the international trade. These enslaved people were the descendants of 12 to 13 million African forbearers ripped from their homes and forcibly transported to the Americas in a massive slave trade dating from the 1400s. Most of these people, if they survived the brutal passages from Africa, ended up in the Caribbean (West Indies) or in South and Central America. Brazil alone imported around five million enslaved Africans. This forced migration is known today as the African Diaspora, and it is one of the greatest human tragedies in the history of the world. (http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_overview.htm)

DeclineSlavery as an institution faded away in many parts of the world because it was abolished, sometimes as a result of war, or simply because it proved to be no longer profitable. Slaves could be difficult to obtain and expensive to buy. They required adequate care if they were to provide maximum labor and return on the investments of their owners. In some cases, it was cheaper to hire laborers than to purchase and maintain slaves. Sometimes other types of bonded labor, such as serfdom, replaced slavery. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

From the beginnings of slavery in British North America around 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 enslaved Africans to the Virginia colony at Jamestown, nearly 240 years passed until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution officially ended slavery in 1865. This means that 12 generations of blacks survived and lived in America as enslaved people-direct descendants of the nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans imported into North America by European traders. Some of the 180,000 African Americans who fought for their freedom as Union soldiers in the American Civil War could trace their families to the time of the Pilgrims. Some of their family histories in America

predated those of Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and most sitting members of Congress and the U. S. Senate in 1860. (http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_overview.htm)

Abolition [Abolish means to put an end to something or to stop something] Beginning in the late 17th century, Quakers, both in the United States and Great Britain, spearheaded abolitionist movements. The doctrines of the Quaker religion condemned slavery as immoral and unjust. Anti-slavery sentiment spread, and slavery was abolished by Britain in the early 1800s. In the United States, slavery was legally abolished in 1865; in China, in 1906. But slavery as an institution persisted in Africa and much of the Islamic world. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

U.N. ActionAfter World War I, the League of Nations worked to eliminate all forms of slavery and to convince the world that the rights of individuals were a legitimate part of international law. The United Nations assumed this role at the end of World War II, and slavery was cited as a violation of internationally recognized human rights via the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948.Today, the institution of slavery is illegal in every country around the world. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

Slavery TodaySlavery continues today. Although it is illegal everywhere, it disguises itself as bonded labor, indentured servitude, child labor, pseudo-adoption, prostitution and servile forms of marriage. By some estimates, there are 27 million people enslaved worldwide. According to the U.S. Department of State, as many as 800,000 people are trafficked over international borders to be enslaved in the sex trade or as laborers. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

The Ongoing FightThe annual U.S. Trafficking in Persons Report helps focus world attention on slavery issues. The most comprehensive publication of its kind, it assesses 170 countries based on standards outlined in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, the U.S. law that guides efforts to fight human trafficking. U.S. aid helps victims and prevents the conditions – poverty, lack of education – that often force people into slavery. Nongovernmental agencies such as Free the Slaves work to end slavery and rehabilitate the victims. (http://photos.state.gov U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs)

Review [Power, Violence, Fear, Possible Prevention?]

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September 11 th , 2001

A Nation Transformed: The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or 9/11)[nb 1] were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C. areas on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group Al-

Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. Hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijackers' intended target in Washington, D.C. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks)

At 9:37 that same morning, a third airliner slammed into the western face of the Pentagon. At 10:03, a fourth airliner crashed in a field in southern Pennsylvania. It had been aimed at the United States Capitol or the White House, and was forced down by heroic passengers armed with the knowledge that America was under attack. More than 2,600 people died at the World Trade Center; 125 died at the Pentagon; 256 died on the four planes. The death toll surpassed that at Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

A Shock, Not A Surprise: The 9/11 attacks were a shock, but they should not have come as a surprise. Islamist extremists had given plenty of warning that they meant to kill Americans indiscriminately and in large numbers. Although Usama Bin Ladin himself would not emerge as a signal threat until the late 1990s, the threat of Islamist terrorism grew over the decade. The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were far more elaborate, precise, and destructive than any of these earlier assaults. But by September 2001, the executive branch of the U.S. government, the Congress, the news media, and the American public had received clear warning that Islamist terrorists meant to kill Americans in high numbers. (http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Exec.htm)

Are We Safer?: Since 9/11, the United States and its allies have killed or captured a majority of al Qaeda's leadership; toppled the Taliban, which gave al Qaeda sanctuary in Afghanistan; and severely damaged the organization. Yet terrorist attacks continue. Even as we have thwarted attacks, nearly everyone expects they will come. How can this be? The problem is that al Qaeda represents an ideological movement, not a finite group of people. It initiates and inspires, even if it no longer directs. In this way it has transformed itself into a decentralized force. Bin Ladin may be limited in his ability to organize major attacks from his hideouts. Yet killing or capturing him, while extremely important, would not end terror. His message of inspiration to a new generation of terrorists would continue. Because of offensive actions against al Qaeda since 9/11, and defensive actions to improve homeland security, we believe we are safer today. But we are not safe. We therefore make the following recommendations that we believe can make America safer and more secure.

Review [Power, Violence, Fear, Possible Prevention?]

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