Section E Gender Sensitive MampE

CARE Bangladesh Gender Analysis Framework

Located on the workshop website the CARE Bangladesh materials have a number of useful tables that may be useful for developing gender-sensitive MampE tools

Gender Analysis Framework Data Collection and Analysis Framework (Annex 4)

Gender Analysis Framework --- includes potential results for programs such as

o Poverty reduction Equal social and economic benefit for women and men in target populations in terms of secure livelihoods human development and dignity

o Empowerment Equal participation decision-making and influence of women and men in project household and community structures to have greater control over their lives

o Rights and social justice Solidarity and collective action by community members and action by duty bearers towards realizing the rights of women and men and reducing gender discrimination exploitation and violence against women and girls

o Governance Equitable participation and influence of women and men in local governance structures and accountability and responsiveness of those structures to the needs of women and men

o Education Increased involvement of women and men to ensure the enrolment and retention of girls in school and increased access of women and men to life management education required for secure livelihoods and personal development

Gender Policy Indicators --- Part II Program Gender Policy Operating Guidelines --- Project Monitoring and Evaluation (page 8)

The Gender Manual A Practical Guide (DFID)httpwebarchivenationalarchivesgovuk+httpwwwdfidgovukDocuments

publicationsdfid-gender-manual-2008pdf

Gender in logical frameworks (p 36)In the context of projects and programmes the project framework agreed between the donor and partner governmentcivil society organisation is the key document for mainstreaming gender It fulfils many functions It provides a structured framework for participatory project design discussions It presents in summary form the agreed key aspects of the project It is the point at which DFID ldquosigns offrdquo on a project It is an instrument of accountability The project management are accountable for delivering what is specified in the project framework they are not accountable for what is not It provides the basis for budgeting marking and review (including Annual Review) processes

When and if to include gender Policy and project documentation which is typically substantial is important for planning discussion and approval purposes However subsequent management budgeting and review processes focus on the Logical framework summary which serves as a stand-alone document

Therefore If gender issues are relevant to the policy or project explicit references are required in the Logical Framework Inclusion of gender issues in Social and Institutional Annexes or in Social and Institutional Appraisal sections of the PolicyProject documents alone is not sufficient

How and where to include gender The extent to which gender issues are included in Logical Frameworks depends on the motivation influence and knowledge of the people involved in drawing them up In many situations staff with the motivation to include gender equality issues lack the influence to put this into practice In this situation it is important to bear in mind that almost any mention of genderwomen in the Logical Framework is better than nothing ndash and advocacy activities should be geared to this end This ensures that at least some attention is paid to gender issues in processes of management resource allocation and monitoring ndash and it opens the door to increasing attention to gender issues in review processes

[See ldquoLogical Framework Table Key Issues to Considerrdquo p 37]

Target groups It should always be clear from the Logical Framework who the policyproject is targeting

This should be clear from the use of sex disaggregated indicators It should be clear which activities and outputs are targeted to women which to men and which to both Replacing general terms such as ldquothe poorrdquo or ldquopoor farmersrdquo with where appropriate ldquopoor men and womenrdquo and ldquopoor male and female farmersrdquo makes women as well as men clearly visible and avoids misunderstanding

Purpose and goal The promotion of a fair share of benefits for women and men or womenrsquos empowerment should be an aspect of the purpose and goal of all development policiesprojects concerned with impacting on peoplersquos lives This should be reflected in Purpose and Goal Indicators and where possible also in the wording of the PurposeGoal statement See ldquoGender-Sensitive Indicatorsrdquo

If a fair share of benefits to men and women is part of the goal and purpose specific activitiesoutputs are required to address barriers to equal access to resources opportunities services andor influence (as identified in the Social Appraisal) These activities need to be specified in the Logical framework and resourced

Outputs

It may be useful to have one output specifically concerned with targeted activities for women However it is important not to ghettoise womenrsquos activities within one output with a very small claim on resources and no influence on the rest of the policyproject Targeted outputs of this kind should complement activities to mainstream gender throughout the policyproject Benefit for women as well as men should be considered as an aspect of each output

It is principally important to include gender in Output indicators to be clear about the intended beneficiary See ldquoGender-Sensitive Indicatorsrdquo

Activities Working towards a fairer and more equal share of benefits for women and men almost always requires targeted activities to overcome traditional barriers to accessing resources opportunities services or influence in a fair and equal way

These activities need to be specified and backed up with human and financial resources Resource allocation is directly linked to the activity line of a Logical Framework

Gender-sensitive indicators What are they designed to measure Gender-Sensitive Indicators allow measurement of benefit to women and men Depending on the policyproject this might include

the impacteffectiveness of activities designed to promote access for women and men to new resources opportunities services andor influence the impacteffectiveness of targeted activities designed to address needs or rights specific to women or men the impacteffectiveness of activities designed to develop gender-awareness and skills amongst policy making management and implementation staff the impacteffectiveness of activities to promote greater gender equality within the staffing and organisational culture of development organisations eg the impact of affirmative action policies

How do they measure Gender-sensitive indicators need to capture quantitative and qualitative aspects of change

Quantitative indicators Quantitative indicators refer to the numbers and percentages of women and men involved in or affected by any particular group or activity Quantitative indicators draw on the sex disaggregated statistics collected before and during the initiative and usually include some element of target setting For example

women form at least 33 of water committee members by the end of Year 2 at least 50 of network members have developed a gender policy by the end of Year 3 equality in girls and boys access to primary education by 2009 25 increase in number of female police officers by 2010 from a baseline of x

This information should be available through routine data systems and records

Qualitative indicators Qualitative information refers to perceptions and experiences Qualitative information is vitally important It is not enough to know that women are participating in an activity the quality of their participation and experience ndash whether as members of parliament as pupils in a primary school class or as users of public services ndash is all important

Qualitative indicators (as well as quantitative indicators relating to visible change at the community level) should be developed in conjunction with beneficiary groups In project documents it is legitimate to use in a phrase like ldquoquantitative and qualitative indicators to be developed with beneficiary groups in first 6 months of the projectrdquo This creates the space to develop indicators in conjunction with beneficiary groups once they have fully understood the nature of the project (What changes would they like to see What will the change look like How can it be measured) This process should take place using qualitative methods such as focus group discussions and informal interviews

It is only possible to set targets for qualitative change if baseline data is available This requires baseline surveys it is highly unlikely that appropriate baseline data will be available from secondary sources Where baseline data is available on experiences and perceptions targets for qualitative change can be set For example

at least 50 of women participating in water committees report active involvement in management and decision-making by the end of Year 2 (from a baseline of 10 at the start of the project) at least 70 of women respond positively to evaluation of police handling of their case in targeted police stations by the end of Year 3 (from a baseline of 5 average at the start of the project)

Where baseline data is not available ndash or is not easily aggregated into numbers and percentages ndash it is necessary to resort to general statements of improvement For example

significant improvement in staff knowledge skills and attitudes on mainstreaming gender equality in participating organisations by the end of Year 3 (where each organisation starts with markedly different levels) significant increase in quantity and improvement in quality of media reporting on gender violence

Information on qualitative indicators should be collected through evaluation surveys Depending on the indicator these might be questionnaire surveys reviewing perceptions and experiences of agreed indicators or participatory methods such as focus group discussions and case studies

The greater the degree of existing gender inequality the more subtle changes are likely to be It is important in this context for indicators to recognise the significance of modest gains and breakthroughs

Harmonized GAD Guidelines ndash National Economic and Development Authority (Philippines)httpwwwnedagovphreferencesGuidelines

HarmonizedGADGuidelines_13Jan05_Reducedsizepdfsearch=22harmonized20gender20guidelines22

It may be useful to have one output specifically concerned with targeted activities for women However it is important not to ghettoise womenrsquos activities within one output with a very small claim on resources and no influence on the rest of the policyproject Targeted outputs of this kind should complement activities to mainstream gender throughout the policyproject Benefit for women as well as men should be considered as an aspect of each output

It is principally important to include gender in Output indicators to be clear about the intended beneficiary See ldquoGender-Sensitive Indicatorsrdquo

Activities Working towards a fairer and more equal share of benefits for women and men almost always requires targeted activities to overcome traditional barriers to accessing resources opportunities services or influence in a fair and equal way

These activities need to be specified and backed up with human and financial resources Resource allocation is directly linked to the activity line of a Logical Framework

Gender-sensitive indicators What are they designed to measure Gender-Sensitive Indicators allow measurement of benefit to women and men Depending on the policyproject this might include

the impacteffectiveness of activities designed to promote access for women and men to new resources opportunities services andor influence the impacteffectiveness of targeted activities designed to address needs or rights specific to women or men the impacteffectiveness of activities designed to develop gender-awareness and skills amongst policy making management and implementation staff the impacteffectiveness of activities to promote greater gender equality within the staffing and organisational culture of development organisations eg the impact of affirmative action policies

How do they measure Gender-sensitive indicators need to capture quantitative and qualitative aspects of change

Quantitative indicators Quantitative indicators refer to the numbers and percentages of women and men involved in or affected by any particular group or activity Quantitative indicators draw on the sex disaggregated statistics collected before and during the initiative and usually include some element of target setting For example

women form at least 33 of water committee members by the end of Year 2 at least 50 of network members have developed a gender policy by the end of Year 3 equality in girls and boys access to primary education by 2009 25 increase in number of female police officers by 2010 from a baseline of x

This information should be available through routine data systems and records

Qualitative indicators Qualitative information refers to perceptions and experiences Qualitative information is vitally important It is not enough to know that women are participating in an activity the quality of their participation and experience ndash whether as members of parliament as pupils in a primary school class or as users of public services ndash is all important

Qualitative indicators (as well as quantitative indicators relating to visible change at the community level) should be developed in conjunction with beneficiary groups In project documents it is legitimate to use in a phrase like ldquoquantitative and qualitative indicators to be developed with beneficiary groups in first 6 months of the projectrdquo This creates the space to develop indicators in conjunction with beneficiary groups once they have fully understood the nature of the project (What changes would they like to see What will the change look like How can it be measured) This process should take place using qualitative methods such as focus group discussions and informal interviews

It is only possible to set targets for qualitative change if baseline data is available This requires baseline surveys it is highly unlikely that appropriate baseline data will be available from secondary sources Where baseline data is available on experiences and perceptions targets for qualitative change can be set For example

at least 50 of women participating in water committees report active involvement in management and decision-making by the end of Year 2 (from a baseline of 10 at the start of the project) at least 70 of women respond positively to evaluation of police handling of their case in targeted police stations by the end of Year 3 (from a baseline of 5 average at the start of the project)

Where baseline data is not available ndash or is not easily aggregated into numbers and percentages ndash it is necessary to resort to general statements of improvement For example

significant improvement in staff knowledge skills and attitudes on mainstreaming gender equality in participating organisations by the end of Year 3 (where each organisation starts with markedly different levels) significant increase in quantity and improvement in quality of media reporting on gender violence

Information on qualitative indicators should be collected through evaluation surveys Depending on the indicator these might be questionnaire surveys reviewing perceptions and experiences of agreed indicators or participatory methods such as focus group discussions and case studies

The greater the degree of existing gender inequality the more subtle changes are likely to be It is important in this context for indicators to recognise the significance of modest gains and breakthroughs

Harmonized GAD Guidelines ndash National Economic and Development Authority (Philippines)httpwwwnedagovphreferencesGuidelines

HarmonizedGADGuidelines_13Jan05_Reducedsizepdfsearch=22harmonized20gender20guidelines22

Qualitative indicators Qualitative information refers to perceptions and experiences Qualitative information is vitally important It is not enough to know that women are participating in an activity the quality of their participation and experience ndash whether as members of parliament as pupils in a primary school class or as users of public services ndash is all important

Qualitative indicators (as well as quantitative indicators relating to visible change at the community level) should be developed in conjunction with beneficiary groups In project documents it is legitimate to use in a phrase like ldquoquantitative and qualitative indicators to be developed with beneficiary groups in first 6 months of the projectrdquo This creates the space to develop indicators in conjunction with beneficiary groups once they have fully understood the nature of the project (What changes would they like to see What will the change look like How can it be measured) This process should take place using qualitative methods such as focus group discussions and informal interviews

It is only possible to set targets for qualitative change if baseline data is available This requires baseline surveys it is highly unlikely that appropriate baseline data will be available from secondary sources Where baseline data is available on experiences and perceptions targets for qualitative change can be set For example

at least 50 of women participating in water committees report active involvement in management and decision-making by the end of Year 2 (from a baseline of 10 at the start of the project) at least 70 of women respond positively to evaluation of police handling of their case in targeted police stations by the end of Year 3 (from a baseline of 5 average at the start of the project)

Where baseline data is not available ndash or is not easily aggregated into numbers and percentages ndash it is necessary to resort to general statements of improvement For example

significant improvement in staff knowledge skills and attitudes on mainstreaming gender equality in participating organisations by the end of Year 3 (where each organisation starts with markedly different levels) significant increase in quantity and improvement in quality of media reporting on gender violence

Information on qualitative indicators should be collected through evaluation surveys Depending on the indicator these might be questionnaire surveys reviewing perceptions and experiences of agreed indicators or participatory methods such as focus group discussions and case studies

The greater the degree of existing gender inequality the more subtle changes are likely to be It is important in this context for indicators to recognise the significance of modest gains and breakthroughs

Harmonized GAD Guidelines ndash National Economic and Development Authority (Philippines)httpwwwnedagovphreferencesGuidelines

HarmonizedGADGuidelines_13Jan05_Reducedsizepdfsearch=22harmonized20gender20guidelines22

See Logframe chart with ldquoKey Questions in Engendering the Logframerdquo (p 16)

Sector-specific outcomes and indicators

Gender equality results (outcomes) of industry and private sector projects can include (p 33) 1113088Improve productivity of women-owned or operated enterprises which will make them as profitable as men-owned or operated enterprises 1113088Provide greater opportunity for women to venture into high-return business fields 1113088Ensure safer workplaces for women workers addressing sexual harassment and occupational health and safety problems 1113088Support to improve self-confidence among women entrepreneurs and workers as they respectively become knowledgeable of their options and of their rights as workers and 1113088Provide greater access of women micro-entrepreneurs to higher credit levels and technical support allowing them to move into less-crowded business fields that have been hitherto closed to them

Sector-specific indicators Private Sector Development (p 34)

1113088Does the project include gender equality targets and indicators for welfare access consciousness raising participation and control Examples of gender differences that can be monitored --Ownership of enterprisesestablishments --Management of enterprisesestablishments --Performance of women- and men-owned enterprises in areas of project interventions --Participation in trade missions --Borrowersrsquo and loan profile --Rate of adoption of project interventions --Satisfaction rate with project interventions --Membership and leadership in the projectrsquos partner organizations (industry or business service organizations) --Employment generated by the project --Loss of jobs as a result of the project --Membership and leadership in organization or similar group created by the project --Participation in training by type of training --Distribution of project inputs other than credit (market linkages technical information design)

Sector-specific indicators Women in Areas Under Conflict (p 48)

1113088Does the project include gender equality targets and indicators Examples of gender differences that can be monitored are

--Recipients of humanitarian and other forms of assistance --Participation in peace negotiations and similar activities --Membership and leadership in organizations to be created by the project --Employment generated by the project --Loss of livelihood as a result of the project

PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION (p 52) Apart from checking on project management progress and performance of projects are periodically assessed as part of project monitoring Meanwhile project evaluation generally takes place at the end of the project although a mid- term evaluation is generally conducted for projects that run for three years or more Monitoring and evaluation aim to ascertain the projectrsquos success in achieving its targets and goals assess practices and processes and cull important lessons from the experiences and problems encountered by the project A menu of sample GAD monitoring indicators is provided in Appendix B A gender-sensitive evaluation assesses the accomplishments of the project vis-agrave-vis the GAD or gender equality goals and targets it has set up for itself the anticipated and unanticipated results (at output and outcome levels) and the process through which the results were achieved The monitoring and evaluation activity is often participative and consultative involving not only the implementing agency and the project management office but also the key women and men affected or benefited by the project See Box 17 Checklist for Project Monitoring and Evaluation (p 53-54) for gendered questions to ask while developing an MampE plan

Accelerating Change ndash Resources for Gender Mainstreaming (CIDA)httpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvluimagespolicy$fileaccchange-epdf

Indicators of Value Added and Progress Towards Gender Equality (p 19)The multi-dimensional nature of mainstreaming efforts is complex because it involves behaviouralattitudinal and cultural change Developing effective indicators of progress particularly in the short term continues to be one of the central challenges facing NWMs and others working for gender equality However participants at the workshop were able to identify a set of preliminary measurements (qualitative and quantitativelong-term and short-term) that indicate progress Examples include bull Collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data in all line ministries bull Development of ministry-specificgender-responsive policies and procedures bull Institutionalization of gender mainstreaming processes and mechanisms in line ministries

--Recipients of humanitarian and other forms of assistance --Participation in peace negotiations and similar activities --Membership and leadership in organizations to be created by the project --Employment generated by the project --Loss of livelihood as a result of the project

PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION (p 52) Apart from checking on project management progress and performance of projects are periodically assessed as part of project monitoring Meanwhile project evaluation generally takes place at the end of the project although a mid- term evaluation is generally conducted for projects that run for three years or more Monitoring and evaluation aim to ascertain the projectrsquos success in achieving its targets and goals assess practices and processes and cull important lessons from the experiences and problems encountered by the project A menu of sample GAD monitoring indicators is provided in Appendix B A gender-sensitive evaluation assesses the accomplishments of the project vis-agrave-vis the GAD or gender equality goals and targets it has set up for itself the anticipated and unanticipated results (at output and outcome levels) and the process through which the results were achieved The monitoring and evaluation activity is often participative and consultative involving not only the implementing agency and the project management office but also the key women and men affected or benefited by the project See Box 17 Checklist for Project Monitoring and Evaluation (p 53-54) for gendered questions to ask while developing an MampE plan

Accelerating Change ndash Resources for Gender Mainstreaming (CIDA)httpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvluimagespolicy$fileaccchange-epdf

Indicators of Value Added and Progress Towards Gender Equality (p 19)The multi-dimensional nature of mainstreaming efforts is complex because it involves behaviouralattitudinal and cultural change Developing effective indicators of progress particularly in the short term continues to be one of the central challenges facing NWMs and others working for gender equality However participants at the workshop were able to identify a set of preliminary measurements (qualitative and quantitativelong-term and short-term) that indicate progress Examples include bull Collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data in all line ministries bull Development of ministry-specificgender-responsive policies and procedures bull Institutionalization of gender mainstreaming processes and mechanisms in line ministries

bull Creation of legislation and regulations with teeth to promote compliance with mainstreaming requirements both within and outside governments bull Increased demand by other government agencies for technical assistance to mainstream gender bull Increase in number of macro-level policies that are gender-responsive and intended to fill gender gaps reduce discrimination and prevent violence bull Expansionrefinement and increased utilization of gender indicators across government agencies bull Increased ratification and implementation of international conventions bull Increase in gender-sensitive bureaucratslegislators and experts bull Increased number of women in decision-making positions bull Increased public acceptance and support for gender equality and gender mainstreaming bull Increase in NGOcivil society participation in gender mainstreaming initiatives

Different Needs ndash Equal Opportunities Increasing Effectiveness of Humanitarian Action for Women Boys Girls and Men (Interaction)

httpwwwinteractionorgsitesdefaultfiles1837IASC_Gender_Handbookpdf

WHY ARE SEX-DISAGGREGATED DATA IMPORTANT IN CRISIS SITUATIONS (P 8)

Unless we know who is affected mdash women or men girls or boys mdash and who among them is the most at risk the services we provide may be off target Data on the pop- ulation affected by the crisis should always be broken down by age and sex and other relevant factors such as ethnicity or religion

Data showing the distribution of the affected population by age and sex including single-headed households by age and sex should be routinely collected In addition sex-disaggregated data on at-risk populations such as the disabled orphans and victims of violence should be collected to ensure that their gender-specific needs are being addressed

Data on who benefits from assistance during an emergency should also be reported by sex and age For example if reporting on who participates in training or food-for-work activities always report the sex and age of the participants Without this breakdown it is impossible to ascertain who benefits or if assistance is reaching the population proportionately For example if 100 of participants in food-for-work activities are women you would ask why men are not represented Good data and good analysis are key to identifying which groups are being marginalized and for what reasons Such data are not only essential for a review of the humanitarian needs thay also send a powerful signal being counted shows that each individual is recognized and included and can exercise her or his rights

ILOSEAPATs OnLine Gender Learning amp Information Modulehttpwwwiloorgpublicenglishregionasromdtmanilatrainingunit3cidaparthtm

Gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation

CIDArsquos Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Indicators of Participation

Participation is defined as involvement in decision-making and control over the project through the project cycle probably also involving the provision of labour

Examples of quantitative indicators of participation

Identification and planning level

Risk Indicators

level of government support for local participationlevel of support by different sectors of the local population to participation (eg men women

local elites)project dominated by different sections of the populationlack of long-term commitment by donorInput indicators

levels of input of womenmen at different levels (government departments NGOs local stakeholders) to identification and planning

numbers of identification and planning meetings held with local stakeholdersattendance by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetings by sex socio-economic

background age and ethnicitylevels of contributionparticipation by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetingslevels of participation by local stakeholders in baseline studyImplementation level

Input and process indicators (of sustainability)

audit of resources or funds held regularly and openlyexistence of a set of rules that were developed in participatory fashion and the extent of menrsquos

and womenrsquos involvement in thisreduced reliance on external fundsInput and process indicators (of control)

frequency of attendance by men and womennumber of men and women in decision-making positions Rotation of people in decision-making

positionsInput and process indicators (of activities)

project input take-up rates specific to the type of project and monitored for gender

sensitivity (eg amount of loan taken level of school enrolment number of visitsto the clinic and their increase or decrease since group formation started)level of womenrsquos and menrsquos inputs in terms of labour tools money etcmaintenance of physical installations by men or womenProcess indicators (of scale and make-up)

number of local womenrsquos and menrsquos groups establishedmembership of groups by sexrate of growth or drop-out of membership by sexsocio-economic age and ethnic make-up of women and men attending meetingsEvaluation level

Output indicators (of benefits and returns)

benefits going to men and women by socio-economic class ethnicity and age (eg increased employment greater crop yields)

benefits to the community (eg community assets such as a school built to which all have access)

Outcome indicators (of evaluation)

use of benefits to men and women by socio-economic class ethnicity and ageuses made of community benefits by sex class ethnicity and agelevels of participation by different stakeholders in evaluationdegree to which lessons o evaluation are acted upon by different stakeholdersExamples of qualitative indicators of participation

These relate to three main areas

organisational growthgroup behaviourgroup self-relianceSample project on participation

The following table gives two examples of (constructed) projects on empowermentparticipation that illustrate how indicators can be used throughout the project cycle Baseline studies would be needed to determine benchmarks

Objective Riskenabling indicators

Input indicators

Process indicator

s

Output indicators Outcome indicators

Improve the status of women in project area

local population acceptance

leadership training for women of all

number of women trained

short-term effects of training (women able to take

increase in political representation of women by

through their greater access to political power over a 5-year period

government acceptance

women willing to stand for election

womenrsquos political representation will lead to improvement in their status

socio-economic classeseducation programs for women of all socio-economic classesfunds devoted to project

number of women attending training programs

womenrsquos views on training

greater role in decision-making locally public speaking

increased number of women involved in politics

200 at end of 5-year period

improvement in womenrsquos status (literacy employment health) as a result of greater political participation (as a direct result of certain laws being passed through greater involvement of women in politics)

50 less violence against women

womenrsquos views on changes in status

Increase political represntation of woen in 300 rral coucils in prject area by 200 over 1-year period

local population acceptance of women in politicsgovernment acceptancewomen willing to stand for electionspolitical stabilitypluralist political system

local community views about project feasibility

funds devoted to project

increase in political representation of women by 100 over 5-year period

training education provided for women

women and menrsquos attitudes to training and

increase in political representation of women by 200 at end of 10-year periodviews of men and women about likely effects of increasenumber of key decision-making positions held by women and men

increase in political representation of women by 200 maintained for one election after end of donor involvement in project

socio-economic background of women political representatives

change by socio-economic group

Gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation

CIDArsquos Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Indicators of Empowerment

The following are some definitions of empowerment

Empowerment is about peoplefrac34 both men and womenfrac34 taking control over their lives setting their own agenda gaining skills increasing self-confidence solving problems and developing self-reliance It is both a process and an outcome (CIDA 1994)

Empowerment is a term generally used to describe a process by which powerless people become conscious of their own situation and organise collectively to gain greater access to public services or to the benefits of economic growth (ODA 1994)

Empowerment can be broken down into the following broad components

womenrsquos and menrsquos sense of internal strength and confidence to face lifethe right to make choicesthe power to control their own lives within and outside the homethe ability to influence the direction of social change towards the creation of a more just social

and economic order nationally and internationallyChoosing indicators of empowerment will depend on the way in which empowerment is defined Even then it remains a complex problem to measure it at the project level because

it is difficult to measure changes in states of mindmeasuring different elements of empowermentfrac34 who makes decisions particularly at the

household levelfrac34 can be difficult and time-consumingparticipation which is a key element of empowerment is itself hard to measuredefinitions of lsquoknowledgersquo lsquoself-respectrsquo and other elements of participation may be culture-

specificExamples of quantitative indicators of empowerment

Legal empowerment

enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rightsnumber of cases related to womenrsquos rights heard in local courts and their resultsnumber of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts

and the resultsthe effect of enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against womenincreasedecrease in violence against womenrate at which the numberproportion of local justicesprosecutorslawyers who are womenmen is

increasingdecreasingrate at which the numberproportion of womenmen in the local police force by rank is

increasingdecreasingPolitical empowerment

of seats held by women in local councilsdecision-making bodies of women in decision-making positions in local government of women in local civil serviceratio of of womenmen registered as voters to of eligible womenmen who vote of women in seniorjunior decision-making positions within unions of union members who are womennumber of women who participate in public protests and political campaigning as compared to

number of menEconomic empowerment

changes in employmentunemployment rates of women and menchanges in time-use in selected activities particularly greater role-sharing by household

members of unpaid housework and child caresalarywage differentials between men and womenchanges in of property owned and controlled by women and men (land houses livestock)

across socio-economic and ethnic groupsaverage household expenditure of womenmen headed households on educationhealthability to make small or large purchases independently of available credit financial and technical support services going to womenmen from

governmentnon-government sourcesSocial empowerment

[Note Improvements in womenrsquos health and education are also key features of social empowerment but are not dealt with here Social indicators of empowerment overlap considerably with indicators of participation]

numbers of women in local institutions (eg womenrsquos associations consciousness raising or income generating groups local churches ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population and numbers of women in positions of power in local organisations

extent of training or networking among local women as compared to mencontrol of womenmen over fertility decisions (eg number of children desirability and method

of abortions)mobility of womenmen within and outside their residential locality as compared to menExamples of qualitative indicators of empowerment

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

sensitivity (eg amount of loan taken level of school enrolment number of visitsto the clinic and their increase or decrease since group formation started)level of womenrsquos and menrsquos inputs in terms of labour tools money etcmaintenance of physical installations by men or womenProcess indicators (of scale and make-up)

number of local womenrsquos and menrsquos groups establishedmembership of groups by sexrate of growth or drop-out of membership by sexsocio-economic age and ethnic make-up of women and men attending meetingsEvaluation level

Output indicators (of benefits and returns)

benefits going to men and women by socio-economic class ethnicity and age (eg increased employment greater crop yields)

benefits to the community (eg community assets such as a school built to which all have access)

Outcome indicators (of evaluation)

use of benefits to men and women by socio-economic class ethnicity and ageuses made of community benefits by sex class ethnicity and agelevels of participation by different stakeholders in evaluationdegree to which lessons o evaluation are acted upon by different stakeholdersExamples of qualitative indicators of participation

These relate to three main areas

organisational growthgroup behaviourgroup self-relianceSample project on participation

The following table gives two examples of (constructed) projects on empowermentparticipation that illustrate how indicators can be used throughout the project cycle Baseline studies would be needed to determine benchmarks

Objective Riskenabling indicators

Input indicators

Process indicator

s

Output indicators Outcome indicators

Improve the status of women in project area

local population acceptance

leadership training for women of all

number of women trained

short-term effects of training (women able to take

increase in political representation of women by

through their greater access to political power over a 5-year period

government acceptance

women willing to stand for election

womenrsquos political representation will lead to improvement in their status

socio-economic classeseducation programs for women of all socio-economic classesfunds devoted to project

number of women attending training programs

womenrsquos views on training

greater role in decision-making locally public speaking

increased number of women involved in politics

200 at end of 5-year period

improvement in womenrsquos status (literacy employment health) as a result of greater political participation (as a direct result of certain laws being passed through greater involvement of women in politics)

50 less violence against women

womenrsquos views on changes in status

Increase political represntation of woen in 300 rral coucils in prject area by 200 over 1-year period

local population acceptance of women in politicsgovernment acceptancewomen willing to stand for electionspolitical stabilitypluralist political system

local community views about project feasibility

funds devoted to project

increase in political representation of women by 100 over 5-year period

training education provided for women

women and menrsquos attitudes to training and

increase in political representation of women by 200 at end of 10-year periodviews of men and women about likely effects of increasenumber of key decision-making positions held by women and men

increase in political representation of women by 200 maintained for one election after end of donor involvement in project

socio-economic background of women political representatives

change by socio-economic group

Gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation

CIDArsquos Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Indicators of Empowerment

The following are some definitions of empowerment

Empowerment is about peoplefrac34 both men and womenfrac34 taking control over their lives setting their own agenda gaining skills increasing self-confidence solving problems and developing self-reliance It is both a process and an outcome (CIDA 1994)

Empowerment is a term generally used to describe a process by which powerless people become conscious of their own situation and organise collectively to gain greater access to public services or to the benefits of economic growth (ODA 1994)

Empowerment can be broken down into the following broad components

womenrsquos and menrsquos sense of internal strength and confidence to face lifethe right to make choicesthe power to control their own lives within and outside the homethe ability to influence the direction of social change towards the creation of a more just social

and economic order nationally and internationallyChoosing indicators of empowerment will depend on the way in which empowerment is defined Even then it remains a complex problem to measure it at the project level because

it is difficult to measure changes in states of mindmeasuring different elements of empowermentfrac34 who makes decisions particularly at the

household levelfrac34 can be difficult and time-consumingparticipation which is a key element of empowerment is itself hard to measuredefinitions of lsquoknowledgersquo lsquoself-respectrsquo and other elements of participation may be culture-

specificExamples of quantitative indicators of empowerment

Legal empowerment

enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rightsnumber of cases related to womenrsquos rights heard in local courts and their resultsnumber of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts

and the resultsthe effect of enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against womenincreasedecrease in violence against womenrate at which the numberproportion of local justicesprosecutorslawyers who are womenmen is

increasingdecreasingrate at which the numberproportion of womenmen in the local police force by rank is

increasingdecreasingPolitical empowerment

of seats held by women in local councilsdecision-making bodies of women in decision-making positions in local government of women in local civil serviceratio of of womenmen registered as voters to of eligible womenmen who vote of women in seniorjunior decision-making positions within unions of union members who are womennumber of women who participate in public protests and political campaigning as compared to

number of menEconomic empowerment

changes in employmentunemployment rates of women and menchanges in time-use in selected activities particularly greater role-sharing by household

members of unpaid housework and child caresalarywage differentials between men and womenchanges in of property owned and controlled by women and men (land houses livestock)

across socio-economic and ethnic groupsaverage household expenditure of womenmen headed households on educationhealthability to make small or large purchases independently of available credit financial and technical support services going to womenmen from

governmentnon-government sourcesSocial empowerment

[Note Improvements in womenrsquos health and education are also key features of social empowerment but are not dealt with here Social indicators of empowerment overlap considerably with indicators of participation]

numbers of women in local institutions (eg womenrsquos associations consciousness raising or income generating groups local churches ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population and numbers of women in positions of power in local organisations

extent of training or networking among local women as compared to mencontrol of womenmen over fertility decisions (eg number of children desirability and method

of abortions)mobility of womenmen within and outside their residential locality as compared to menExamples of qualitative indicators of empowerment

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

through their greater access to political power over a 5-year period

government acceptance

women willing to stand for election

womenrsquos political representation will lead to improvement in their status

socio-economic classeseducation programs for women of all socio-economic classesfunds devoted to project

number of women attending training programs

womenrsquos views on training

greater role in decision-making locally public speaking

increased number of women involved in politics

200 at end of 5-year period

improvement in womenrsquos status (literacy employment health) as a result of greater political participation (as a direct result of certain laws being passed through greater involvement of women in politics)

50 less violence against women

womenrsquos views on changes in status

Increase political represntation of woen in 300 rral coucils in prject area by 200 over 1-year period

local population acceptance of women in politicsgovernment acceptancewomen willing to stand for electionspolitical stabilitypluralist political system

local community views about project feasibility

funds devoted to project

increase in political representation of women by 100 over 5-year period

training education provided for women

women and menrsquos attitudes to training and

increase in political representation of women by 200 at end of 10-year periodviews of men and women about likely effects of increasenumber of key decision-making positions held by women and men

increase in political representation of women by 200 maintained for one election after end of donor involvement in project

socio-economic background of women political representatives

change by socio-economic group

Gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation

CIDArsquos Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Indicators of Empowerment

The following are some definitions of empowerment

Empowerment is about peoplefrac34 both men and womenfrac34 taking control over their lives setting their own agenda gaining skills increasing self-confidence solving problems and developing self-reliance It is both a process and an outcome (CIDA 1994)

Empowerment is a term generally used to describe a process by which powerless people become conscious of their own situation and organise collectively to gain greater access to public services or to the benefits of economic growth (ODA 1994)

Empowerment can be broken down into the following broad components

womenrsquos and menrsquos sense of internal strength and confidence to face lifethe right to make choicesthe power to control their own lives within and outside the homethe ability to influence the direction of social change towards the creation of a more just social

and economic order nationally and internationallyChoosing indicators of empowerment will depend on the way in which empowerment is defined Even then it remains a complex problem to measure it at the project level because

it is difficult to measure changes in states of mindmeasuring different elements of empowermentfrac34 who makes decisions particularly at the

household levelfrac34 can be difficult and time-consumingparticipation which is a key element of empowerment is itself hard to measuredefinitions of lsquoknowledgersquo lsquoself-respectrsquo and other elements of participation may be culture-

specificExamples of quantitative indicators of empowerment

Legal empowerment

enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rightsnumber of cases related to womenrsquos rights heard in local courts and their resultsnumber of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts

and the resultsthe effect of enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against womenincreasedecrease in violence against womenrate at which the numberproportion of local justicesprosecutorslawyers who are womenmen is

increasingdecreasingrate at which the numberproportion of womenmen in the local police force by rank is

increasingdecreasingPolitical empowerment

of seats held by women in local councilsdecision-making bodies of women in decision-making positions in local government of women in local civil serviceratio of of womenmen registered as voters to of eligible womenmen who vote of women in seniorjunior decision-making positions within unions of union members who are womennumber of women who participate in public protests and political campaigning as compared to

number of menEconomic empowerment

changes in employmentunemployment rates of women and menchanges in time-use in selected activities particularly greater role-sharing by household

members of unpaid housework and child caresalarywage differentials between men and womenchanges in of property owned and controlled by women and men (land houses livestock)

across socio-economic and ethnic groupsaverage household expenditure of womenmen headed households on educationhealthability to make small or large purchases independently of available credit financial and technical support services going to womenmen from

governmentnon-government sourcesSocial empowerment

[Note Improvements in womenrsquos health and education are also key features of social empowerment but are not dealt with here Social indicators of empowerment overlap considerably with indicators of participation]

numbers of women in local institutions (eg womenrsquos associations consciousness raising or income generating groups local churches ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population and numbers of women in positions of power in local organisations

extent of training or networking among local women as compared to mencontrol of womenmen over fertility decisions (eg number of children desirability and method

of abortions)mobility of womenmen within and outside their residential locality as compared to menExamples of qualitative indicators of empowerment

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

change by socio-economic group

Gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation

CIDArsquos Guide to Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Indicators of Empowerment

The following are some definitions of empowerment

Empowerment is about peoplefrac34 both men and womenfrac34 taking control over their lives setting their own agenda gaining skills increasing self-confidence solving problems and developing self-reliance It is both a process and an outcome (CIDA 1994)

Empowerment is a term generally used to describe a process by which powerless people become conscious of their own situation and organise collectively to gain greater access to public services or to the benefits of economic growth (ODA 1994)

Empowerment can be broken down into the following broad components

womenrsquos and menrsquos sense of internal strength and confidence to face lifethe right to make choicesthe power to control their own lives within and outside the homethe ability to influence the direction of social change towards the creation of a more just social

and economic order nationally and internationallyChoosing indicators of empowerment will depend on the way in which empowerment is defined Even then it remains a complex problem to measure it at the project level because

it is difficult to measure changes in states of mindmeasuring different elements of empowermentfrac34 who makes decisions particularly at the

household levelfrac34 can be difficult and time-consumingparticipation which is a key element of empowerment is itself hard to measuredefinitions of lsquoknowledgersquo lsquoself-respectrsquo and other elements of participation may be culture-

specificExamples of quantitative indicators of empowerment

Legal empowerment

enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rightsnumber of cases related to womenrsquos rights heard in local courts and their resultsnumber of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts

and the resultsthe effect of enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against womenincreasedecrease in violence against womenrate at which the numberproportion of local justicesprosecutorslawyers who are womenmen is

increasingdecreasingrate at which the numberproportion of womenmen in the local police force by rank is

increasingdecreasingPolitical empowerment

of seats held by women in local councilsdecision-making bodies of women in decision-making positions in local government of women in local civil serviceratio of of womenmen registered as voters to of eligible womenmen who vote of women in seniorjunior decision-making positions within unions of union members who are womennumber of women who participate in public protests and political campaigning as compared to

number of menEconomic empowerment

changes in employmentunemployment rates of women and menchanges in time-use in selected activities particularly greater role-sharing by household

members of unpaid housework and child caresalarywage differentials between men and womenchanges in of property owned and controlled by women and men (land houses livestock)

across socio-economic and ethnic groupsaverage household expenditure of womenmen headed households on educationhealthability to make small or large purchases independently of available credit financial and technical support services going to womenmen from

governmentnon-government sourcesSocial empowerment

[Note Improvements in womenrsquos health and education are also key features of social empowerment but are not dealt with here Social indicators of empowerment overlap considerably with indicators of participation]

numbers of women in local institutions (eg womenrsquos associations consciousness raising or income generating groups local churches ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population and numbers of women in positions of power in local organisations

extent of training or networking among local women as compared to mencontrol of womenmen over fertility decisions (eg number of children desirability and method

of abortions)mobility of womenmen within and outside their residential locality as compared to menExamples of qualitative indicators of empowerment

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

and the resultsthe effect of enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against womenincreasedecrease in violence against womenrate at which the numberproportion of local justicesprosecutorslawyers who are womenmen is

increasingdecreasingrate at which the numberproportion of womenmen in the local police force by rank is

increasingdecreasingPolitical empowerment

of seats held by women in local councilsdecision-making bodies of women in decision-making positions in local government of women in local civil serviceratio of of womenmen registered as voters to of eligible womenmen who vote of women in seniorjunior decision-making positions within unions of union members who are womennumber of women who participate in public protests and political campaigning as compared to

number of menEconomic empowerment

changes in employmentunemployment rates of women and menchanges in time-use in selected activities particularly greater role-sharing by household

members of unpaid housework and child caresalarywage differentials between men and womenchanges in of property owned and controlled by women and men (land houses livestock)

across socio-economic and ethnic groupsaverage household expenditure of womenmen headed households on educationhealthability to make small or large purchases independently of available credit financial and technical support services going to womenmen from

governmentnon-government sourcesSocial empowerment

[Note Improvements in womenrsquos health and education are also key features of social empowerment but are not dealt with here Social indicators of empowerment overlap considerably with indicators of participation]

numbers of women in local institutions (eg womenrsquos associations consciousness raising or income generating groups local churches ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population and numbers of women in positions of power in local organisations

extent of training or networking among local women as compared to mencontrol of womenmen over fertility decisions (eg number of children desirability and method

of abortions)mobility of womenmen within and outside their residential locality as compared to menExamples of qualitative indicators of empowerment

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

Although there is some methodological debate about qualitative indicators evidence seems to suggest that women especially poor rural women themselves feel empowered through two areasfrac34 greater economic stability and greater self-respect The following types of questions are more likely to elicit accurate perceptions of these than questions implicitly containing indicators

Indicator questions to assess empowerment

To what degree are women aware of local politics and their legal rights Are women more or less aware than men Does this differ by socio-economic grouping age or ethnicity Is this changing over time

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered WhyDo women perceive that they now have greater self-respect Why How does this relate to

menrsquos perceptionsDo womenmen perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy WhyAre changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household and what is

the perceived impact of thisDo women make decisions independently of men in the household What sort of decisions are

made independentlyKey questions for qualitative analysis

How have changes in nationallocal legislation empowered or disempowered women as opposed to men (eg concerning control over resources such as land)

What is the role of local institutions (including womenrsquos institutions) in empoweringdisempowering womenmen

Is the part women as compared to men are playing in major decisions in their locality increasing or decreasing

Is there more acknowledgement of the importance of tasks customarily carried out by women eg child care

How are women organising to increase their empowerment eg against violenceIf employment and education for women are increasing is this leading to greater empowerment

Democracy and the Challenge of Change (NDI)httpwwwndiorgfilesDemocracy_and_the_Challenge_of_Changepdf

For sector-specific indicators and triangulation strategies see

Monitoring and Evaluation Civic Participation (p 33)

Monitoring and Evaluation Elections (p 51)

Monitoring and Evaluation Political Parties (p 70)

Monitoring and Evaluation Governance (p 93)

Introductory Gender Analysis amp Gender Planning Training Module for UNDP Staff

httpwwwundporgwomendocsGenderAnalysisTrainModulepdf

Gender-Sensitive and Sex-Specific Indicators (p 12)Gender sensitive indicators compare the situation of males to that of females and showan aspect of their relative advantage (disadvantage) They can be constructed in severalwaysbull Female (or male) share of a total (when it is evident that the total comprises thefemale share and the male share) 50 indicates gender equalityExample Womenrsquos share of seats in legislative bodiesbull Ratio between a female and male characteristic 1 indicates gender equalityExample The ratio between girlsrsquo and boysrsquo school enrolment ratesbull Female characteristic as percentage of male characteristic (or vice versa) 100indicates gender equalityExample Average female weekly earnings as percentage of male weekly earningsbull Difference between the female characteristic and the male characteristic (or viceversa) 0 indicates gender equalityExample Average number of hours women spend on housework minus averagenumber of hours men minus average number of hours men spend on housework

Project implementation and monitoring (p 26)1 Involve national and international gender specialists in project monitoring2 Consult with the national machinery and womenrsquos groups to ensure that womenrsquosneeds are addressed in project activities3 Devise and measure gender indicators to differentiate male and female beneficiaryoutcomes4 Ensure programme staff monitor project disbursements to ensure that inputs areused in such a way as to ensure women have equal access to project resources andbenefits5 Strive towards equal representation of women and men in project managementand meetings (meeting the 30 UN target set in the Beijing Platform for Actionas a minimum)6 Ensure gender issues are raisedon the agenda for meetings and reviews7 Ensure progress reports detail data disaggregated by sex and that they analysegender issues8 Conduct gender analysis training for your staff and counterparts or fund a genderspecialist to do this9 Encourage ongoing learning and training on gender for all staff10 Integrate gender issues as part of the curriculum in all training courses11 Encourage women and men to apply for non-traditional jobs and headhuntqualified womenmen if an adequate number do not apply Ensure a genderbalance on interview panels12 Strive towards equal representation of men and women in all training activities incountryand overseas (meeting the 30 UN target set in the Beijing Platform forAction as a minimum)13 Implement family friendly work practices for example flexible work hours and14 Develop a plan for strengthening the capacity of implementing agencies to be

gender responsive in the long term

Monitoring - Project design includes indicators for each relevant activitycomponent (p 28)whichbull can be measured with gender disaggregated databull enable project to trace progress over the course of implementationbull permit responsive re-aligning of targets activities objectivesOutcomes - The project succeeds in achieving one or more of the followingbull a more in-depth understanding of relevant gender rolesbull developing policy which recognizes and redresses gender inequitiesbull improving opportunities access and capacitybull fostering shared control over decision-making and resources systematicallytracing and documenting progress with gender-disaggregated data

Project Review and Evaluation (p 27)1 Ensure that mission TOR require relevant gender expertiseexperience2 Brief all mission members on relevant gender issues and provide documentation3 Ensure the programme staff understands and applies gender indicators of successand4 Review draft evaluation report carefully to ensure that gender related omissionsand successes are reflected

CARErsquos Womenrsquos Empowerment Evidence Categories

What is our impact on WOMENrsquoS EMPOWERMENTCARE Strategic Impact Inquiry FrameworkDIMENSION

Sub-Dimensions Evidence Categories Possible Indicators

AGENCY1 Self-image self-esteem Positive images of self belief in onersquos abilities feelings

of self-efficacy2 Legal rights awareness Knowledge of laws around issues of womenrsquos social

positions status equality etc3 Information skills Access to information and skills that a woman deems

helpful or necessary awareness that such informationskills even exist

4 Educational attainment Access to and ability to deploy formal and informal forms of education

5 Employment control of labor Fair and equitable access to employment opportunities fair and equitable working conditions freedom to chose forms of labor

6 Mobility in public space Freedom and safety to circulate in public spaces

7 Decision influence in HH finance amp child-rearing

Kinds of decisions that women can make over household resources processes people investments etc

8 Group membership activism This sub-dimension certainly overlaps with the element below Relations Here at the level of agency we are looking at the degree to which women are free to join groups as a result of their own wishes to do so

9 Material assets owned The kinds of material assets (land goods animals crops money) women have the power to control

10 Body health integrity Access to core health services of acceptable quality freedom to make decisions over what happens to a womanrsquos own body a right to bodily well being and pleasure

STRUCTURAL

11 MarriageKinship rules amp roles Degree of freedom and control of marital resources equitable inheritance divorce and family law more generally control of onersquos own body

12 Inclusive amp equitable notions of citizenship

Degree of inclusiveness and equity of laws and practices around what it means to be a citizen

13 Transparent information amp access to services

Degree to which duty bearers ensure that women have the chance to know what theyrsquore due how they can access this and what to do in the event that they are denied information or services

14 Enforceability of rights access to justice

Enforceability of human rights claims as well as specially designed laws and judicial services to promote gender equity

15 Market accessibility (laborcreditsgoods)

Equitable access to work credit inputs fair prices

16 Political representation Extent of women elected and appointed to public office ndash in the formal and informal spheres ndash and their degree of influence once there

17 Share of state budgets Allocations the state offers for important services guarantees and enforcement mechanisms around issues central to gender equity

18 Density of civil society representation

The density and quality of civil society organizations that address gender inequity and social exclusion

RELATIONAL

19 Consciousness of self others as inter-dependent

Awareness of own power in relation to others and reliance of others on them Ability to see leverage and mutual advantage in joint actions both for self and for others

20 Negotiation Accommodation habits

Ability and interest in engaging duty bearers the powerful but also other marginalized social actors in dialogue

21 AllianceCoalition habits Extent to which women and womenrsquos groups form larger alliances and coalitions and seek collective gains

22 Pursuit acceptance of accountability

Skills confidence and knowledge to hold duty bearers and the powerful accountable recognition that human rights bring also forms of accountability to every individual

23 New social forms Social and structural recognition of non-traditional household forms Generation of new kinds of organizing new or altered relationships new kinds of behaviors

Core Sub-Dimensions of Empowerment

Indicators Tending Towards Informing us of

Agency-level changes in

Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us of Structural-level Changes in Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us

of Relational-level Changes in Womenrsquos

Lives

Notions of self worth dignity

4 Equitable access to basic human services

5 Participation in political processes 10 Participation in civil

societysolidarity groups

1 Knowledge of rights and structures of gender inequality

2 Education level

3 Changes in self-images

6 Legal changes andor enforcement of womenrsquos control of strategic resources

7 Pro-women changes in familykin norms and institutions

8 Equal economic opportunity (land labor livestock credit home)

9 Pro-women state budgets and development policies

and those groupsrsquo connections with other groups

11 Incidents of violence against women and active prosecution of same

12 Influence on formal and informal decision-makers to make pro-women decisions

13 Male attitudes regarding gender roles and norms

Control and Influence over HH

and Public Resources

Bodily Integrity

Collective EffortSolidarity

Note These four sub-dimensions and 13 indicators are being tested by research in a number of CARE Country Offices as a minimum evidence framework for research into CARErsquos impacts on womenrsquos empowerment

CIDA ndash Guide to Gender Sensitive Indicatorshttpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvLUImagesPolicy$fileWID-GUID-Epdf

Chapter 3 What are gender-sensitive indicators and why are they useful 531 Indicator Concepts their History and Present Use 5311 What is an indicator 5312 Political bias and indicator use 5313 Indicator use and WIDGE at the donor level 732 Categories - Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators 9321 Sources of information 10322 Interpretation and use 10

7 Decision influence in HH finance amp child-rearing

Kinds of decisions that women can make over household resources processes people investments etc

8 Group membership activism This sub-dimension certainly overlaps with the element below Relations Here at the level of agency we are looking at the degree to which women are free to join groups as a result of their own wishes to do so

9 Material assets owned The kinds of material assets (land goods animals crops money) women have the power to control

10 Body health integrity Access to core health services of acceptable quality freedom to make decisions over what happens to a womanrsquos own body a right to bodily well being and pleasure

STRUCTURAL

11 MarriageKinship rules amp roles Degree of freedom and control of marital resources equitable inheritance divorce and family law more generally control of onersquos own body

12 Inclusive amp equitable notions of citizenship

Degree of inclusiveness and equity of laws and practices around what it means to be a citizen

13 Transparent information amp access to services

Degree to which duty bearers ensure that women have the chance to know what theyrsquore due how they can access this and what to do in the event that they are denied information or services

14 Enforceability of rights access to justice

Enforceability of human rights claims as well as specially designed laws and judicial services to promote gender equity

15 Market accessibility (laborcreditsgoods)

Equitable access to work credit inputs fair prices

16 Political representation Extent of women elected and appointed to public office ndash in the formal and informal spheres ndash and their degree of influence once there

17 Share of state budgets Allocations the state offers for important services guarantees and enforcement mechanisms around issues central to gender equity

18 Density of civil society representation

The density and quality of civil society organizations that address gender inequity and social exclusion

RELATIONAL

19 Consciousness of self others as inter-dependent

Awareness of own power in relation to others and reliance of others on them Ability to see leverage and mutual advantage in joint actions both for self and for others

20 Negotiation Accommodation habits

Ability and interest in engaging duty bearers the powerful but also other marginalized social actors in dialogue

21 AllianceCoalition habits Extent to which women and womenrsquos groups form larger alliances and coalitions and seek collective gains

22 Pursuit acceptance of accountability

Skills confidence and knowledge to hold duty bearers and the powerful accountable recognition that human rights bring also forms of accountability to every individual

23 New social forms Social and structural recognition of non-traditional household forms Generation of new kinds of organizing new or altered relationships new kinds of behaviors

Core Sub-Dimensions of Empowerment

Indicators Tending Towards Informing us of

Agency-level changes in

Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us of Structural-level Changes in Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us

of Relational-level Changes in Womenrsquos

Lives

Notions of self worth dignity

4 Equitable access to basic human services

5 Participation in political processes 10 Participation in civil

societysolidarity groups

1 Knowledge of rights and structures of gender inequality

2 Education level

3 Changes in self-images

6 Legal changes andor enforcement of womenrsquos control of strategic resources

7 Pro-women changes in familykin norms and institutions

8 Equal economic opportunity (land labor livestock credit home)

9 Pro-women state budgets and development policies

and those groupsrsquo connections with other groups

11 Incidents of violence against women and active prosecution of same

12 Influence on formal and informal decision-makers to make pro-women decisions

13 Male attitudes regarding gender roles and norms

Control and Influence over HH

and Public Resources

Bodily Integrity

Collective EffortSolidarity

Note These four sub-dimensions and 13 indicators are being tested by research in a number of CARE Country Offices as a minimum evidence framework for research into CARErsquos impacts on womenrsquos empowerment

CIDA ndash Guide to Gender Sensitive Indicatorshttpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvLUImagesPolicy$fileWID-GUID-Epdf

Chapter 3 What are gender-sensitive indicators and why are they useful 531 Indicator Concepts their History and Present Use 5311 What is an indicator 5312 Political bias and indicator use 5313 Indicator use and WIDGE at the donor level 732 Categories - Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators 9321 Sources of information 10322 Interpretation and use 10

19 Consciousness of self others as inter-dependent

Awareness of own power in relation to others and reliance of others on them Ability to see leverage and mutual advantage in joint actions both for self and for others

20 Negotiation Accommodation habits

Ability and interest in engaging duty bearers the powerful but also other marginalized social actors in dialogue

21 AllianceCoalition habits Extent to which women and womenrsquos groups form larger alliances and coalitions and seek collective gains

22 Pursuit acceptance of accountability

Skills confidence and knowledge to hold duty bearers and the powerful accountable recognition that human rights bring also forms of accountability to every individual

23 New social forms Social and structural recognition of non-traditional household forms Generation of new kinds of organizing new or altered relationships new kinds of behaviors

Core Sub-Dimensions of Empowerment

Indicators Tending Towards Informing us of

Agency-level changes in

Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us of Structural-level Changes in Womenrsquos Lives

Indicators Tending Towards Informing Us

of Relational-level Changes in Womenrsquos

Lives

Notions of self worth dignity

4 Equitable access to basic human services

5 Participation in political processes 10 Participation in civil

societysolidarity groups

1 Knowledge of rights and structures of gender inequality

2 Education level

3 Changes in self-images

6 Legal changes andor enforcement of womenrsquos control of strategic resources

7 Pro-women changes in familykin norms and institutions

8 Equal economic opportunity (land labor livestock credit home)

9 Pro-women state budgets and development policies

and those groupsrsquo connections with other groups

11 Incidents of violence against women and active prosecution of same

12 Influence on formal and informal decision-makers to make pro-women decisions

13 Male attitudes regarding gender roles and norms

Control and Influence over HH

and Public Resources

Bodily Integrity

Collective EffortSolidarity

Note These four sub-dimensions and 13 indicators are being tested by research in a number of CARE Country Offices as a minimum evidence framework for research into CARErsquos impacts on womenrsquos empowerment

CIDA ndash Guide to Gender Sensitive Indicatorshttpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvLUImagesPolicy$fileWID-GUID-Epdf

Chapter 3 What are gender-sensitive indicators and why are they useful 531 Indicator Concepts their History and Present Use 5311 What is an indicator 5312 Political bias and indicator use 5313 Indicator use and WIDGE at the donor level 732 Categories - Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators 9321 Sources of information 10322 Interpretation and use 10

1 Knowledge of rights and structures of gender inequality

2 Education level

3 Changes in self-images

6 Legal changes andor enforcement of womenrsquos control of strategic resources

7 Pro-women changes in familykin norms and institutions

8 Equal economic opportunity (land labor livestock credit home)

9 Pro-women state budgets and development policies

and those groupsrsquo connections with other groups

11 Incidents of violence against women and active prosecution of same

12 Influence on formal and informal decision-makers to make pro-women decisions

13 Male attitudes regarding gender roles and norms

Control and Influence over HH

and Public Resources

Bodily Integrity

Collective EffortSolidarity

Note These four sub-dimensions and 13 indicators are being tested by research in a number of CARE Country Offices as a minimum evidence framework for research into CARErsquos impacts on womenrsquos empowerment

CIDA ndash Guide to Gender Sensitive Indicatorshttpwwwacdi-cidagccainetimagesnsfvLUImagesPolicy$fileWID-GUID-Epdf

Chapter 3 What are gender-sensitive indicators and why are they useful 531 Indicator Concepts their History and Present Use 5311 What is an indicator 5312 Political bias and indicator use 5313 Indicator use and WIDGE at the donor level 732 Categories - Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators 9321 Sources of information 10322 Interpretation and use 10

323 Why qualitative indicators 11324 Qualitative analysis and the limits of qualitative and quantitative indicators 1133 Indicators and development objectives 13331 Clear objectives as critical anchors 13332 Types of objectives 15333 Objectives indicators and lines of business 1534 Types of indicators - risk input process output and outcome 16341 RiskEnabling Indicators 17342 Input indicators 18343 Process indicators 18344 Output indicators 19345 Outcome indicators 19346 Indicators time-frames and sustainability 2035 Criteria for the selection of indicators 21

Chapter 4 Indicators at the Branch and RegionCountry levels 2341 Indicators at the Branch level 23411 Objectives and indicators 23412 Indicators and time-scales 25413 Indicators and non-specific objectives 2542 Indicators at the RegionCountry level 25421 Setting baselines 26

Chapter 5 Indicators at the project level 2751 Introduction 27511 The need for ensuring participation 2852 Indicators in the education sector 2853 Indicators in the health sector 3254 Indicators of participation 34541 What is participation and how is it evaluated 34542 Participation indicators 355421 Examples of quantitative indicators of participation 355422 Examples of qualitative indicators of participation and qualitative analysis 3855 Indicators of empowerment 39551 What is empowerment and how is it measured 39552 Examples of quantitative indicators of empowerment 41553 Examples of qualitative indicators of empowerment 4356 Guiding ideas for indicator use at the project level 44

Annex 1 Definitions of key terms in this Guide 61Annex 2 Criteria for the selection of indicators (see section 323) 65Annex 3 Examples of RegionCountry level objectives 67Annex 4 Participatory evaluation and qualitative indicators 69Annex 5 Education indicators and methodological problems with their use 73Annex 6 Health indicators and methodological problems with their use 77

Annex 7 Indicators related to women work and labor force participation and problems with their use Indicator use in a sample project fromEgypt related to women work and labor force participation andproblems with their use 79Annex 8 Indicators related to water supply and sanitation - a sample projectfrom Honduras 83Annex 9 Indicators of training in agriculture Indicator use in a sample projectfrom Bangladesh 87Annex 10 Indicators of womens empowerment from Bangladesh 89Annex 11 Sample project on participation 91

Annex 7 Indicators related to women work and labor force participation and problems with their use Indicator use in a sample project fromEgypt related to women work and labor force participation andproblems with their use 79Annex 8 Indicators related to water supply and sanitation - a sample projectfrom Honduras 83Annex 9 Indicators of training in agriculture Indicator use in a sample projectfrom Bangladesh 87Annex 10 Indicators of womens empowerment from Bangladesh 89Annex 11 Sample project on participation 91