Citation:

Chapter 17. Integrated systems of pest management. Pages 447-483. In: Insect-Pest Management and Control. Principles of Plant and Animal Pest Control. Washington DC, National Academy of Sciences (United States). Volume 3. Publication 1695, Third Printing, 508 pages.

Keywords: Definition of integrated control, history of integrated control concept, evolutionary process of pest management, need for integrated systems of pest management, basic principles of the integrated control concept, consideration of the ecosystem, utilization of indigenous natural control agents, maintenance of ecosystem complexity, avoidance of disruptive actions, application of minimum

selective hazards, exclusion from new areas, crop adaptability to ecosystems, utilization of economic thresholds, prediction of population trends, maintenance of sub-economic populations, successful unilateral pest management systems, from chemical to integrated control programs, development of integrated systems