APUSH / Ms. Wiley / Civil Rts. Mvmt., Beyond Black & White, D___ Name:Chapter 28/29 Textbook Q/A (homework + group exercise)

Instructions: Answer your assigned questions with clear responses; answers should indicate that the corresponding section in the text was read and understood [you may type and attach if that is easier]. You will teach about your topic to your group, so be prepared to elaborate or answer questions about your topic. When your group meets to share responses, record answers to classmates’ questions, asking questions for clarification along the way.

Set 1: 1945-1957—Truman, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Brown v. Board of Edu., Crisis in Little Rock (begin on page 1008)

1. For what reason did the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 take place? What was the role of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the Montgomery Bus Boycott? What was the significance/result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

2. To what extent did President Truman advocate for civil rights during his presidency (’45-’53)?

3. What activities were the NAACP engaged in during this time?

4. How did Thurgood Marshall make his case in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? Describe Chief Justice Warren’s unanimous court decision.

5. For what reason was the implementation of the Brown case limited?

6. Describe the ways in which the crisis in Little Rock (1957) demonstrated resistance to Brown.

Set 2: 1960s—MLK Jr., SCLC, Sit-Ins, Kennedy, Freedom Rides, Freedom Summer (begin on page 1016)

7. Describe King’s background and goals of his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

8. Describe the Greensboro sit-in (1960) and its impact on the nation.

9. Describe President Kennedy’s approach to civil rights during his presidency (’61-’63) (please see pages 1026-7 as well).

10. What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides (1961)? What were the results of the Freedom Rides?

11. What was the Birmingham Campaign (1963)? What was its impact? What was King’s role?

12. For what reason did more than a quarter of a million people March on Washington in 1963? What were the impacts of the March on Washington?

13. Describe President Johnson’s Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Image above: picture from a sit-in—notice the black

individuals are getting food and drink poured on them

Images below: students jailed for protesting

segregation and fire hoses being used against peaceful protesters in Birmingham,

Alabama

Set 3: 1960s—Malcolm X, Voting Rights Act, Urban Uprisings, King’s Assassination, Black Power (begin on page 1031)

14. Describe Malcolm X’s (’25-’65) background, beliefs, and goals. Why did some find him appealing?

15. What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965? What was its impact?

16. (page 1062) What were the crises in the cities and how were African Americans implicated? How did these crises lead to the urban uprisings of ’64-’68?

17. (page 1067) Why was MLK Jr. being harassed by the FBI?

18. (page 1067) What were the circumstances surrounding MLK Jr.’s death in 1968? How did his death impact the country?

19. (page 1070) What was the “Black Power” movement? Why did it emerge in 1966? What was the Black Panther Party? What were the goals of this movement/party?

Set 4: 1945-‘60s—Protest Movements & Civil Rights, Beyond Black and White (begin on page 1054)

Background: The civil rights movement revolved around the aspirations and strength of African Americans, yet other groups also had long been denied their civil rights. After WWII, Latinos, Indian peoples, and Asian Americans began making their own efforts to improve their political, legal, and economic status. They faced strong institutional racism and various economic interests that benefited from keeping these groups in a subordinate position. Then, in the 1960s, these groups, along with women and the gay community, took advantage of the era of protest (stemming from anti-Vietnam War sentiment) to express their discontent with American government and society. Demanding "justice," activists sought a greater role in determining the goals, values, and policies of the U.S. government. The thread that tied many of these groups together was a desire to redefine U.S. democracy to make it more inclusive and responsive to the needs of previously oppressed or underrepresented groups.

20. (page 1054) Describe the “sixties generation” that helped define the “counterculture” of the era. Why was it viewed as rebellious?

21. (page 1071) What were the beliefs, goals, and tactics of the women’s liberation movement? How successful was the movement?

22. (page 1073) What were the beliefs, goals, and tactics of the gay liberation movement? How successful was the movement?

23. (page 1036) What was “Operation Wetback” (1954-7)? (page 1074) What were the beliefs, goals, and tactics of the Chicano movement? How successful was the movement?

24. (page 1038) Describe the changes that took place in Indian policy after WWII and into the 1960s, and the associated impacts.

25. (page 1075) What was the “Red Power” movement (formed in 1968)? What were the beliefs, goals, and tactics of the Red Power movement (formed in 1968)? How successful was the movement?

26. (page 1040) For what reasons was the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 passed? What were the results?