Name_________________________________________

Study Guide, Quarters One and Two

1. Write a question that can be tested. For example: Does calorie intake affect weight gain in gerbils? Scientific questions must be able to be tested! ________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the purpose of a hypothesis/Why do scientists use them? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write a hypothesis. For example: If I increase my gerbil’s calorie intake, then he will gain weight. Make sure it is an IF/THEN statement. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do scientists use the scientific method? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Don’t forget that all hypotheses must be testable and able to be proven or disproven. They are used to find relationships between observable phenomena (Things that we see going on in the world, like why are the rocks in Sedona red?) or to explain what we see. (The rocks in Sedona are red because they have a high iron content.) This is a testable question because we can test the rock and see what it is made of.

5. If you were a geologist, what are some items/things that you would need to keep you safe? Circle them. Closed toe shoes/sunscreen/safety goggles/pen/hard hat/notebook/clip board.

o fingernail (hardness = 2.5) o copper penny (hardness = 3) o glass plate or steel knife (hardness = 5.5) o steel file (hardness = 6.5)

6. A mineral will scratch topaz. What number must the mineral be at the least? ________________________________________________________________________

7. A mineral can be scratched by quartz, but the same mineral will scratch calcite. What numbers must this mineral be between? ________________________________________________________________________

8. Based on the above information, is this true? A penny will scratch gypsum, but not fluorite. Yes/no_____________ Why? _________________________________________

9. Minerals that are above an 8 on the hardness scale, colorful and rare are called what? ________________________________________________________________________

10. Define:Alloy____________________________________________________________________Ore_____________________________________________________________________Gemstone_______________________________________________________________

11. What are the following and what do they measure? (Mass, length, etc)Triple beam balance_______________________________________________________Graduated cylinder________________________________________________________Beaker__________________________________________________________________Spring scale______________________________________________________________

12. What do the following stand for & what do they measure? (length, weight, mass, volume?)mL_____________________________________________________________________m______________________________________________________________________mm_____________________________________________________________________g_______________________________________________________________________

13. Describe the following rocks/minerals and tell if they are a rock or mineral.Obsidian_________________________________________________________________Quartz__________________________________________________________________Coal____________________________________________________________________Magnetite_______________________________________________________________

14. Describe the following:Foliated: A rock that has a layered structure. Foliated metamorphic______________________________________________________Intrusive igneous__________________________________________________________Extrusive igneous__________________________________________________________

*What type of the above rocks will have large grains due to slow underground cooling? ________________________________________________________________________

15. How does the rate of cooling affect the size of the grains? Faster cooling=less time for the grains to form. (Think back to the crystals we grew in class and how fast they grew based on how quickly they cooled.)Intrusive_________________________________________________________________Extrusive________________________________________________________________

16. Explain how the following rocks are formed:Sedimentary_____________________________________________________________Igneous _________________________________________________________________Metamorphic____________________________________________________________

Don’t forget the rules below:

THE LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

This law of science tells us that dirt, mud, sand and other sediments are almost always deposited in horizontal layers. As these sediments stack up, they often harden, forming rock layers.

THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

Rock layers are usually ordered with the oldest layers on the bottom, and the most recent layers on top. The Law of Faunal Succession explains that fossils found in rock layers are also ordered in this way.

17. What layer was deposited first? Top/middle/bottom? (Circle one) How do you know this? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. If there was a volcanic eruption between two of the above layers, what would that do to the rocks and the fossil record? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. What would that eruption do the climate and the organisms living on the surface of the Earth? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Describe the layers of the Earth:Crust___________________________________________________________________Mantle__________________________________________________________________Inner core _______________________________________________________________Outer core_______________________________________________________________Lithosphere______________________________________________________________Asthenosphere___________________________________________________________

21. Compare and contrast the components of earth's inner and outer cores.Inner core_______________________________________________________________Outer core_______________________________________________________________

22. Identify the stages of erosion and deposition. Define the following:Weathering______________________________________________________________Erosion__________________________________________________________________Transportation____________________________________________________________Deposition_______________________________________________________________

23. Identify how plants affect the rate of erosion. Do they slow it down or speed it up? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. Describe what is going on in this picture. Remember, convection drives the movements of plates. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Where do convection currents occur? _______________________________________________

25. . How could erosion affect the fossil record? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. When scientists study fossil records, they see that tropical fossils can be found in non-tropical environments. How can this happen? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Why do plates in the lithosphere move? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label the pictures with the proper plate movement.

28. What evidence did scientists like Wegner have that the plates moved? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Hint-fossils, rock layers, sea floor

29. Identify/describe these types of volcanoes based on how they are formed.

Cinder_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Shield__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Composite______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

30. Define the following things related to earthquakes: Describe the waves, which one is fastest and what they travel through:P Wave__________________________________________________________________S Wave__________________________________________________________________Surface Wave_____________________________________________________________Seismograph_____________________________________________________________Richter scale_____________________________________________________________What does a seismograph measure __________________________________________

What is this?__________________________________________

31. How does plate movement affect the following landforms? How does the movements of the plates make these landforms?Folded mountains_________________________________________________________Faults___________________________________________________________________Rift Valleys_______________________________________________________________Volcanoes_______________________________________________________________Deep oceanic trench_______________________________________________________

32. What type of plate movement formed the Himalayas? __________________________________

Hint: Ocean-ocean? Ocean-continent? Continent-continent?