Rifai, A. and Hakami, M. (2014) Health Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2, 1-12. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2014.28001.

References

[1] Adey, W.R. (1981) Tissue Interactions with Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields. Physiological Reviews, 61,435-514.

[2] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (2001) Documentation of the Threshold LimitValues and Biological Exposure Indices. 7th Edition, Publication No. 0100, Cincinnati.

[3] American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (1991) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1991, Date of Publication 1992. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2917

[4] American National Standards Institute. www.ansi.org [5] Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Electricity and Health. Fact

Sheet 19. http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/factsheets/019is_electricity.pdf

[6] Balzano, Q., Garay, O. and Steel, F.R. (1978) Energy Deposition in Simulated Human Operators of 800-MHz Portable Transmitters. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 27, 174-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/T-VT.1978.23746 .

[7] Dietrich, F.M. and Jacobs, W.L. (2001) Survey and Assessment of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Public Exposure in the Transportation Environment. US Department of Transportation, Federal RailroadAdministration, Report No. PB99- 130908.

[8] Federal Communications Commission, Radio Fre-quency Safety, Web Report. www.fcc.gov/oet/rf-safety http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/radio-frequency-safety

[9] IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR), IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (2000) Possible Hazards from Exposure to Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. 19, 131-137. http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/embs/comar/

[10]

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1998) Latest Publications on Radio Frequency—EMF Guidelines, ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magneticand Electromagnetic Fields. Health Physics, 74, 494-522.

[11]

Kaune, W.T. (1993) Assessing Human Exposure to Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101, 121-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/-3431668; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101s473

http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101s4121 [12]

Kaune, W.T. and Zaffanella, L. (1994) Assessing Historical Exposure of Children to Power Frequency Magnetic Fields. Journal of Exposure Analysis Environmental Epidemiology, 4, 149-170.

[13]

Kovetz, A. (2000) Electromagnetic Theory. Clarendon Press.

[14]

National Council on Radiation Pro-tection and Measurements (1984) Some Issues Important in Developing Basic Radi- tion Protection Recommendations. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting, 4-5 April1984. www.ncrp.com

[15]

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2002) Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Electric Power, Questions and Answers. NIEHS/DOE EMF RAPID Program.http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_p_z/results_of_emf_research_emf_questions_answers_booklet.pdf

[16]

NJ Dept Radiation Protection, Department of Environmental Protection. Radiation Protection and Release Prevention, 60 Hz Power Lines. www.state.nj.us/dep/rpp (Select Non-Ionizing Radiation) http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf/ http://www.who.int/peh-emf/en/

[17]

Office of Radiation, Radiation Studies Division (1992) EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.

[18]

Tarone, R.E., Kaune, W.T., Linet, M.S., Hatch, E.E., Kleinerman, R.A., Robison, L.L., Boice, J.D. and Wacholder, S. (1998) Residential Wire Codes: Reproducibility and Relation with Measured Magnetic Fields. US En-vironmental Pro- tection Agency. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 333-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.5.333

[19]

US Department of Transportation, NTIS (1999) Public Exposure in the Transportation Environment. Report of the Document PB99-130908. National Technical Information Service, Arlington, VA.

[20]

Vanderlinde, J., (2004) Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (1993) Classical Electromagnetic Theory. 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York.

[21]

World Health Organization, Standards and Guidelines. Electromagnetic Fields (EMF). http://www.who.int/peh-emf/standards/en/

[22]

World Health Organization EMF Project (2011: Lyon, France) Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part II: Radiofrequency Elec- tromagnetic Fields/IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. www.who.ch/peh-emf

[23]

Department of Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2002) Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic Fields, Radiation and Environmental Health. http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/risk_hand/en/

[24]

Zaffanella, L. (1993) Survey of Residential Magnetic Field Sources. Volume 1: Goals, Results and Conclusions. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, 1-224.

I. Kokalari, "Evaluation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Gjirokastra Region," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 2 No. 5, 2010, pp. 283-286. doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2010.25036.

References

[1] N. A. Cridland, “Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer: A Review of Relevant Cellular Studies,” Chilton, National Radiological Protection Board, London, 1993.

[2] B. Kallen, G. Malmquist and U. Moritz, “Delivery Outcome among Physiotherapists in Sweden: Is Non-Ionizing Radiation a Fetal Hazard,” Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 37, No. 2, 1982, pp. 81-85.

[3] “Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer: Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation,” Documents of the National Radiation Protection Board, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1992, pp. 1-138.

[4] “Electromagnetic Fields (300Hz to 300GHz),” Environmental Health Criteria, World Health Organization, Geneva, No. 137, 1993.

[5] M. S. Linet, E. E. Hatch, R. A. Kleinerman, L. L. Robison, W. T. Kaune, D. R. Friedman, R. K. Severson, C. M. Haines, C. T. Hartsock, S. Niwa, S. Wacholder and R. E. Tarone, “Residential Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Acute Lymphob-Lastic Leukaemia in Children,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 337, No. 1, 1997, pp. 1-7.

[6] M. L. McBride, R. P. Gallagher, G. Thériault, B. G. Armstrong, S. Tamaro, J. J. Spinelli, J. E. Deadman, B. Fincham, D. Robson and W. Chaoi, “Power-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukaemia in Canada,” American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 9, 1999, pp. 831-842.

[7] “Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields,” National Academy Press, National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, Washington DC, 1996.

[8] N. Wertheimer and E. Leeper, “Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Cancer,” American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 109, No. 3, 1979, pp. 273-284.

[9] “Directive 1999/ 519/CE, 12 July 1999,” Official Journal of European Community, European Union Parliament and Council, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1999, pp. (L199)59-70.

[10] “Directive 2004/40/CE, 29 April 2004,” Official Journal of European Community, European Union Parliament and Council, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2004, pp. (L184)1-9.

[11] “Measurement of Low- Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields with Regard to Exposure of Human Beings-Special Requirements for Instruments and Guidance for Measurements”, International Standard CEI 61786, 1998.

[12] “Measurement of Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields-Field Strength in the Frequency Range 100KHz-1GHz,” Health Physics, International Standard CEI 61566, Vol. 74, No. 4, 1998, pp. 494-522.

[13] I. Kokalari, “Metodika e Vlerësimit të Ekspozimit Ndaj fushave Elektromagnetike jo Jonizuese,” Matematika dhe Shkencat e Natyrës, Kërkime Universitare, Vol. 15, 2007, pp. 54-67.

[14] “Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Elec- tric, Magnetic and

Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 GHz),” Health Physics, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Vol. 74, No 4, 1998, pp. 494-522.

I. Kokalari and T. Karaja, "Evaluation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in

Computer Labs of Schools," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and

Applications, Vol. 3 No. 6, 2011, pp. 248-253. doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2011.36040.

References

[1] A. Ahlborn, E. Cardis, A. Green, et al. “Review of Epidemiologic Literature on EMF and Health,” Environ- mental Health Perspectives, Vol. 109, 2001, pp. 911-933.

[2] WHO Division of Global and Integrated Environmental Health, “Video Display Units (VDUs) and Human Health,” Fact Sheet No. 201, July 1998.

[3] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Potential Health Hazards of Video Display Terminals,” US Government Printing Office, Washington,1981.

[4] M. J. Smith, B. Cohen, L. Stammerjohn, “An Investi- Gation of Health Complaints and Job Stress in Video Display Operations,” Human Factors : The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1981, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 387-400.

[5] F. Tarsitano, V. Martino, F. Martire, F. Vinci, “Technical characteristics of Video-terminals (VDU) and their health effects,” Proceeding of 2nd National Congress of Environmental Physics, edited by the Consortium for Research and Application of Innovative Technologies of the Physics Department at Calabria University, October 1995, Cosenza, Italy. pp. 123-133.

[6] B. Cole, J. Maddocks and K. Sharpe, “Effects of VDUs on the Eyes: Report of 6-Year Epidemiological Study,” Ophthalmology Visual Science, Vol. 73, No. 8, 1996, pp. 512-528. doi:10.1097/00006324-199608000-00001

[7] Council of Scientific Affairs, “Health Effects of Video Display Terminals,” Journal of American Medical As- sociation, Vol. 257, No. 11, 1987, pp. 1508-1512. doi: 10.1001/jama.1987.03390110084032

[8] P. Kanapeckas, S. Maciulevi?ius, A. Otas, V. Petrauskas and A. Valys, “Electromagnetic Radiation at Computerized Workplaces,” Information TechNology and Control, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2007, pp. 348-352.

[9] WHO Division of Global and Integrated Environmental Health, “Provisional Statements of WHO on Occupational Health Aspects in the Use of VDUs,” VDT News, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1986, pp. 13.

[10] I. Kokalari, “Evaluation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in Gjirokastra Region,” Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2010, pp. 283-286.doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2010.25036

[11] F. Catalano, “Lenti Protettive per Radiazioni da PC”. Optometria, Vol. 25, 2002, pp. 8-15. [12] prEN 50279, “Visual Display Units – Measuring Methods for Low Frequency Electric

and Magnetic Near Fields,” European Electro Technical Standardization Committee, 1998.

[13] TCO’03 Displays, “Mandatory and Recommended Requirements for CRT-Type Visual

Display Units (VDUs) ,” TCO Development, 2005. [14] I. Kokalari, “Metodika e Vler?simit t? Ekspozimit Ndaj fushave Elektromagnetike Jo

Jonizuese,” Matematika dhe Shkencat e Natyr?s, K?rkime Universitare, No. 15, 2007, pp. 54-67.

[15] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, “Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time- Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (Up to 300 GHz),” Health Physics, Vol. 74, No. 4, 1998, pp. 494-522.

Perez, F. , Bandeira, J. , Morisaki, J. , Peddinti, S. , Salama, P. , Rizkalla, J. and

Rizkalla, M. (2017) Antenna Design and SAR Analysis on Human Head Phantom

Simulation for Future Clinical Applications. Journal of Biomedical Science and

Engineering, 10, 421-430. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2017.109032.

References

[1] Schepps, J. and Rosen, A. (2002) Microwave Industry Outlook—Wireless Communications in Healthcare. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50, 1044-1045. https://doi.org/10.1109/22.989992

[2] Michaelson, S.M. (1982) Health Implications of Exposure to Radiofrequency/Microwave Energies. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 39, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.39.2.105

[3] Singh, S. and Kapoor, N. (2014) Health Implications of Electromagnetic Fields, Mechanisms of Action, and Research Needs. Advances in Biology, 2014, 24.https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/198609

[4] Hardell, L. and Sage, C. (2008) Biological Effects from Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Public Exposure Standards. Biomed Pharmacother, 62, 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004

[5] Gherardini, L., Ciuti, G., Tognarelli, S. and Cinti, C. (2014) Searching for the Perfect Wave: The Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cells. International Journal of Molecular Science, 15, 5366-5387.

[6] Arendash, G.W. (2012) Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment against Alzheimer’s Disease: Why It Has the Potential to Trump Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Development. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 32, 243-266.

[7] Arendash, G.W., et al. (2012) Electromagnetic Treatment to Old Alzheimer’s Mice Reverses Beta-Amyloid Deposition, Modifies Cerebral Blood Flow, and Provides Selected Cognitive Benefit. PLoS One, 7, No. e35751.

[8] Arendash, G.W. et al. (2010) Electromagnetic Field Treatment Protects against and Reverses Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 19, 191-210. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1228

[9] Perez, F.P., Zhou, X., Morisaki, J. and Jurivich, D. (2008) Electromagnetic Field Therapy

Delays Cellular Senescence and Death by Enhancement of the Heat Shock Response. Experimental Gerontology, 43, 307-316.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2008.01.004

[10] Durney, C.H., Massoudi, H. and Islanker, M.F. (1986) Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Aerospace Medical Division (AFSC), Brooks Air Force Base, Brooks.

[11] Huttunen, P., Hanninen, O. and Myllyla, R. (2009) FM-Radio and TV Tower Signals Can Cause Spontaneous Hand Movements Near Moving RF Reflector. Pathophysiology, 16, 201-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.002

[12] Perez, F.P., Bandeira, J.P., Morisaki, J.J., Lahiri, D.K., et al. (2017) Potential Noninvasive Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease: Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Lowers Beta-Amyloid Protein Levels in Primary Human Neuronal Cultures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65, S119-S120.

[13] Jeong, Y.J., et al. (2015) 1950 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Ameliorate Abeta Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Current Alzheimer Research, 12, 481-492. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720501205150526114448

[14] Lee, J.-H., Cynthia, S.-J.H.S. and Istook, L. (2006) Analysis of Human Head Shapes in the United States. International Journal of Human Ecology, 7, 77-83.

[15] Du, L.L., Wang, L.M. and Zhuang, Z. (2008) Measurement and Analysis of Human Head-Face Dimensions. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 26, 266-270.

[16] Carrara, N. (2015) Institute for Applied Physics, Florence, Italy. http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/

Safari, S. , Mortazavi, S. , Aghazade, N. and Mousavi, Y. (2020) The Effects of

Distance and Duration of Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation of Hair Dryer on

Rat Sperm Parameters. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 8, 17-27. doi:

10.4236/jbm.2020.86002.

References

[1] Agarwal, A., Singh, A., Hamada, A. and Kesari, K. (2011) Cell Phones and Male Infertility: A Review of Recent Innovations in Technology and Consequences. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 37, 432-454. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002

[2] Boivin, J., Bunting, L., Collins, J.A. and Nygren, K.G. (2009) Reply: International Estimates on Infertility Prevalence and Treatment Seeking: Potential Need and Demand for Medical Care. Human Reproduction, 24, 2380-2383. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep218

[3] Skakkebæk, N.E., et al. (2006) Is Human Fecundity Declining? International Journal of Andrology, 29, 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00573.x

[4] Agarwal, A., et al. (2009) Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Waves (RF-EMW) from Cellular Phones on Human Ejaculated Semen: An in Vitro Pilot Study. Fertility and Sterility, 92, 1318-1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022

[5] De Iuliis, G.N., Newey, R.J., King, B.V. and Aitken, R.J. (2009) Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa in Vitro. PLoS ONE, 4, e6446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006446

[6] Fernie, K.J. and Reynolds, S.J. (2005) The Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines on Avian Reproductive Biology and Physiology: A Review. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 8, 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400590909022

[7] Hashem, M. and El-Sharkawy, N. (2009) Hemato-Biochemical and Immunotoxicological Effects of Low Electromagnetic Field and Its Interaction with Lead Acetate in Mice. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 23, 105-114.

[8] Abo-Neima, S.E., Motaweh, H.A. and Ragab, M.F. (2015) Effects of Electric Field on Histopathological Study, Electrical Properties and Enzymes Function of Liver of Albino Rats. Journal of Advanced Physics, 4, 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1166/jap.2015.1179

[9] Khayyat, L.I. (2011) The Histopathological Effects of an Electromagnetic Field on the Kidney and Testis of Mice. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 5, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2011.5.0.12

[10] Van Deventer, T., Saunders, R. and Repacholi, M. (2005) WHO Health Risk Assessment Process for Static Fields. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 87, 355-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.08.017

[11] Bracken, M.B., et al. (1995) Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields during Pregnancy with Emphasis on Electrically Heated Beds: Association with Birthweight and Intrauterine Growth Retardation. Epidemiology, 6, 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199505000-00013

[12] Khaki, A.A., Alihemmati, A. and Nobahari, R. (2015) A Study of the Effects of Electromagnetic Field on Islets of Langerhans and Insulin Release in Rats.

[13] Szemerszky, R., Zelena, D., Barna, I. and Bárdos, G. (2010) Stress-Related Endocrinological and Psychopathological Effects of Short- and Long-Term 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 81, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.015

[14] Ongel, K., Gumral, N. and Ozguner, F. (2009) The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Field: A Review. Cell Membranes and Free Radical Research, 1, 85-89.

[15] Gholampour, F., Owji, S. and Javadifar, T. (2011) Chronic Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Induces Mild Renal Damages in Rats. International Journal of Zoological Research, 7, 393-400. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2011.393.400

[16] Al-Glaib, B., Al-Dardfi, M., Al-Tuhami, A., Elgenaidi, A. and Dkhil, M. (2008) A Technical Report on the Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation from a Mobile Phone on Mice Organs. The Libyan Journal of Medicine, 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v3i1.4743

[17] Zare, S., Alivandi, S. and Ebadi, A. (2007) Histological Studies of the Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Effect on Liver, Testes and Kidney in Guinea Pig. World Applied

Sciences Journal, 2, 509-511. [18] Khaki, A.A., Zarrintan, S., Khaki, A. and Zahedi, A. (2008) The Effects of

Electromagnetic Field on the Microstructure of Seminal Vesicles in Rat: A Light and Transmission Electron Microscope Study. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 11, 692-701.https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.692.701

[19] Lotfi, S. (2011) Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from a Mobile Phone Station on Biochemical and Histological Structure of Some Rat Organs. Isotope and Radiation Research, 43, 95-103.

[20] Gye, M.C. and Park, C.J. (2012) Effect of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Reproductive System. Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine, 39, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1

[21] Picazo, M., et al. (1995) Long-Term Effects of ELF Magnetic Fields on the Mouse Testis and Serum Testosterone Levels. Electro- and Magnetobiology, 14, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368379509022552

[22] Mohamed, D.A. and Elnegris, H.M. (2015) Histological Study of Thyroid Gland after Experimental Exposure to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Adult Male Albino Rat and Possible Protective Role of Vitamin E. Journal of Cytology & Histology, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7099.1000374

[23] Ahlbom, A. (2001) Neurodegenerative Diseases, Suicide and Depressive Symptoms in Relation to EMF. Bioelectromagnetics, 22, S132-S143. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1029>3.0.CO;2-V

[24] Ebrahim, S., Azab, A.E., Albasha, M.O. and Albishti, N. (2016) The Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Human and Experimental Animals. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 3, 106-121.

[25] Marzook, E.A., El Moneim, A.E.A. and Elhadary, A.A. (2014) Protective Role of Sesame Oil against Mobile Base Station-Induced Oxidative Stress. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2013.10.010

[26] Bastuji-Garin, S., Richardson, S. and Zittoun, R. (1990) Acute Leukaemia in Workers Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology, 26, 1119-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(90)90266-V

[27] London, S.J., Thomas, D.C., Bowman, J.D., Sobel, E., Cheng, T.C. and Peters, J.M. (1991) Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 923-937. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116176

[28] Savitz, D.A. and Loomis, D.P. (1995) Magnetic Field Exposure in Relation to Leukemia and Brain Cancer Mortality among Electric Utility Workers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117400

[29] Harrington, J., McBride, D., Sorahan, T., Paddle, G. and Van Tongeren, M. (1997) Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Fields in Relation to Mortality from Brain Cancer among Electricity Generation and Transmission Workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.1.7

[30] Loomis, D.P., Savitz, D.A. and Ananth, C.V. (1994) Breast Cancer Mortality among Female Electrical Workers in the United States. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer

Institute, 86, 921-925. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.12.921 [31] Johansen, C. and Olsen, J.H. (1998) Mortality from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Other

Chronic Disorders, and Electric Shocks among Utility Workers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148, 362-368. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009654

[32] Gharagozloo, P. and Aitken, R.J. (2011) The Role of Sperm Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility and the Significance of Oral Antioxidant Therapy. Human Reproduction, 26, 1628-1640. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der132

[33] Mahmoudi, R., et al. (2015) Effects of Microwave Electromagnetic Radiations Emitted from Common Wi-Fi Routers on Rats’ Sperm Count and Motility. International Journal of Radiation Research, 13, 363-368.

[34] Behari, J. and Rajamani, P. (2012) Electromagnetic Field Exposure Effects (ELF-EMF and RFR) on Fertility and Reproduction. BioInitiative Working Group.

[35] Verkasalo, P.K., Kaprio, J., Varjonen, J., Romanov, K., Heikkilä, K. and Koskenvuo, M. (1997) Magnetic Fields of Transmission Lines and Depression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 1037-1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009232

[36] Iyer, M.B., Schleper, N. and Wassermann, E.M. (2003) Priming Stimulation Enhances the Depressant Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 10867-10872. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10867.2003

[37] Blaasaas, K., Tynes, T., Irgens, Å. and Lie, R. (2002) Risk of Birth Defects by Parental Occupational Exposure to 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields: A Population Based Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.2.92

[38] Reichmanis, M., Perry, F.S., Marino, A.A. and Becker, R.O. (1979) Relation between Suicide and the Electromagnetic Field of Overhead Power Lines. Physiological Chemistry and Physics, 11, 395-403.

[39] Sobel, E., Dunn, M., Davanipour, Z., Qian, Z. and Chui, H. (1996) Elevated Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease among Workers with Likely Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Neurology, 47, 1477-1481. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.47.6.1477

[40] Erogul, O., et al. (2006) Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation from a Cellular Phone on Human Sperm Motility: An in Vitro Study. Archives of Medical Research, 37, 840-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.05.003

[41] Forgács, Z., et al. (2004) Effects of Whole-Body 50-Hz Magnetic Field Exposure on Mouse Leydig Cells. The Scientific World Journal, 4, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.182

[42] Aydin, M., Turk, G., Yuksel, M., Cevik, A., Apaydin, A. and Yilmaz, S. (2007) Effect of Electromagnetic Field on the Sperm Characteristics and Histopathological Status of Testis in Rats. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 63, 178-183.

[43] Wdowiak, A., Wdowiak, L. and Wiktor, H. (2007) Evaluation of the Effect of Using Mobile Phones on Male Fertility. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 14, 169-172.

[44] Yan, J.-G., Agresti, M., Bruce, T., Yan, Y.H., Granlund, A. and Matloub, H.S. (2007) Effects of Cellular Phone Emissions on Sperm Motility in Rats. Fertility and Sterility, 88, 957-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.022

[45] Agarwal, A., Deepinder, F., Sharma, R.K., Ranga, G. and Li, J. (2008) Effect of Cell Phone Usage on Semen Analysis in Men Attending Infertility Clinic: An Observational Study. Fertility and Sterility, 89, 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.166

[46] Mortazavi, S., Parsanezhad, M., Kazempour, M., Ghahramani, P., Mortazavi, A. and Davari, M. (2013) Male Reproductive Health under Threat: Short Term Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiations Emitted by Common Mobile Jammers. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 6, 124. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.117178

[47] Ghanbari, M., Mortazavi, S.B., Khavanin, A. and Khazaei, M. (2013) The Effects of Cell Phone Waves (900 MHz-GSM Band) on Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Rats. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility, 7, 21. https://doi.org/10.5812/jhs.8230

[48] Avendano, C., Mata, A., Sarmiento, C.A.S. and Doncel, G.F. (2012) Use of Laptop Computers Connected to Internet through Wi-Fi Decreases Human Sperm Motility and Increases Sperm DNA Fragmentation. Fertility and Sterility, 97, 39-45.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.012

[49] Mailankot, M., Kunnath, A.P., Jayalekshmi, H., Koduru, B. and Valsalan, R. (2009) Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats. Clinics, 64, 561-565. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011

[50] Salama, N., Kishimoto, T., Kanayama, H.-O. and Kagawa, S. (2009) Retracted: The Mobile Phone Decreases Fructose But Not Citrate in Rabbit Semen: A Longitudinal Study. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 55, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.3109/19396360903013126

[51] Salama, N., Kishimoto, T. and Kanayama, H.O. (2010) Retracted: Effects of Exposure to a Mobile Phone on Testicular Function and Structure in Adult Rabbit. International Journal of Andrology, 33, 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00940.x

[52] Khaki, A., Imani, S. and Golzar, F.S. (2012) Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Male Sex Hormones (Testosterone-FSH-LH) and Testis Tissue Apoptosis after Exposure to Electromagnetic Field (EMF) in Rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6, 248-252. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.701

[53] La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., Vicari, E., D’Agata, R. and Calogero, A.E. (2012) Effects of the Exposure to Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Andrology, 33, 350-356. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.111.014373

[54] Falzone, N., Huyser, C., Fourie, F., Toivo, T., Leszczynski, D. and Franken, D. (2008) In Vitro Effect of Pulsed 900 MHz GSM Radiation on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Motility of Human Spermatozoa. Bioelectromagnetics, 29, 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20390

Nikola, T. and Vladislav, C. (2015) The Effect of Anomalous Magnetic Fields on

Malignant Diseases. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-12. doi:

10.4236/oalib.1101459.

References

[1] Trifunovic, N. and Cizmic, V. (2014) Breathing Enables the Magnetic Properties of Erythrocytes (HEM Fe) Oxygen, Cells and Carbon dioxide. Journal of Health Science, 2, 270-283.

[2] Catalogue Classification. [3] Nedeljković, I.S., Kanjuh, V. and Vukotić, M. (1994) “Cardiology”, Belgrade. [4] Trifunović, N. (1998) Contribution to Knowing of Earth Magnetic Fields Enormous

Intensities in the Etiopathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases, I Simposium of Cardiovascular Hospitals of Serbia with International Participation—News from Cardiology, Sombor.

[5] Djordjević, M. (1989) Epidemiology of Breast Cancer. Jugoslavija publik, Beograd. [6] Suša, S. (1979) Endemic Nephritis. Savremena administracija, Belgrade. [7] Djurić, D. (1966) Biochemistry and Biophysics of Industrial Poisons. Institute for

Professional Qualification of Health Workers of SRS, Note 10, Belgrade. [8] Dimitrijević, B. (1994) Cancer Civilisation Challenge. Institute for Nuclear Sciences

Informer, “Vinča” No. 7, Belgrade. [9] Diklić, V., Kosanović, M., Dukić, S. and Nikoliš, J. (2001) Biology with Human

Genetics. Medical Faculty, Belgrade. [10] Maksimović, N. and Spanopoulos, K. (2008) Descriptive-Epidemiologic Characteristics

of Lung Cancer in Serbia, Medical Review, 6, 16-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/MPNS0802016M

[11] Andjelic, S. and Djakovic, E. (2007) My Right to Be Healthy. Research on Reproductive Women with Invalidity Health, July, Belgrade, Serbia.

[12] Guyton, A. and Hall, J. (2010) Medical Physiology. Savremena Administracija, Crnotrafska 7-9, Belgrade.

[13] Hraboč, B., et al. (1991) Informations about Cancerogens. Novi Sad, Serbia. [14] (2011) Treating of Advanced Hepathocelular Carcinoma with Low Amplitude Modulated

Electro-Magnetic Fields. British Journal of Cancer.

Nikola, T. , Cizmic, V. and Alek, R. (2015) Earth’s Magnetic Field and Cosmic

Radiation in CNS Function: Anomalous Magnetic Fields, Cause of Mental

Diseases. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-8. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1101221.

References

[1] Trifunovic, N. and Cizmic, V. (2014) Breathing Enable the Magnetic Properties of

Erythrocytes (HEM Fe) Oxygen, Cells and Carbondioxide. Journal of Health Science, 2. www.davidpublishing.com/show.html

[2] Škokljev, A. (1998) Physiological Mechanisms of Acupuncture: The Psycho-Somatic Neuro Endocrine-Immune Aspects. Exogenous and Endoghene Biological Interactions, Center for Molecular Machines and IHIS FST Center, Belgrade.

[3] Guyton, A. (2003) Medical Physiology. Belgrade. [4] Trifunovic, N. (2013) The Anomalous Increase of Magnetic Field-Cause of

Atherosclerosis. The 6th European Congress for Integrative Medicine (ECIM), Berlin. [5] Rakovic, D. (1995) Fundamentals of Biophysics. Belgrad. [6] Trifunovic, N. and Komatina, S. (2003) Role of Enormous Changeable Earth Magnetic

Fields (CEMF) Intensities in Etiopathogenesis of Mental Disturbances and Illnesses (MDI). Geophysics of the 21 Century—The Leap into the Future, Moscow, 1-4 September 2003.

Cell phones and male infertility: a review of recent innovations in technology and consequences -

 

Ashok Agarwal; Aspinder Singh; Alaa Hamada; Kavindra Kesari (Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States) - Int. braz j urol. vol.37 no.4 Rio de Janeiro July/Aug. 2011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002 

REFERENCES

1. Digital Wireless Basics: Frequencies V Cellular, PCS, GSM, and Japanese Digital Cellular Frequencies.  2007; Available at: www.privateline.com/PCS/Frequencies.htm        [ Links ]

2. How cell-phone radiation works. 2007; Available at:http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone-radiation.htm        [ Links ]

3. Roelandts R: Cellular phones and the skin. Dermatology. 2003; 207: 3-5.         [ Links ]

4. Cleveland Jr JR, Sylvar DM, Ulcek JL: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. OET BULLETIN 65, Edition 97-01 [monograph on the Internet]. 1997 [cited 2011 Feb 10]. Available from: Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering & Technology, Office of Engineering & Technology Web site: http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet65/oet65.pdf        [ Links ]

5. Deepinder F, Makker K, Agarwal A: Cell phones and male infertility: dissecting the relationship. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007; 15: 266-70.         [ Links ]

6. National Radiological Protection Board (NRBP). Review of the scientific evidence for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (0-300 GHz). Documents of NRPB [monograph on the Internet]. 2004 [cited 2011 Feb 15].; 15(3) Available at: National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon: NRPB Web site: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947383619        [ Links ]

7. World Health Organization. 2006 WHO Research Agenda for Radio Frequency Fields, [homepage on the Internet]. 2006 [cited 2011 Feb 15]. Available at: World Health Organization, Web site: http://www.who.int/peh-emf/research/rf_research_agenda_2006.pdf        [ Links ]

8. Straume A, Oftedal G, Johnsson A: Skin temperature increase caused by a mobile phone: a methodological infrared camera study. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005; 26: 510-9.         [ Links ]

9. Yan JG, Agresti M, Bruce T, Yan YH, Granlund A, Matloub HS: Effects of cellular phone emissions on sperm motility in rats. Fertil Steril. 2007; 88: 957-64.         [ Links ]

10. Friedman J, Kraus S, Hauptman Y, Schiff Y, Seger R: Mechanism of short-term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies. Biochem J. 2007; 405: 559-68.         [ Links ]

11. Leszczynski D, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R: Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation. 2002; 70: 120-9.         [ Links ]

12. D'Costa H, Trueman G, Tang L, Abdel-rahman U, Abdel-rahman W, Ong K, et al.: Human brain wave activity during exposure to radiofrequency field emissions from mobile phones. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2003; 26: 162-7.         [ Links ]

13. Kramarenko AV, Tan U: Effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human EEG: a brain mapping study. Int J Neurosci. 2003; 113: 1007-19.         [ Links ]

14. Oftedal G, Wilén J, Sandström M, Mild KH: Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use. Occup Med (Lond). 2000; 50: 237-45.         [ Links ]

15. Braune S, Wrocklage C, Raczek J, Gailus T, Lücking CH: Resting blood pressure increase during exposure to a radio-frequency electromagnetic field. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1857-8. [ Links ]

16. Röösli M, Michel G, Kuehni CE, Spoerri A: Cellular telephone use and time trends in brain tumour mortality in Switzerland from 1969 to 2002. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007; 16: 77-82. [ Links ]

17. Dunson DB, Baird DD, Colombo B: Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 103: 51-6.         [ Links ]

18. Fejes I, Závaczki Z, Szöllosi J, Koloszár S, Daru J, Kovács L, et al.: Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality? Arch Androl. 2005; 51: 385-93.         [ Links ]

19. Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L, Wiktor H: Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007; 14: 169-72.         [ Links ]

20. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, et al.: Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009; 92: 1318-25.         [ Links ]

21. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ: Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e6446.         [ Links ]

22. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J: Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008; 89: 124-8.         [ Links ]

23. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J: Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48: 987-92.         [ Links ]

24. Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO: Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int J Androl. 2010; 33: 88-94.         [ Links ]

25. Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV: Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int J Androl. 2005; 28: 171-9.         [ Links ]

26. Dasdag S, Zulkuf Akdag M, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Mutlu Dasdag M, et al.: Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003; 24: 182-8.         [ Links ]

27. Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A: Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009; 7: 114.         [ Links ]

28. Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, et al.: Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urol Res. 1999; 27: 219-23.         [ Links ]

29. Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, et al.: Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med J. 2005; 26: 405-10.         [ Links ]

30. Saunders RD, Kowalczuk CI: Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation and heat on mouse spermatogenic epithelium. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1981; 40: 623-32. [ Links ]

31. Khillare B, Behari J: Effect of Amplitude-Modulated Radiofrequency Radiation on Reproduction Pattern in Rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 1998; 17: 43-55.         [ Links ]

32. Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L: Effects of subchronic exposure to radio frequency from a conventional cellular telephone on testicular function in adult rats. J Urol. 2007; 177: 395-9.         [ Links ]

33. Forgács Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, et al.: Effect of whole-body 1800MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on testicular steroidogenesis and histology in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2006; 22: 111-7.         [ Links ]

34. Forgács Z, Kubinyi G, Sinay G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, et al.: Effects of 1800 MHz GSM-like exposure on the gonadal function and hematological parameters of male mice. Magy Onkol. 2005; 49: 149-51.         [ Links ]

35. Kandeel FR, Swerdloff RS: Role of temperature in regulation of spermatogenesis and the use of heating as a method for contraception. Fertil Steril. 1988; 49: 1-23.         [ Links ]

36. Jung A, Schill WB: Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschr Med. 2000; 142: 31-3.         [ Links ]

37. Varma MM, Traboulay EA Jr.: Biological effects of microwave radiation on the testes of Swiss mice. Experientia. 1975; 31: 301-2.         [ Links ]

38. Kowalczuk CI, Saunders RD, Stapleton HR: Sperm count and sperm abnormality in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Mutat Res. 1983; 122: 155-61. [ Links ]

39. Anderson V, Rowley J: Measurements of skin surface temperature during mobile phone use. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007; 28: 159-62.         [ Links ]

40. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J: Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Wave Exposure from Cellular Phones on the Reproductive Pattern in Male Wistar Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011; 15. [Epub ahead of print]         [ Links ]

41. Agarwal A, Makker K, Sharma R: Clinical relevance of oxidative stress in male factor infertility: an update. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008; 59: 2-11.         [ Links ]

42. Aitken RJ, Buckingham D, Harkiss D: Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil. 1993; 97: 441-50.         [ Links ]

43. Shen HM, Chia SE, Ong CN: Evaluation of oxidative DNA damage in human sperm and its association with male infertility. J Androl. 1999; 20: 718-23.         [ Links ]

44. Agarwal A, Saleh RA, Bedaiwy MA: Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2003; 79: 829-43        [ Links ]

45. Aitken RJ, Baker MA: Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006; 250: 66-9.         [ Links ]

46. Jones R, Mann T, Sherins R: Peroxidative breakdown of phospholipids in human spermatozoa, spermicidal properties of fatty acid peroxides, and protective action of seminal plasma. Fertil Steril. 1979; 31: 531-7.         [ Links ]

47. Grundler W, Kaiser F, Keilmann F, Walleczek J: Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften. 1992; 79: 551-9.         [ Links ]

48. Guney M, Ozguner F, Oral B, Karahan N, Mungan T: 900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C. Toxicol Ind Health. 2007; 23: 411-20.         [ Links ]

49. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H, Koyu A, Uz E: Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36: 350-5. [ Links ]

50. Ozguner F, Bardak Y, Comlekci S: Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006; 282: 83-8.         [ Links ]

51. Balci M, Devrim E, Durak I: Effects of mobile phones on oxidant/antioxidant balance in cornea and lens of rats. Curr Eye Res. 2007; 32: 21-5.         [ Links ]

52. Meral I, Mert H, Mert N, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, et al.: Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res. 2007; 1169: 120-4.         [ Links ]

53. Koppers AJ, De Iuliis GN, Finnie JM, McLaughlin EA, Aitken RJ: Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93: 3199-207.         [ Links ]

54. Falzone N, Huyser C, Franken DR, Leszczynski D: Mobile phone radiation does not induce pro-apoptosis effects in human spermatozoa. Radiat Res. 2010; 174: 169-76.         [ Links ]

55. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J: Influence of microwave exposure on fertility of male rats. Fertil Steril. 2011; 95: 1500-2.         [ Links ]

56. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J: Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats following microwave exposure. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48: 586-92.         [ Links ]

57. Moustafa YM, Moustafa RM, Belacy A, Abou-El-Ela SH, Ali FM: Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2001; 26: 605-8.         [ Links ]

58. Oral B, Guney M, Ozguner F, Karahan N, Mungan T, Comlekci S, et al.: Endometrial apoptosis induced by a 900-MHz mobile phone: preventive effects of vitamins E and C. Adv Ther. 2006; 23: 957-73.         [ Links ]

59. Alvarez JG, Touchstone JC, Blasco L, Storey BT: Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity. J Androl. 1987; 8: 338-48. [ Links ]

60. Burch JB, Reif JS, Noonan CW, Ichinose T, Bachand AM, Koleber TL, et al.: Melatonin metabolite excretion among cellular telephone users. Int J Radiat Biol. 2002; 78: 1029-36. [ Links ]

61. Gavella M, Lipovac V: Antioxidative effect of melatonin on human spermatozoa. Arch Androl. 2000; 44: 23-7.         [ Links ]

62. Ha BY: Stabilization and destabilization of cell membranes by multivalent ions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2001; 64: 051902.         [ Links ]

63. Lew VL, Hockaday A, Freeman CJ, Bookchin RM: Mechanism of spontaneous inside-out vesiculation of red cell membranes. J Cell Biol. 1988; 106: 1893-901.         [ Links ]

64. Steck TL, Weinstein RS, Straus JH, Wallach DF: Inside-out red cell membrane vesicles: preparation and purification. Science. 1970; 168: 255-7.         [ Links ]

65. Bawin SM, Kaczmarek LK, Adey WR: Effects of modulated VHF fields on the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975; 247: 74-81.         [ Links ]

66. Blackman CF, Benane SG, House DE, Elliott DJ: Importance of alignment between local DC magnetic field and an oscillating magnetic field in responses of brain tissue in vitro and in vivo. Bioelectromagnetics. 1990; 11: 159-67.         [ Links ]

67. Blackman CF, Benane SG, Kinney LS, Joines WT, House DE: Effects of ELF fields on calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro. Radiat Res. 1982; 92: 510-20.         [ Links ]

68. Goldsworthy A: The Biological Effects of Weak Electromagnetic Fields. [Homepage on the Internet]. 2007 [cited 2011 Feb 11]. Available from: Web site: http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/goldsworthy_bio_weak_em_07.pdf        [ Links ]

69. Prien SD, Lox CD, Messer RH, DeLeon FD: Seminal concentssrations of total and ionized calcium from men with normal and decreased motility. Fertil Steril. 1990; 54: 171-2. [ Links ]

70. Hong CY, Chiang BN, Turner P: Calcium ion is the key regulator of human sperm function. Lancet. 1984; 2: 1449-51.         [ Links ]

71. Kiliç S, Sarica K, Yaman O, Soygür T, Gögüs O, Yaman LS: Effect of total and ionized calcium levels of seminal fluid on sperm motility. Urol Int. 1996; 56: 215-8.         [ Links ]

72. Alavi SM, Cosson J: Sperm motility in fishes. (II) Effects of ions and osmolality: a review. Cell Biol Int. 2006; 30: 1-14.         [ Links ]

73. Larsson C: New insights into PKC family affairs: three novel phosphorylation sites in PKCepsilon and at least one is regulated by PKCalpha. Biochem J. 2008; 411: e15-6. [ Links ]

74. Kimura K, Katoh N, Sakurada K, Kubo S: Phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase system in testis: localization and endogenous substrates. Endocrinology. 1984; 115: 2391-9.         [ Links ]

75. Naor Z, Breitbart H: Protein kinase C and mammalian spermatozoa acrosome reaction. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 8: 337-42.         [ Links ]

76. Nishizuka Y: Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science. 1986; 233: 305-12. [ Links ]

77. Nikula H, Naor Z, Parvinen M, Huhtaniemi I: Distribution and activation of protein kinase C in the rat testis tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1987; 49: 39-49.         [ Links ]

78. Rotem R, Paz GF, Homonnai ZT, Kalina M, Naor Z: Further studies on the involvement of protein kinase C in human sperm flagellar motility. Endocrinology. 1990; 127: 2571-7. [ Links ]

79. Rotem R, Paz GF, Homonnai ZT, Kalina M, Naor Z: Protein kinase C is present in human sperm: possible role in flagellar motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 7305-8. [ Links ]

80. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J: Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008; 89: 124-8.         [ Links ]

81. Blank M, Goodman R: Electromagnetic fields may act directly on DNA. J Cell Biochem. 1999; 75: 369-74.         [ Links ]

82. Dunphy WG, Brizuela L, Beach D, Newport J: The Xenopus cdc2 protein is a component of MPF, a cytoplasmic regulator of mitosis. Cell. 1988; 54: 423-31.         [ Links ]

83. Gautier J, Norbury C, Lohka M, Nurse P, Maller J: Purified maturation-promoting factor contains the product of a Xenopus homolog of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2+. Cell. 1988; 54: 433-9.         [ Links ]

84. Moon K, Shin HJ, Ahn H, Kim J, Shin S, Yun S, et al.: Long-Term Exposure of Rats to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field: Effects on Reproductive Function, in: Magjarevic R, Nagel JH (editors): World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, IFMBE Proceedings 2006, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 14(4): 2767-9.         [ Links ]

85. Kesari KKB: J. Effects of microwave at 2.45 GHz radiations on reproductive system of male rats. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2010; 92: 1135-47.         [ Links ]

86. Kesari KK, Behari J: Microwave exposure affecting reproductive system in male rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 162: 416-28.         [ Links ]

87. Cayli S, Sakkas D, Vigue L, Demir R, Huszar G: Cellular maturity and apoptosis in human sperm: creatine kinase, caspase-3 and Bcl-XL levels in mature and diminished maturity sperm. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004; 10: 365-72.         [ Links ]

88. Ceruti S, Beltrami E, Matarrese P, Mazzola A, Cattabeni F, Malorni W, et al.: A key role for caspase-2 and caspase-3 in the apoptosis induced by 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-adenosine (cladribine) and 2-chloro-adenosine in human astrocytoma cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2003; 63: 1437-47.         [ Links ]

89. Riedl SJ, Shi Y: Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 5: 897-907.         [ Links ]

90. Pommier Y, Sordet O, Antony S, Hayward RL, Kohn KW: Apoptosis defects and chemotherapy resistance: molecular interaction maps and networks. Oncogene. 2004; 23: 2934-49.         [ Links ]

91. Spierings D, McStay G, Saleh M, Bender C, Chipuk J, Maurer U, et al.: Connected to death: the (unexpurgated) mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Science. 2005; 310: 66-7. [ Links ]

92. Lee JS, Ahn SS, Jung KC, Kim YW, Lee SK: Effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on testicular germ cell apoptosis in mice. Asian J Androl. 2004; 6: 29-34.         [ Links ]

93. Leszczynski D, Nylund R, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J: Applicability of discovery science approach to determine biological effects of mobile phone radiation. Proteomics. 2004; 4: 426-31.         [ Links ]

94. Lai H, Singh NP: Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996; 69: 513-21. [ Links ]

95. Garaj-Vrhovac V, Horvat D, Koren Z: The effect of microwave radiation on the cell genome. Mutat Res. 1990; 243: 87-93.         [ Links ]

96. Maes A, Verschaeve L, Arroyo A, De Wagter C, Vercruyssen L: In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2450 MHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics. 1993; 14: 495-501.         [ Links ]

97. Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J: Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis. Mutat Res. 1994; 320: 141-7.         [ Links ]

98. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxström-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, H Sommer W, et al.: Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006; 27: 295-306.         [ Links ]

99. Criswell KA, Krishna G, Zielinski D, Urda GA, Theiss JC, Juneau P, et al.: Use of acridine orange in: flow cytometric assessment of micronuclei induction. Mutat Res. 1998; 414: 63-75.         [ Links ]

100.Gollapudi BB, McFadden LG: Sample size for the estimation of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio in the bone marrow micronucleus test. Mutat Res. 1995; 347: 97-9.         [ Links ]

101.Wang SM, Wang DW, Peng RY, Gao YB, Yang Y, Hu WH, et al.: Effect of electromagnetic pulse irradiation on structure and function of Leydig cells in mice. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2003; 9: 327-30.         [ Links ]

102. Zhou W, Wang XB, Yang JQ, Liu Y, Zhang GB: Influence of electromagnetic irradiation on P450scc mRNA expression in rat testis tissues and protective effect of the shield. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2005; 11: 269-71.         [ Links ]

103.Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S: The mobile phone decreases fructose but not citrate in rabbit semen: a longitudinal study. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2009; 55: 181-7. [ Links ]

104.de Seze R, Fabbro-Peray P, Miro L: GSM radiocellular telephones do not disturb the secretion of antepituitary hormones in humans. Bioelectromagnetics. 1998; 19: 271-8. [ Links ]

105.Djeridane Y, Touitou Y, de Seze R: Influence of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM-900 cellular telephones on the circadian patterns of gonadal, adrenal and pituitary hormones in men. Radiat Res. 2008; 169: 337-43.         [ Links ]

106.Bortkiewicz A: A study on the biological effects of exposure mobile-phone frequency EMF. Med Pr. 2001; 52: 101-6.         [ Links ]

107.Fang HH, Zeng GY, Nie Q, Kang JB, Ren DQ, Zhou JX, et al.: Effects on structure and secretion of pituitary gland in rats after electromagnetic pulse exposure. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010; 90: 3231-4.         [ Links ]

108.Mouradi RD, Nisarg; Erdemir, Ahmet; Agarwal, Ashok: The Use of FDTD in establishing In-vitro experimentation conditions representative of lifelike cell phone radiation on the spermatozoa. 2011 (Unpublished observation).         [ Links ]

109.Administration USFaD. Cell Phones: Radiation-Emitting Products. Research. 2010; Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/default.htm        [ Links ]

110.Lee NG, Kent. Cell phone radiation levels.  2010; Available from: http://reviews.cnet.com/cell-phone-radiation-levels/?tag=rb_content%3brb_mtx        [ Links ]

111.Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J: Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48: 987-92.         [ Links ]

112.De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ: Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e6446.         [ Links ]

113.Yan JG, Agresti M, Bruce T, Yan YH, Granlund A, Matloub HS: Effects of cellular phone emissions on sperm motility in rats. Fertil Steril. 2007; 88: 957-64.         [ Links ]

114.Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al.: Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: an in vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006; 37: 840-3.         [ Links ]

115.Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A: Cell phones: modern man's nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online. 2009; 18: 148-57.         [ Links ]

Zang, Z. , Gao, Y. , Huang, S. , Ji, S. , Jiang, M. and Shu, J. (2017) Effects of

Cellphone Radiation on Sperm Quality and the Expression of StAR in the Testis of

C57BL/6 Mice. Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, 5, 79-87.

doi: 10.4236/odem.2017.54008.

References

[1] Agarwal, A., Singh, A., Hamada, A. and Kesari, K. (2011) Cell Phones and Male Infertility: A Review of Recent Innovations in Technology and Consequences.

International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 37, 432-454.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002

[2] Braune, S., Wrocklage, C., Raczek, J., Gailus, T. and Lücking, C.H. (1998) Resting Blood Pressure Increase during Exposure to a Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field. Lancet, 351, 1857-1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24025-6

[3] Oftedal, G., Wilén, J., Sandstrom, M. and Mild, K.H. (2000) Symptoms Experienced in Connection with Mobile Phone Use. Occupational Medicine, 50, 237-245.https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.4.237

[4] Huber, R., Graf, T., Cote, K.A., et al. (2000) Exposure to Pulsed High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field during Waking Affects Human Sleep EEG. Neuroreport, 11, 3321-3325. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200010200-00012

[5] Kesari, K.K. and Behari, J. (2010) Microwave Exposure Affecting Reproductive System in Male Rats. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 162, 416-428.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8722-9

[6] Mailankot, M., Kunnath, A.P., Jayalekshmi, H., Koduru, B. and Valsalan, R. (2009) Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 64, 561-565. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011

[7] Zang, Z., Ji, S., Huang, S., Jiang, M. and Fang, Y. (2016) Impact of Cellphone Radiation on Sexual Behavior and Serum Concentration of Testosterone and LH in Male Mice. Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, No. 4, 56-62.https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2016.43007

[8] Kim, E.D., Crosnoe, L., Bar-Chama, N., Khera, M. and Lipshultz, L. (2013) The Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men of Reproductive Age. Fertility and Sterility, 99, 718-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.052

[9] Trosic, I., Pavicic, I., Milkovic-Kraus, S., Mladinic, M. and Zeljezic, D. (2011) Effect of Electromagnetic Radiofrequency Radiation on the Rats’ Brain, Liver and Kidney Cells Measured by Comet Assay. Collegium Antropologicum, 35, 1259-1264.

[10] Bouji, M., Lecomte, A., Hode, Y., de Seze, R. and Villégier, A.S. (2012) Effects of 900 MHz Radiofrequency on Corticosterone, Emotional Memory and Neuroinflammation in Middle-Aged Rats. Experimental Gerontology, 47, 444-451.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.015

[11] Yan, J.G., Agresti, M., Bruce, T., Yan, Y.H., Granlund, A. and Matloub, H.S. (2007) Effects of Cellular Phone Emissions on Sperm Motility in Rats. Fertility and Sterility, 88, 957-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.022

[12] Challis, L.J. (2005) Mechanisms for Interaction between RF Fields and Biological Tissue. Bioelectromagnetics, 7, S98-S106. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20119

[13] La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., Vicari, E., D’Agata, R. and Calogero, A.E. (2012) Effects of the Exposure to Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Andrology, 33, 350-356.

https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.111.014373 [14] Dasdag, S., Ketani, M.A., Akdag, Z., et al. (1999) Whole-Body Microwave Exposure

Emitted by Cellular Phones and Testicular Function of Rats. Urological Research, 27, 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002400050113

[15] Agarwal, A., Deepinder, F., Sharma, R.K., Ranga, G. and Li, J. (2008) Effect of Cell Phone Usage on Semen Analysis in Men Attending Infertility Clinic: An Observational Study. Fertility and Sterility, 89, 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.166

[16] De Iuliis, G.N., Newey, R.J., King, B.V. and Aitken, R.J. (2009) Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One, 4, e6446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006446

Ledoigt, G. and Belpomme, D. (2013) Cancer induction pathways and HF-EMF

irradiation. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 3, 177-186. doi:

10.4236/abc.2013.32023.

References

[1] Roux, D., Vian, A., Girard, S., Bonnet, P., Paladian, F., Davies, E. and Ledoigt, G. (2006) Electromagnetic fields (900 MHz) evoke consistent molecular responses in tomato plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 128, 283-288. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00740.x

[2] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Soderqvist, F., Mild, K.H. and Morgan, L.L. (2007) Longterm use of cellular phones and brain tumors: Increased risk associated with use for ≥10 years. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64, 626-632. doi:10.1136/oem.2006.029751

[3] Mousavy, S.J., Riazi, G.H., Kamarei, M., Aliakbarian, H., Sattarahmady, N., Sharifizadeh, A., Safarian, S., Ahmad, F. and Moosavi-Movahedi, A.A. (2009) Effects of mobile phone radiofrequency on the structure and function of the normal Human Hemoglobin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 44, 278-285. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.01.001

[4] Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P., Hardell, L., Clapp, R., Montagnier, L., Epstein, S. and Sasco, A.J. (2007) The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environmental Research, 105, 414-429. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.07.002

[5] McCarrey, J.R. (2012) The epigenome as a target for heritable environmental disruptions of cellular function. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 354, 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.014

[6] Hardell, L. and Sage, C. (2008) Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 62, 104-109. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004

[7] Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Sica, A. and Balkwill, F. (2008) Cancer-related

inflammation. Nature, 454, 436444. doi:10.1038/nature07205 [8] Bollrath, J. and Greten, F.R. (2009) IKK/NF and STAT3 pathways: Central signalling

hubs in inflammation-mediated tumour promotion and metastasis. EMBO Report, 10, 1314-1319. doi:10.1038/embor.2009.243

[9] Hernandez, M., Martin, R., Garcia-Cubillas, M.D., Maeso-Hernandez, P. and Nieto, M.L. (2010) Secreted PLA2 induces proliferation in astrocytoma through the EGF receptor: Another inflammation-cancer link. Neuro-Oncology, 12, 1014-1023. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noq078

[10] Kandulski, A. and Malfertheiner, P. (2012) Gastroesophageal reflux disease—From reflux episodes to mucosal inflammation. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 9, 15-22.

[11] Milham, S. (2009) Most cancer in firefighters is due to radio-frequency radiation exposure not inhaled carcinogens. Medical Hypotheses, 73, 788-789. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.020

[12] Schoemaker, M.J., Swerdlow, A.J., Ahlbom, A., Auvinen, A., Blaasaas, K.G., Cardis, E., Christensen, H.C., Hepworth, S.J., Feychting, M., Johansen, C., Klaeboe, L., Lönn, S., McKinney, P.A., Muir, K., Raitanen, J., Salminen, T., Thomsen, J. and Tynes, T. (2005) Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. British Journal of Cancer, 93, 842-848. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602764

[13] Lahkola, A., Salminen, T. and Auvinen, A. (2005) Selection bias due to differential participation in a case-control study of mobile phone use and brain tumors. Annals of Epidemiology, 15, 321-325. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.009

[14] Sadetzki, S., Chetrit, A., Jarus-Hakak, A., Cardis, E., Deutch, Y., Duvdevani, S., Zultan, A., Novikov, I., Freedman, L. and Wolf, M. (2008) Cellphone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors—A nationwide case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167, 457-467. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm325

[15] Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P. and Hardell, L. (2008) Electromagnetic fields as cancer-causing agents. Environmental Research, 107, 289-290. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.017

[16] Lai, H. and Singh, N.P. (2004) Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand break in brain cells of the rat. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 687-694. doi:10.1289/ehp.6355

[17] Tkalec, M., Malaric, K. and Pevalek-Kozlina, B. (2005) Influence of 400, 900, and 1900 MHz electromagnetic fields on Lemna minor growth and peroxidase activity. Bioelectromagnetics, 26, 185-193. doi:10.1002/bem.20104

[18] Roux, D., Vian, A., Girard, S., Bonnet, P., Paladian, F., Davies, E. and Ledoigt G. (2008) High frequency (900 MHz) low amplitude (5 V·m-1) electromagnetic field: A genuine environmental stimulus that affects transcription, translation, calcium and energy charge in tomato. Planta, 227, 883-891. doi:10.1007/s00425-007-0664-2

[19] Lantow, M., Lupke, M., Frahm, J., Mattsson, M.O., Kuster, N. and Simko, M. (2006) ROS release and Hsp70 expression after exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in primary human monocytes and lymphocytes. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 45, 55-62. doi:10.1007/s00411-006-0038-3

[20] Czyz, J., Guan, K., Zeng, Q., Nikolova, T., Meister, A., Schönborn, F., Schuderer, J., Kuster, N. and Wobus, A.M. (2004) High frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53-deficient embryonic stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 25, 296-307. doi:10.1002/bem.10199

[21] Chauhan, V., Mariampillai, A., Bellier, P.V., Qutob, S.S., Gajda, G.B., Lemay, E., Thansandote, A. and McNamee, J.P. (2006) Gene expression analysis of a human lymphoblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Radiation Research, 165, 424-429. doi:10.1667/RR3531.1

[22] Nylund, R. and Leszczynski, D. (2006) Mobile phone radiation causes changes in gene and protein expression in human endothelial cell lines and the response seems to be genomeand proteome-dependent. Proteomics, 6, 47694780. doi:10.1002/pmic.200600076

[23] Remondini, D., Nylund, R., Reivinen, J., Poulletier de Gannes, F., Veyret, B., Lagroye, I., Haro, E., Trillo, M.A., Capri, M., Franceschi, C., Schlatterer, K., Gminski, R., Fitzner, R., Tauber, R., Schuderer, J., Kuster, N., Leszczynski, D., Bersani, F. and Maercker, C. (2006) Gene expression changes in human cells after exposure to mobile phone microwaves. Proteomics, 6, 4745-4754. doi:10.1002/pmic.200500896

[24] Nylund, R., Kuster, N. and Leszczynski, D. (2010) Analysis of proteome response to the mobile phone radiation in two types of human primary endothelial cells. Proteome Science, 18, 8-52.

[25] Karinen, A., Heinävaara, S., Nylund, R. and Leszczynski, D. (2008) Mobile phone radiation might alter protein expression in humanb skin. BMC Genomics, 9, 77 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-77

[26] Paulraj, R. and Behari, J. (2006) Single strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells exposed to microwave radiation. Mutation Research, 596, 76-80. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.12.006

[27] Paulraj, R. and Behari, J. (2004) Radiofrequency radiation effect on protein kinase C activity in rats brain. Mutation Research, 585, 127-131. doi:10.1016/S0027-5107(03)00113-1

[28] Kesari, K. K., and Behari, J. (2010) Effect of microwave at 2.45 GHz radiations on reproductive system of male rats. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 92, 1135-1147. doi:10.1080/02772240903233637

[29] Tkalec, M., Malaric, K., Pavlica, M., Pevalek-Kozlina, B. and Vidakovic-Cifreka, Z. (2009) Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on seed germination and root meristematic cells of Allium cepa L.. Mutation Research, 672, 76-81. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.022

[30] Ballardin, M., Tusa, I., Fontana, N., Monorchio, A., Pelletti, C., Rogovich, A., Barale, R. and Scarpatoa, R. (2011) Non-thermal effects of 2.45 GHz microwaves on spindle assembly, mitotic cells and viability of Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Mutation Research, 716, 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.009

[31] Ortner, M.J., Galvin, M.J. and Irwin, R.D. (1983) The effect of 2450MHz microwave radiation during microtubular polymerization in vitro. Radiation Research, 93, 353-363. doi:10.2307/3575991

[32] Schrader, T., Munter, K., Kleine-Ostmann, T. and Schmid, E. (2008) Spindle disturbances in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells induced by mobile communication frequency range signals. Bioelectromagnetics, 29, 626-639. doi:10.1002/bem.20428

[33] Vander Vorst, A., Rosen, A. and Kotsuka, Y. (2006) RF/Microwave interaction with biological tissues IEEE press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken.

[34] Blank, M. and Soo, L. (2001) Electromagnetic acceleration of electron transfer reactions. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 81, 278-283. doi:10.1002/1097-4644(20010501)81:2<278::AID-JCB1042>3.0.CO;2-F

[35] Blank, M. (2008) Protein and DNA reactions stimulated by electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 27, 3-23. doi:10.1080/15368370701878820

[36] Levin, M. (2003) Bioelectromagnetics in morphogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 295-315. doi:10.1002/bem.10104

[37] Lacy-Hulbert, A., Metcalfe, J.C. and Hesketh, R. (1998) Biological responses to electromagnetic fields. The FASEB Journal, 12, 395-420.

[38] Challis, L. (2005) Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue. Bioelectromagnetics, 7, S98-S106. doi:10.1002/bem.20119

[39] Panagopoulos, D.J., Messini, N., Karabarbounis, A., Philippetis, A.L. and Margaritis, L.H. (2000) A Mechanism for Action of Oscillating Electric Fields on Cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 272, 634-640. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2746

[40] Irigaray, P. and Belpomme, D. (2010) Basic properties and molecular mechanisms of exogenous chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis, 31, 135-148. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp252

[41] Storz, P. (2005) Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression. Frontiers in Bioscience, 10, 1881-1896. doi:10.2741/1667

[42] Schmidt, K.N., Amstad, P., Cerutti, P. and Baeuerle, P.A. (1995) The roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide as messengers in the activation of transcription factor NFkappa B. Chemistry & Biology, 2, 13-22. doi:10.1016/1074-5521(95)90076-4

[43] Guijarro, M.V., Leal, J.F.M., Blanco-Aparicio, C., Alonso, S., Fominaya, J., Lleonart, M., Castellvi, J., Ramon y Cajal, S. and Carnero, A. (2007) MAP17 enhances the malignant behavior of tumor cells through ROS increase. Carcinogenesis, 28, 2096-2104. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm124

[44] WiIttgen, H.G. and Van Kempen, L.C. (2007) Reactive oxygen species in melanoma and its therapeutic implications. Melanoma Research, 17, 400-409. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e3282f1d312

[45] Valko, M., Rhodes, C.J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M. and Mazur, M. (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 160, 1-40. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009

[46] Giannoni, E., Fiaschi, T., Ramponi, G. and Chiarugi, P. (2009) Redox regulation of anoikis resistance of metastatic prostate cancer cells: Key role for Src and EGFRmediated pro-survival signals. Oncogene, 28, 2074-2086. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.77

[47] Thornber, K., Colomba, A., Ceccato, L., Delsol, G., Payrastre, B. and Gaits-Iacovoni, F. (2009) Reactive oxygen species and lipoxygenases regulate the oncogenicity of NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large lymphomas. Oncogene, 28, 2690-2696. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.125

[48] Finkel, T. (1998) Oxygen radicals and signaling. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 10, 248-253. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80147-6

[49] Bae, G.U., Kim, Y.K., Kwon, H.K., Park, J.W., Lee, E.K., Paek, S.J., Choi, W.S., Jung, I.D., Lee, H.Y., Cho, E.J., Lee, H.W. and Han, J.W. (2004) Hydrogen peroxide mediates Rac1 activation of S6K1. Experimental Cell Research, 300, 476-484. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.07.013

[50] Abe, J., Okuda, M., Huang, Q., Yoshizumi, M. and Berk, B.C. (2000) Reactive oxygen species activate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase via Fyn and Ras. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 1739-1748. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.3.1739

[51] Liu, J., Qu, W. and Kadiiska, M.B. (2009) Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity

and carcinogenesis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 238, 209-214. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.029

[52] Zhou, B.B., Zhang, H., Damelin, M., Geles, K.G., Grindley, J.C. and Dirks, P.B. (2009) Tumour-initiating cells: Challenges and opportunities for anticancer drug discovery. Nature Reviews, 8, 806-823. doi:10.1038/nrd2137

[53] Yeh, C.C., Hou, M.F., Tsai, S.M., Lin, S.K., Hsiao, J.K., Huang, J.C., Wang, L.H., Zsebik, S.B., Citri, A., Isola, J., Yarden, Y., Szollosi, J. and Vereb, G. (2006) Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG reduces ErbB2 levels and inhibits proliferation of the trastuzumab resistant breast tumor cell line JIMT-1. Immunology Letters, 104, 146-155. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.018

[54] Hortobagyi, G.N.S.S. and Strom, E.A. (2000) Treatment of locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. In: Harris, J.R.M.M. and Osbourne, C.K., Eds., Diseases of the breast, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 645-660.

[55] Moasser, M.M. (2007) The oncogene HER2: Its signaling and transforming functions and its human role in pathogenesis. Oncogene, 26, 6469-6487. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210477

[56] Parton, M., Dowsett, M., Ashley, S., Hills, M., Lowe, F. and Smith, I.E. (2004) High incidence of HER-2 positivity in inflammatory breast cancer. The Breast, 13, 97-103. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.08.004

[57] Weisbrot, D., Lin, H., Ye, L., Blank, M. and Goodman, R. (2003) Effects of mobile phone radiation on reproduction and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 89, 48-55. doi:10.1002/jcb.10480

[58] Friedman, J., Kraus, S., Hauptman, Y., Schiff, Y. and Seger, R. (2007) Mechanism of short-term ERK activetion by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequentcies. Biochemical Journal, 405, 559-568. doi:10.1042/BJ20061653

[59] Yoon, S. and Seger, R. (2006) The extracellular signalregulated kinase: Multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions. Growth Factors, 24, 21-44. doi:10.1080/02699050500284218

[60] Leszczynski, D., Nylund, R., Joevaara, S. and Reivinen, J. (2004) Applicability of discovery science approach to determine biological effects of mobile phone radiation. Proteonomics, 4, 426-431. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300646

[61] Rao, S. and Henderson, A.S. (1996) Regulation of c-fos is affected by electromagnetic fields. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 63, 358-365. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19961201)63:3<358::AID-JCB11>3.0.CO;2-D

[62] Blank, M. and Goodman, R. (2009) Electromagnetic fields stress living cells. Pathophysiology, 16, 71-78. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.006

[63] Chen, F., Castranova, V. and Shi, X. (2001) New insights into the role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cell growth regulation. American Journal of Pathology, 159, 387-397. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61708-7

[64] Bahassi el, M., Karyala, S., Tomlinson, C.R., Sartorm, M.A., Medvedovic, M. and Hennigan, R.F. (2004) Critical regulation of genes for tumor cell migration by AP-1. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis, 21, 293-304. doi:10.1023/B:CLIN.0000046132.46946.dd

[65] Meylan, E., Dooley, A.L., Feldser, D.M., Shen, L., Turk, E., Ouyang, C. and Jacks, T. (2009) Requirement for NF-κB signalling in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. Nature, 462, 104-107. doi:10.1038/nature08462

[66] Nakshatri, H., Bhat-Nakshatri, P., Martin, D.A., Goulet Jr, R.J. and Sledge Jr, G.W.

(1997) Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB diring progression of breast cancer to hormone-independent growth. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 3629-3639.

[67] Sliva, D., Rizzo, M.T. and English, D. (2002) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and NF-kappaB regulate motility of invasive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 3150-3157. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109579200

[68] Knight, J.A. (2000) Free radicals, antoxidants, and the immune system. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 30, 145-158.

[69] Greten, T.F., Korangy, F., Manns, M.P. and Malek, N.P. (2009) Molecular therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer, 100, 19-23. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604784

[70] Ma, X., Becker Buscaglia, L.E., Barker, J.R. and Li,Y. (2011) MicroRNAs in NF-kB signaling. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, 3, 159-166. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjr007

[71] Cogswell, P.C., Guttridge, D.C., Funkhouser, W.K. and Baldwin Jr, A.S. (2000) Selective activation of NF kappa B subunits in human breast cancer: Potential roles for NF-kappa B2/p52 and for Bcl-3. Oncogene, 19, 11231131. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203412

[72] Cao, Y. and Karin, M. (2003) NF-kappaB in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 8, 215-223. doi:10.1023/A:1025905008934

[73] Biswas, D.K., Shi, Q., Baily, S., Strickland, I., Ghosh, S., Pardee, A.B. and Iglehard, J.D. (2004) NF-kappa B activation in human breast cancer specimens and its role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 10137-10142. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403621101

[74] Huber, M.A., Azoitei, N., Baumann, B., Grunert, S., Sommer, A., Pehamberger, H., Kraut, N., Beug, H. and Wirth, T. (2004) NF-kappaB is essential for epithelialmesenchymal transition and metastasis in a model of breast cancer progression. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114, 569-581.

[75] Pikarsky, E., Porat, R.M., Stein, I., Abramovitch, R., Amit, S., Kasem, S., Gutkovich-Pyest, E., Urieli-Shoval, S., Galun, E. and Ben-Neriah, Y. (2004) NF-kappaB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature, 431, 461-466. doi:10.1038/nature02924

[76] Lerebours, F., Vacher, S., Andrieu, C., Espie, M., Marty, M., Lidereau, R. and Bieche, I. (2008) NF-kappa B genes have a major role in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. BMC Cancer, 8, 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-8-41

[77] Bertucci, F., Finetti, P., Rougemont, J., Charafe-Jauffret, E., Nasser, V., Loriod, B., Camerlo, J., Tagett, R., Tarpin, C., Houvenaeghel, G., Jacquemier, J., Houlgatte, R., Birnbaum, D. and Viens, P. (2004) Gene expression profiling for molecular characterization of inflammatory breast cancer and prediction of response to chemotherapy. Cancer Research, 64, 8558-8565. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2696

[78] Van Laere, S., Van der Auwera, I., Van den Eynden, G.G., Fox, S.B., Bianchi, F., Harris, A.L., van Dam, P., Van Marck, E.A., Vermeulen, P.B. and Dirix, L.Y. (2005) Distinct molecular signature of inflammatory breast cancer by cDNA microarray analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 93, 237-246. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-5157-z

[79] Baldwin Jr, A.S. (1996) The NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annual Review of Immunology, 14, 649-683. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.649

[80] Chaturvedi, M.M., Sung, B., Yadav, V.R., Kannappan R. and Aggarwal B.B. (2011) NF-kB addiction and its role in cancer: ‘One size does not fit all’. Oncogene, 30, 16151630. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.566

[81] Irmak, M.K., Fadillioglu, E., Gulec, M., Erdogan, H., Yagmurca, M. and Akyol, O. (2002) Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 20, 279-283. doi:10.1002/cbf.976

[82] Zmyslony, M., Politanski, P., Rajkowska, E., Szymczak, W. and Jajte, J. (2004) Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron ions. Bioelectromagnetics, 25, 324-328. doi:10.1002/bem.10191

[83] Markovà, E., Malmgren, L.O.G. and Belyaev, I.Y. (2010) Microwaves from mobile phones inhibit 53bp1 focus formation in human stem cells more strongly than in differentiated cells: Possible mechanistic link to cancer risk. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 394-399.

[84] Karaca, E., Durmaz, B., Aktug, H., Yildiz, T., Guducu, C., Irgi, M., Koksal, M.G.C., Ozkinay, F., Gunduz, C. and Cogulu, O. (2012) The genotoxic effect of radiofrequency waves on mouse brain. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 106, 53-58. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0644-z

[85] Mantovani, A. (2010) Molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. Current Molecular Medicine, 10, 369-373. doi:10.2174/156652410791316968

[86] Pollard, J.W. (2004) Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4, 71-78. doi:10.1038/nrc1256

[87] Lewis, C.E. and Pollard, J.W. (2006) Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments. Cancer Research, 66, 605-612. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4005

[88] Coffelt, S.B., Hughes, R. and Lewis, C.E. (2009) Tumorassociated macrophages: Effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1796, 11-18.

[89] Connelly, L., Barham, W., Onishko, H.M., Chen, L., Sherrill, T.P., Zabuawala, T., Ostrowski, M.C., Blackwell, T.S. and Yull, F.E. (2011) NF-kappaB activation within macrophages leads to an anti-tumor phenotype in a mammary tumor lung metastasis model. Breast Cancer Research, 13, R83. doi:10.1186/bcr2935

[90] Panagopoulos, D.J. and Margaritis, L.H. (2010) The effect of exposure duration on the biological activity of mobile telephony radiation. Mutation Research, 699, 1722. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.010

[91] Lobry, C. and Weil, R. (2007) New Bcl10 regulation mechanisms: A step in the comprehension of which has occurred in MALT lymphomas? M/S, 23, 353-355.