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Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel 2013 running on Windows 8

Developer(s) Microsoft

Stable release 2013 (15.0.4433.1506) / December 11, 2012; 14

months ago

Operating system Microsoft Windows

Type Spreadsheet

License Trialware [1]

Website office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel

Microsoft Excel for Mac

Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Developer(s) Microsoft

Stable release 2011 (14.1.0.100825) / October 26, 2010; 3 years ago

Operating system Mac OS X

Type Spreadsheet

License Proprietary commercial software

Website www.microsoft.com/mac/excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It

features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for

Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in

1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft

Office.

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Features

o 1.1 Basic operation

o 1.2 Macro programming

1.2.1 VBA programming

1.2.2 History

o 1.3 Charts

2 Data Storage and Communication

o 2.1 Number of rows and columns

o 2.2 File formats

2.2.1 Binary

2.2.2 XML Spreadsheet

2.2.3 Current file extensions

2.2.4 Old file extensions

o 2.3 Using other Windows applications

o 2.4 Using external data

o 2.5 Export and migration of spreadsheets

o 2.6 Password protection

3 Quirks

o 3.1 Statistical functions

o 3.2 Excel MOD function error

o 3.3 Date problems

o 3.4 Filenames

o 3.5 Numeric precision

4 Versions

o 4.1 Early History

o 4.2 Microsoft Windows

4.2.1 Excel 2.0 for Windows (1987)

4.2.2 Excel 3.0 (1990)

4.2.3 Excel 4.0 (1992)

4.2.4 Excel 5.0 (1993)

4.2.5 Excel 95 (v7.0)

4.2.6 Excel 97 (v8.0)

4.2.7 Excel 2000 (v9.0)

4.2.8 Excel 2002 (v10.0)

4.2.9 Excel 2003 (v11.0)

4.2.10 Excel 2007 (v12.0)

4.2.11 Excel 2010 (v14.0)

4.2.12 Excel 2013 (v15.0)

o 4.3 Apple Macintosh

o 4.4 OS/2

5 Trademark Dispute

6 Impact

7 See also

8 References

9 General references

10 External links

Features[edit]

Basic operation[edit]

Main article: Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[2] using a grid of cells arranged in

numbered rowsand letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a

battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display

data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It

allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot

tables and the scenario manager).[3] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the

user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of

mathematical physics,[4][5] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of

interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the

spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-

designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[6] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user

questions and provides answers and reports.[7][8][9] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can

automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, [10] analyze the

results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a

list of participants.

Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in theName Manager. The

function sq is introduced using theVisual Basic editor supplied with Excel.

Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the

named column variable y.

Graph made using Microsoft Excel

In addition to the programming aspect, excel has numerous in built functions that can be used as shortcuts to

perform complex tasks.[11]

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts. [12]

Macro programming[edit]

VBA programming[edit]

Main article: Visual basic for applications

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA),

which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or

impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic

Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization

environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or

data organization in VBA[13] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to

the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow

porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011. [14]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[15] The Macro Recorder

records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be

repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like

keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these

trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE.

Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical

display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer.

Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets

being loaded or changed.

Users should be aware that using Macro Recorded code may not be compatible from one version of Excel to

another. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes

the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[16] a vocabulary identifying

spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the

spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command

bars andmessage boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros

generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

History[edit]

From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and

user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs

were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special

purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for

Excel through Excel 4.0.[17] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with

version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All

versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages

their use.[18]

Charts[edit]

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic

component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important

design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters,

the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of

the best design.

Data Storage and Communication[edit]

Number of rows and columns[edit]

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0

through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle

1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.[19]

File formats[edit]

Excel Spreadsheet

Filename

extension

.xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb -

Excel 2007)

Internet media

type

application/vnd.ms-excel

Uniform Type

Identifier

com.microsoft.excel.xls[20]

Developed by Microsoft

Type of format Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format

(.XLS) as its primary format.[21]Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based

format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced

in Excel 2002.[22]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007

remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft

Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was

removed in Excel 2007.[23] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary[edit]

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format.[24] Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary

format specification available to freely download.[25]

XML Spreadsheet[edit]

Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[22] is a simple, XML based format missing some more

advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the

program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party

applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file

format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

<?xml version="1.0"?><Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel" xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet" xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1"> <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1"> <Row> <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell> <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell> </Row> <Row>

<Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell> <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell> </Row> </Table> </Worksheet></Workbook>

Current file extensions[edit]

Main article: Office Open XML

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file

formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

New Excel 2007 formats

Format Extension Description

Excel Workbook

.xlsx

The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.

Excel Macro-enabled Workbook

.xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.

Excel Binary Workbook

.xlsb

As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.

Excel Macro-enabled Template

.xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.

Excel Add-in .xlam Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.

Old file extensions[edit]

This section requires expansionwith:

explanation of purpose and when

deprecated. (February 2009)

Format Extension Description

Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros

Add-in (VBA)

.xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA

Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.

Chart .xlcA chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.

Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel.

Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet

Add-in (DLL)

.xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library

Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.

Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.

Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel

Library .DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API

Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

Using other Windows applications[edit]

This section requires expansion.(April

2010)

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with

each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although

strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on

Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". [26] As the name suggests, it

allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets,

being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or

calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task

that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or

vice versa.[27][28][29][30]

Using external data[edit]

This section requires expansion.

(February 2010)

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for

example) .odcconnections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be

updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with

many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow

between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such

links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol

from hell".[26] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in

financial markets.

Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data.

Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility. [31]

Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain

acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither

adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[32][33]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[34][35][36]

Export and migration of spreadsheets[edit]

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments

other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls,

or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading

and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side

generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003,

and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a

current.NET developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. Excel spreadsheets can be accessed

from Pythonwith DataNitro, PyXLL or the COM interface.[37]

Password protection[edit]

Main article: Microsoft Office password protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

password to open a document [38]

password to modify a document [39]

password to unprotect worksheet

password to protect workbook

password to protect the sharing workbook [40]

All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel

version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a

document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is

saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is

encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not

add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from

gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of

protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly

cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly

using modern equipment. As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to

several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force

attackpasswords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a

document, but also find the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available

in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus

the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless,

the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default.[41] Therefore, users who did not changed the default

settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits

started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-

force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the

default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Quirks[edit]

Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and

the Excel 2007 error.[42]

Further information: Spreadsheet Shortcomings

Statistical functions[edit]

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[43][44][45][46][47] as mishandling

missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only

selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited

set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010. [48]

Excel MOD function error[edit]

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error

warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[49][50]

Date problems[edit]

Excel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year.[51][52] The bug

originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward

compatibility.[53] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[54] Excel also does not

support dates before 1900.[55]

Filenames[edit]

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same

name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the

document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.[56]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and

there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means. [57]

Numeric precision[edit]

Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel

Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as

the top line.

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user

request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the

difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such

departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very

small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of

numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation

that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number

one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted

from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the

difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's.

However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's

and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it

displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[58] Excel's implementation involves

conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better

than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for

details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be

raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for

speed of calculation.[59][60]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which

varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[61]

Versions[edit]

Early History[edit]

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very

popular onCP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the

first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to

synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[62] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to

Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of

leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified

Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its

advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows[edit]

Excel 1.0 was not released for Windows or MS-DOS. As a result, Excel 2.0 for Windows is the first version

of Excel for Intel platform.

Excel 2.0 for Windows (1987)[edit]

The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. This included a run-time

version of Windows. [63]

Excel 3.0 (1990)[edit]

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new

features. [64]

Excel 4.0 (1992)[edit]

Introduced auto-fill.[65]

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3,

representing Lotus 1-2-3, which was then crushed by an Excel logo.[66]

Excel 5.0 (1993)[edit]

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based

onVisual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined

functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully

featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating

user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and

in-worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation)

of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-

oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious

problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent

the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a

workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although

since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their

products.[67]

Excel 95 (v7.0)[edit]

Microsoft Excel 95

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as

there is no Excel 6.0.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 97 (v8.0)[edit]

Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office

assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed

Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)[edit]

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade, but introduced the upgrade to the clipboard where it

can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97

had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)[edit]

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)[edit]

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)[edit]

Microsoft Excel 2007

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other

updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what

users were used to, but the number of mouse-clicks needed to reach a given functionality were generally

fewer (e.g., removing gridlines only required two mouse-clicks instead of five). However, most business

users agreed that the replacement of the straightforward menu system with the more convoluted ribbon

dramatically reduced productivity.[68]

Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved

management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting

graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot

tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a

workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[69]

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the

number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This

changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of

multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and

XLL add-ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)[edit]

Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[70] including the following:

Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions

Improved pivot tables

More conditional formatting options

Additional image editing capabilities

In-cell charts called sparklines

Ability to preview before pasting

Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks

Ability to customize the Ribbon

Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy[71]

Excel 2013 (v15.0)[edit]

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention

FlashFill[72]

Power View[73]

PowerPivot[74]

Timeline Slicer[75]

Windows App

Inquire[76]

50 new functions[77]

Apple Macintosh[edit]

1985 Excel 1.0

1988 Excel 1.5

1989 Excel 2.2

1990 Excel 3.0

1992 Excel 4.0

1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)

1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)

2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)

2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)

2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)

2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)

2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)

OS/2[edit]

1989 Excel 2.2

1990 Excel 2.3

1991 Excel 3.0

Trademark Dispute[edit]

Early in 1993 Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a

software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft had to refer

to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over

time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased

the trademark of the other program.[citation needed] Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as

shorthand for the program[citation needed]; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows

(before Excel 2013) still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the

default Excel format is .xls(.xlsx in newer versions).

Impact[edit]

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence

remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized

in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to

other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the

installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before

Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to

bundle a run-time version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0.[78] Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS

version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts,

character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells

dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything

all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and

expand the selection box to automatically copy cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the

copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced

extensive graphing capabilities.