Cerritos College A&P 150 Fall 2020Lecture Exam 4 Study Guide – December 2DIRECTIONS: Use the PowerPoints and the textbook (use this last if necessary) to answer these study guide questions.

THE URINARY SYSTEM Part 21. What are the 10 functions of the kidneys? [Note: The slide has 5 numbered sections, but you can break a few of those

sections into more functions.]2. Using Slides 3-6, describe

a. the location of the kidneysb. any structures associated with the kidneys

3. What does “retroperitoneal” mean? How are the considered retroperitoneal?4. Be able to describe and identify the 3 tissues that surround each kidney.5. Be able to describe and identify the following structures on the model shown in the PowerPoint:

hilum renal cortex renal medulla renal column

renal pyramid corticomedullary junction renal papilla minor calyx

renal pelvis ureter hilum renal lobe

6. What are horseshoe kidneys? What do they look like?a. Does it affect one sex more than the other?b. How can a person develop horseshoe kidneys?c. Does everyone always have symptoms? How can horseshoe kidneys be detected if a person does not have

symptoms?d. Are the kidneys and ureters still function in horseshoe kidneys?e. What 2 problems do people with horseshoe kidneys usually have a higher incidence of?f. What 3 conditions do people with horseshoe kidneys have a predisposition for?

7. What is hydronephrosis?8. What is nephrolithiasis?9. What is pyelonephritis?10. What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

a. What kidney cysts?b. How do cysts in the kidney eventually become a problem?c. Judging from the 3 images at the bottom of the slide, where do the cysts in PKD originate? (You may have to wait

until you finish this PowerPoint to answer this question...)d. What causes many cases of PKD?e. How severe can PKD be?f. Is there a cure for PKD?g. Be able to describe Autosomal Recessive PKD (ARPKD) and Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD).

i. How common is each one?ii. How is each on inherited?iii. Which age groups are affected by each one?iv. What are the symptoms of each type of PKD?

11. What is polyuria12. What is hematuria?13. What is a nephron?

a. What is the function of a nephron?b. About how many nephrons does each kidney have?c. What are the 5 basic parts of a nephron?

i. Be able to identify these parts on any of the images shown in the PowerPoint.14. What are the 2 types of nephrons found int eh kidney?

a. Describe the location of each type.b. Which type is more common in the kidney?

15. Be able to identify the following structures in any of the images shown in the PowerPoint: nephron renal corpuscle glomerulus

glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s Capsule) capsular space proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop (aka Loop of Henle) ascending limb of the nephron loop descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct podocyte juxtaglomerular apparatus juxtaglomerular cells macula densa

16. What are podocytes? Where are they located?17. Be able to describe the 3 layers of filtration present in the glomerulus.

a. What materials are prevented from leaving the blood and going into the capsular space?i. What structures accomplish this?

ANIMATION: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney18. What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?19. About how many of these functional filtration units are in a single kidney? Note, the animation describes the components of a nephron a little differently than other sources. For our purposes, include

the collecting duct as part of the nephron, too.20. Describe the structure of the renal corpuscle.

a. What enters and exits the renal corpuscle?b. What is the glomerulus?c. What forms the filtration membrane in the glomerulus?

i. What passes through this filtration membrane? Where is this material coming from?

21. What are the 3 major components of the renal tubule in the nephron?a. How are they situated in the nephron?b. How are they situation in regard to the layers of the kidney?

22. What is the purpose of a collecting duct in a nephron?a. Where do collecting ducts drain their contents?

23. What happens in the renal tubule?a. Where do some solutes go? Why?b. What materials move into the renal tubule?

i. Where do these materials come from?ii. Where do these materials go?

24. What are the 2 types of nephrons? How are they different?a. Which type is more common?

25. What is are the 3 parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?26. What are the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?27. Where do the efferent arterioles go in the 2 different types of nephrons?

ANIMATION: How Does the Kidney Filter Blood? (I know this is sort of a repeat of the previous animation, but this topic is tricky. Seeing it represented twice but in different ways will be helpful.)

28. Describe the flow of urine from where it leaves the kidney where it exits the body.a. In what organ can urine temporarily be stored?

29. What is a nephron?b. Where does each nephron begin?c. What 2 structures make up the renal corpuscle?d. Where does each nephron end?

e. What are the 3 functions of the nephron?30. What specific blood vessel brings blood to the renal corpuscle?

f. What is going to happen to this blood?g. What type of tiny blood vessels form the ball-like glomerulus?

i. What is so special about the structure of the walls of these tiny blood vessels? Why is this structure important?

ii. What cells surround these tiny blood vessels? What is their function?31. What is the name of the blood vessel that brings blood away from the renal corpuscle?

h. Where is the blood in this vessel going?i. How is this blood different from the blood in the vessel mentioned in Question 30?

32. Where is the macula densa located?j. What is its role in regulating the blood pressure in the glomerulus? It’s important to remember that the distal

convoluted tubule mentioned here is part of the same nephron as the glomerulus that’s being focused on. [FYI: Paracrine signaling is a type of cell communication in which cells release signaling molecules (“paracrines”) to nearby cells to affect their function.]

33. Is all of the filtrate produced by glomerular filtration excreted in urine? Why or why not?34. What is tubular reabsorption?

k. What is its purpose?l. What structures are involved in tubular reabsorption?

35. Do all nephrons have renal tubules of the same length?36. What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in maintaining overall blood pressure and volume?37. What is tubular secretion?38. What are the 2 sources of material that collect in the collecting duct? The animation only focuses on one of them (the Tubular

Secretion part), but there is another obvious source of fluid, ions and molecules that drains into the collecting duct.....

39. Describe the composition of healthy urine.m. Why is healthy urine yellow or amber color?

40. How blood is filtered in a healthy kidney per day?41. How much urine can be produced by a healthy person per day?

n. What factors affect urine production?42. What is another word for “urination”?

ANIMATION: Urine Formation43. Where is urine formed?44. What 3 processes ae necessary to form urine?

o. Where does each process occur?p. What is the purpose of each process?

45. What are the 5 ways that materials can move into and out of the renal tubule?46. What happens to materials that are reabsorbed by the body?47. What eventually happens to the materials that are not reabsorbed by the body?48. What materials are removed by the kidneys?49. What happens to 99% of the glomerular filtrate?50. What is tubular secretion?

q. What is its purpose?51. Where does the urine collect?52. How does water intake affect the type of urine produced?

r. What are the two ways urine concentration and dilution are controlled in the kidney.

53. Be able to trace the flow of blood into the kidney starting at the renal artery all the way to where it leaves the kidney in the renal vein.

s. Why does blood need to be routed through the kidneys?t. What large blood vessel does the renal artery branch from to go towards the kidney?u. What large blood vessel does the renal vein connect with after it leaves the kidney?

Helpful Figures