mgreenberg.weebly.com · Web viewName: ___ Date: _ Period: ___ Chapter 18.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 554-557) Astronomers Name: Ptolemy

Name: ___________________

Date: ____________________Period: __________________

Chapter 18.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 554-557)

AstronomersName: Ptolemy_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Copernicus_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Brahe_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Kepler_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Galileo_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Newton_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Name: Newton_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: Hubble_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Day: _________________________________________________________________________________

Year: _____________________________________________________________________________________

Month: _________________________________________________________________________________

Galaxies

Vocabulary Word DefinitionA collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravityA large cloud of gas and dust where stars are bornA tight group of stars that looks like a snowball and can contain up to 1 million starsA group of stars that are close together and can contain 100 to 1,000 stars in the group


3 Types

Center Bulge

Spiral Arms Oval or Snowball Shaped

No Clear Shape

Oldest stars located here

New stars located here Some of the

largest – very little gas & dust

Located near spiral galaxies

Formation of the Universe The study of the origin, structure, and future of the universe is called

________________________. To understand how the universe formed

_____________________________________________________ Careful measurements have shown that ______________________________________________________ therefore the universe is ______________________________ today.

The theory that the universe began with a huge explosion is called the ______________________________.

Minutes after the Big Bang the following things formed :o _________________________o _________________________o _________________________

Two pieces of evidence that prove the Big Bang happened:o ___________________________o ___________________________

Everything in the Universe has a specific structure, they are not just scattered around:

o A planet is ___________________________o A planetary system is ___________________________o A galaxy is _________________________

Structure of the Universe

________________

Chapter 20.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs.630-633)

Planetary Motion


Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary MotionKepler’s 1st Law

Planets revolve around theSun in an elongated circleCalled an ___________________

Kepler’s 2nd Law

Planets move _________ in someParts of their orbit when theyAre closer to the sun.

Chapter 20.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 630 – 633)

Kepler’s 3rd Law A planet that is further from the

Sun will have a longer ___________________________

Gravitational Attraction

______________ Period of Revolution

_______________ Period of Revolution

The closer together they are the ________________ the gravitational pull

The farther apart they are the _______________ the gravitational pull

______________________

_______________________

_______________________


Our Solar System

Our solar system includes our _______________ , the ____________________, and their ____________________

Astronomers measure long distances in space using _______________________ To measure distances within our Solar System we use two other units:

1. __________________________2. __________________________

One (1) Astronomical unit is the _________________________________________________________ 1 AU is equal to __________________________km Another way to measure distances is by using the ___________________________. Light travels

at about _____________________km per sec or ___________________________km in one minute

Light from the sun takes ________minutes to reach the Earth, therefore Earth is _______________light-minutes from the sun.


The Inner Planets The inner planets are:

1. __________________2. __________________3. __________________4. __________________

They are called ______________________ Planets because they all have the same ________________________________________as Earth.

The inner planets are ________________, ____________________, and more ____________________that the outer planets

The amount of time it a takes a planet to rotate once on its axis is called period of _________________________

The time it takes a planet to orbit the sun once is called period of ____________________

Mercury Mercury rotates on its axis more ______________________that Earth Mercury’s period of revolution is about _______________Earth days

Venus Venus is almost the ________________ size as Earth. Venus has a _____________________ rotation which means it spins __________________

on its axis. Venus has a very thick ________________________ made up of carbon dioxide and

sulfuric acids causing a __________________________.

Earth Earth is the only planet at this time known to support ___________________ Earth has a _______________________rotation which means it spins ________________-

_______________________on its axis Earth is ____________________ enough to the sun that all of the water does not

_____________________and ________________ enough away that all of the water does not _______________________ away.

Mars Mars has a ________________________ atmosphere than Earth and is

___________________________from the sun so the temperature is much colder than Earth

Mars has two ___________________________which is where most of the _________________ on mars is located

Mars may have been warmer at one time because there is evidence of ____________________ ________________________on the surface of mars

Mars also has the remains of a giant ______________________ that once was active in the past


The Outer Planets The outer planets are:

5. ___________________6. ___________________7. ___________________8. ___________________

They are called _______________________ because they are very ________________ and have __________________ atmospheres of gas with very little rock material on their surfaces.

Jupiter Jupiter is the _____________________ planet in our solar system. Jupiter’s period of _______________________ is only 10 hours long. Jupiter is made of _____________________and _________________________.

Saturn Saturn is the __________largest planet in the solar system. Saturn gives off more _________________ than it receives from the sun. Saturn is best known for its ________________ which are made from

________________and ___________________.

Uranus Uranus is so far from the ________________that it does not reflect much

_______________. Uranus is _________________ on its side ________degrees because of a

______________________with a massive object.

Neptune Before scientists discovered Neptune they knew it was there because Uranus

did not _____________________ in its orbit as they ________________________.


The Moons & EclipsesWhat are Moons?

_________________________ are natural or artificial(Man Made) bodies that revolve around larger bodies.

All of the planets in our solar system have natural satellites called _____________________except __________________and ______________________.


Earth’s Moon Much of what we know about our Moon comes from the discoveries when we

_______________________the moon. The moon is almost as old as the Earth. Our moon is covered in ________________________ from objects hitting it. The

craters are still there because it does not have an __________________________.

Phases of the Moon The moon orbits around the earth once every __________________days. The moon also __________________on its axis at the same speed as Earth. This

is why we always see the same _________________ of the moon. The moon does not always look the same because we cannot see the part of

the moon that is _________________________ light. This is because of the position of the ______________________ and ___________________ relative to the Sun.

The different shapes of the moon are called _____________________.


What is an Eclipse? An eclipse happens when the ___________________ of one body falls on another. A _______________________ eclipse happens when the Moon come between the

Sun and the Earth. A _______________________ eclipse happens when the Earth comes between the

Sun and the Moon. Eclipses do not happen every ____________________ because the moon’s orbit is

slightly _____________________ compared to Earth’s orbit.


Small Bodies of the Solar SystemComets

A comet is a small, loosely packed body of ___________________, ____________________, and _____________________.

The nucleus or core of the comet is made of rock, metal and ___________________.

The ion tail is pushed by the solar wind and always points _____________________ from the sun.

Scientists think that comets come from the _________________ cloud far beyond the orbit of ______________________.

What are Asteroids? Asteroids are small rocky bodies that revolve around the _____________________ Most asteroids are located in the ____________________ ______________between

Mars and Jupiter

What are Meteoroids? Meteoroids are pieces of dust and debris from _______________________ and

______________________. Friction with the atmosphere heats up Meteoroids causing them to

____________________ brightly The glowing trails that form when Meteoroids burn up in the atmosphere are

called __________________________. Sometimes larger Meteoroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere and pass through it

without _______________________ completely. When they reach the Earth’s surface they are called __________________________.

3.1 Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 66-69) The four features of a mineral are:

Solid______________________________________

_

Inorganic______________________________________

A pure substance that cannot be broken down is called an ______________________ An ______________is the smallest part of an element that has all of the properties of

that element. A substance made of two or more elements and have been chemically joined or

bonded is called a _____________________________ Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called _______________________________ Minerals that do not contain silicon and oxygen are called

______________________________ The five properties used to identify a mineral are:

3.2 Identifying Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 70-73)

3.2 Identifying Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 70-73)

Naturally Formed____________________

Crystalline Structure____________________________________________

Luster

________________________________________________________

Density

____________________________________________________________________________________

Hardness

____________________________________________________________________________________

Streak

________________________________________________________

Cleavage

____________________________________________

Fracture

__________________________________________________

To determine the hardness of a mineral scientists use:

Moh’s Hardness Scale

Hardness Ranking

Mineral Name

1

2 Gypsum

3

4

5 Apatite

6 Orthoclase

7

8 Topaz

9 Corundum

10

4.1 Rocks – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 90-97)


Igneous rock begins as ______________________.

There are three ways magma can form:o _______________________________________o _______________________________________o _______________________________________

Igneous rock is classified by _________________________ and __________________________

There are two types of Igneous rock formations:o ______________________________________ where rock is cooled and solidified

beneath the Earth’s surface.o ______________________________________ where rock cools at the Earth’s

surface from volcanic activity.


Wind, water, ice, sunlight and gravity all cause rock to physically _______________________ into fragments. Through the process of ________________________ these rocks and mineral fragments, called ________________________, are moved from one place to another. Eventually over time the sediment is deposited into ___________________________. Over time new layers are deposited over older layers where _____________________________ rock is formed.

Sedimentary rock is classified by the way it forms:o __________________________________ is made from rock fragments

cemented together by a mineral such as ______________________ or ________________________.

o __________________________________ is made by solutions of dissolved minerals and________________________.

o __________________________________is made from the remains of fossils or dead ocean animals that once lived in the ocean.


The texture or mineral composition of a rock can ________________________ when it surroundings change. If the _________________________ or ________________________of the new environment is different the rock will undergo _______________________________.

One way rock can undergo metamorphism is by being _________________________ by nearby magma. When _____________________ moves through the crust, the magma heats the surrounding rock and _______________________ it. This is called _____________________________________.

Another way the texture or mineral composition of a rock can change is when ______________________________ builds up in a rock that is buried deep _____________________ other rock, or when large pieces of the Earth’s ______________________ collide with each other. This is called ________________________________________.

The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in bands is called ____________________________ metamorphic rock.

The texture of metamorphic rock when the mineral grains are not arranged in bands is called ____________________________ metamorphic rock.

7.1 Plate Tectonics – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 190-196)

7.2 Continental Drift – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs.198-201)

Sea-floor spreading:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________Million Years ago

_______Million Years ago

___________________________came up with the theory

of continental drift because of 3 pieces of

evidence:1. Fossils of the same species of plant and animal were found on two different continents2. Similar types of rock were found on different continents3. Antarctica had plant fossils that could have only existed if

________Million Years ago

Continental Drift: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Older Crust Younger Crust

7.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 202-205)

7.4 Deforming Earth’s Crust – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 206-213)

_________________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates collide with each other

_______________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates separate from

_________________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates slide past each other

Types of Stress in Rock

Types of Faults

_______________ Fault:The hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall. Stress Type____________________________Fault:The hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wallStress

_______________Fault:The rock moves past each other horizontallyStress Type_____________

3 Types of Convergent Boundaries1. __________________________________2. __________________________________3. __________________________________

8.1 Earthquakes – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 224-229)

An earthquake is the ______________________ of the ground. Most earthquakes take place near edges of __________________ _______________.

A ___________________ is a break in the Earth’s ___________________ along which blocks of crust ____________________ relative to one another.

_______________________ is the bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth’s crust. The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape is called

_____________________ _____________________. A specific plate _____________________ takes place at different tectonic plate

boundaries.Plate Motion Fault Type

Strike-Slip FaultReverse FaultNormal Fault

Waves of energy that travel through the Earth are called ________________________ waves.

Waves that cause rock to move back and forth are called _______ waves. Waves that cause rock to move side to side are called _______ waves.

9.1 Volcanoes – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 250-255)

Magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface is called _______________. Areas of Earth’s surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass is called a

_________________________. There are two types of volcanic eruptions:

o _________________________________o _________________________________

There are four types of lava:o _________________________________ pours out quickly and becomes jagged

pieces as molten lava continues to flow underneath.o _________________________________ flows slowly like wax and has a glassy

surface with rounded wrinkles.o _________________________________ erupts underwater and forms round lumps

that are the shape of pillows.o _________________________________ oozes from the volcano and forms jumbled

heaps of sharp-edged chunks.

Documents

mgreenberg.weebly.com · Web viewName: _____ Date: _____ Period: _____ Chapter 18.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 554-557) Astronomers Name: Ptolemy

mgreenberg.weebly.com · Web viewName: ___ Date: _ Period: ___ Chapter 18.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 554-557) Astronomers Name: Ptolemy