PAGE
Science ist prep. Ist term Revision
Matter and its construction
Matter
it is anything that has a mass and occupies a spac
Or it is anything that has a mass and a volume.
☼ Matter ☼
Physical characteristics
Chemical characteristics
1 – the colour, taste and smell.
1 – very active materials
2 – Density
2 – less active materials
3 – melting point
3 – inactive materials
4 – boiling point
5 – Hardness
6 – Electric conductivity
7 – Thermal conductivity
1 – the colour , taste and smell
Color differeniate between iron and Gold.
Taste differeniate between salt and sugar.
Smell differeniate between perfumes.
2-Matter and Density
The difference between the density of subject make some of them
float on the water surface and others sink in water
Density
It is the mass of unit volume of matter
Or It is the mass of one cubic centimeter of matter
Density (gm/cm3) =
Life Applications on the density
Water is not used to extinguish petrol fires
Because the density of petrol is less than that of water
so, petrol floats on the water surface
balloons full of hydrogen or helium rise up in air carrying
flags during festivals.
Because the density of hydrogen or helium is less than the
density air
-Archimeds discovered
A-a crown that is made of gold is mixed with copper.
B- Knowing the density of natural milk is 1.3g/cm3
To detect the quality of powdered milk
Take some of the powdered milk and determine its mass and
volume, then its density
Compare its density with that of natural milk
3 -Melting points
Matter exists in three states which
- Solid state
- liquid state
- gaseous state
Different solids have different melting points:-
Low melting points
High melting points
Wax butter and ice
Iron, copper, aluminum and table salt.
Gold copper alloy used in making jewels, or
nickel chrome alloy which is used in making cheating coils.
Manufactures of Cooking pans (pots) from aluminum or stainless
steel ?
because they have higher melting points
4 -Boiling point
It is the temperature at which the substance changes from the
liquid state to the gaseous state.
Enrichment information
1- The separations of the components of oil) depends
on the difference between substances in their Boiling points
This can be done by heating the crude oil then separating
each substance at its boiling point.
*** Pressure pans are used for fast cooking?!!
as they raise the pressure so, Boiling point increases and food
is cooking faster.
5 – Hardness
soft solid at ordinary temperatures
substance need heat to become soften and easy to be shaped
solids substance cannot be soften if heating
rubber
Metals
Coal and sulphur
6- Electric conduction
good electric conductors
bad electric conductors
1-Metals(copper-Iron-silver)
2-acid and alkali solutions
3-some salts solutions
1-Gases –sugar solution,-
2-solution of hydrogen chloride in benzene
3-sulphur and phosphorus
7 - Thermal conduction
good Thermal conductors
poor Thermal conductors
Metals(copper-Iron-aluminum)
Wood and plastic
***1-Electric wires (or cables) are made of copper or
aluminum??
Because they are good conductors of electricity.
***Cooking pans are made of aluminum??
Because it is good conductors of heat and it has a high melting
point.
***Handles of cooking pans are made of wood or plastic??
Because wood or plastic are bad conductors of heat
Chemical characteristics
very active metals
less active metals
Inactive metals
Potassium and sodium
Iron, Aluminum and Copper
Silver, Platinum and gold
They react with oxygen as soon as being exposed to humid air
They react with oxygen if left in air for some days
They don’t react with oxygen due to their weak chemical
activities
So they used in making jewels and used to cover other substances
to protect them from rust and corrosion
*** Steel bridges and the holders of light bulbs are painted
form time to time??
To protect them from rust and corrosion
*** Metallic spare parts of cars are covered with grease??
To protect them from rust and corrosion
♣The building units ♣
1-The building unit of the house is brick
2-The building unit of living organisms is cells
3- The building unit of Matter is atoms
♣The molecules ♣
It is the smallest part of matter which can exist in a free
state and keep the properties of matter
The properties of the molecules of matter:
1 – molecules of matter are in a continuous motion.
2 – there are intermolecular spaces among the molecules of
matter.
3 – there are attraction forces among the mooecules of
matter.
☼To prove that molecules are in a state of
continuous motion
steps
Observation
Conclusion
1-Put a small quantity of potassium permanganate in a glass tube
having a small quantity of water
2- Leave the tube fore a while.
The violet colour of permanganate spreads through all the
water
The molecules of matter (permanganate) are in a state of
continuous motion in all direction
☼To prove the presence of intermolecular space
among the molecules of matter
steps
Observation
Conclusion
1-Put 300 cm3 of water in graduated cylinder
2- Add 200 cm3 of alcohol to the water.
The volume the mixture will be less than
500 cm3
There are spaces among water molecules which are occupied by
some molecules of alcohol and these spaces are called
(intermolecular spaces)
the volume of mixture of water and alcohol is less than the sum
of their volume before mixing?
Because some molecules of alcohol occupy the intermolecular
spaces among water molecules.
Comparison between Solids, Liquids and Gaseous
Points
Solids
Liquids
Gaseous
The motion of molecules
Oscillatory motion
Limited
Unlimited
(relatively free)
intermolecular spaces
Narrow
(very small)
Medium
(relatively large)
Large
intermolecular forces
very strong
Medium
(relatively weak)
very Weak
Their molecules are free
The volume
definite
definite
Indefinite
The shape
definite
indefinite
Indefinite
Gaseous have indefinite shape and volume?
Because their molecules are relatively free due to the large
intermolecular and very weak intermolecular forces
The Change of matter states
The Change of matter from state to another requires a thermal
energy
Melting
It is the Change of matter from the solid state to the liquid
state by heating
Vaporization
It is the Change of matter from the liquid state to the gaseous
state by heating
♣Matter and molecules♣
The molecules of one substance are similar in properties, but
they differ than other substance molecules
*** the molecules of different substance differ in their
properties?
Because they differ in their structure
Atom It is the fundamental building unit of matter
☼Kinds of molecules☼
Element
Compound
Mixture
The element
It is the simplest pure form of matter which can't be analyzed
chemically into simpler form
Element molecules are formed of similar atoms that combine
together
The molecules and atoms of an element are different those of
other element
The element molecules are divided to
Solid elements
Liquid elements
Gaseous elements
All the molecules of solid elements are composed of one atom
as:-
Iron (Fe)- Sulphur(S)
Magnesium(Mg)
Aluminum (Al)
Carbon(C)-Copper(Cu)
Mercury (Hg) is the liquid element which its molecules consists
of one atom
Bromine (Br) is the liquid element which its molecules consists
of two atom
The molecules of gaseous elements are composed of
1-one atom as noble gases Helium(He)- Neon(Ne)-Argon(Ar)-
Krypton(Kr)
Xenon(Xe)-Radon(Ra)
2-two identical atoms as
Hydrogen(H2)-Oxygen(O2)
Nitrogen(N2)-Chlorine(Cl2)
The compound
It is formed from combination of atoms of two or more different
elements with constant weight ratio
Examples of some compounds
Compound
Name
chemical formula
No. of
atoms
No. of elements
The type of atom
1- Water
H2O
3
2
Two hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom
2-Table salt
Sodium
chloride
NaCl
2
2
One sodium atom and one chlorine atom
3- Ammonia
NH3
4
2
One nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms
☺Comparison between element and compound☺
Point of comparison
Element
Compound
Definition
A substance whose molecules consist of similar atom
A substance whose molecules consist of similar atom
Atoms
Similar
Different
examples
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Aluminum and sulphur
Water, Carbon dioxide, Sodium, chloride
♣Atomic construction of Matter♣
** Matter consists of Molecules ** Molectules consists of
Atoms.
The atom
· It is the fundamental building of matter
· It is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a
chemical reaction without being changed
Note
Atomic radius of an atom is measured by unit called Angestrom
which equal part of ten thousands million of meter
The chemical symbols of elements
The element
Symbol
The element
Symbol
Lithium
Li
Oxygen
O
Sodium
Na
Calcium
Ca
Potassium
K
Magnesium
Mg
Hydrogen
H
Zinc
Z
Silver
Ag
Load رصاص
Pb
Fluorine
F
Aluminum
Al
Chlorine
Cl
Silicon
Si
Bromine
Br
Copper
Cu
Gold
Au
Mercury
Hg
Helium
He
Iron
Fe
Carbon
C
Sulphur
S
The construction of the atom
It consists of
1-Nucleus
2- Electrons
Comparison between the constituents of the atom :
Point of comparison
· Proton
· Neutron
· Electron
· 1-position
· In the nucleus
· In the nucleus
· Around the nucleus in the energy levels
· 2- charge
· positive(+ve)
· neutral (±ve)
· negative (-ve)
· 3 Mass
· Greater than electron mass
· Greater than electron mass
· Very small compared with proton or neutron mass
The atomic number
it is the number the positive protons in the nucleus of
an atom. And equal number the electrons which run
about it and The number writes under the symbol
The atomic mass
· it is the sum number of the Protons and neutrons in the
nucleus
Energy levels
1-They are imaginary regions in which electrons move according
to their energy
2-Each energy level has its own energy
3-The maximum number of energy levels is 7(seven) levels
Level symbol
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
Level number(n)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4-Each energy level can take a definite number of electrons this
number can be calculated from the relation (2n2) where (n) is the
number of the energy level.
Quantum
It is the amount of energy gained or lost for the electron to
transfer from an energy level to another
The excited atom
It is the atom that gains quantum of energy.
Electronic configuration
Atom of element
Symbol
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Structure of the atom
Electronic configuration
Hydrogen
1H1
1
1
No. of protons=1
No. of neutrons=0
No. of electrons=1
Helium
2He4
2
4
No. of protons=2
No. of neutrons=2
No. of electrons=2
Electronic configuration and chemical activity
The chemical activity of the atom determine by the number of
electrons in the
outermost level
comparison between active gases and inactive gases:
Active elements
Inactive elements
The number of electrons in outermost level
Less than 8 electrons
Equal 8 electrons (completely) except (He) contains 2
electrons
The activity
Active elements (unstable)
Inactive elements (stable)
participates in a chemical reaction
It can combine with another atom forming a molecule.
It can't under normal conditions
Example
Sodium 2,8,1
Chlorine 2,8,7
Oxygen 2,6
Noble gaseous :- (Helium,2
Neon 2,8
Argon 2,8,8
Krypton, Xenon, Radon)
Work
It is a force acts on a body to move it a distance in dirction
of such force.
Work (joule) = force (newton) × displacement (metre)
W = F × d
Energy
It is the ability to do work or to make change.
Energy forms:
Type
Examples
1
Mechanical energy
Stretched spring/ waterfall.
2
Light energy
Electric and kerosene lamps.
3
Sound energy
Radio cassette.
4
Electric energy
Wind generator / solar cell
5
Chemical energy
Food / car battery
6
Heat energy
Heater/ oven
7
Nuclear energy
Atom nucleus.
Mechanical energy
It is the summation of potential and kinetic energies of the
body.
Potential energy
It is the stored energy in the object due to work done on
it.
Factors affecting potential energy
Weight
Height
Potential energy increases by increasing weight.
Potential energy increases by increasing height.
Potential energy = weight (w) × height (H)
Kinetic energy
It is the work done during the motion of an object.
Factors affecting the kinetic energy
Speed of the object
Mass of the object
Kinetic energy increases by increasing object speed.
Kinetic energy increases by increasing object mass.
Kinetic energy = 1/2 mass × square velocity
K.E = 1/2 m × V2
Problem
A ball was launched upwards vertically at a speed 3 m/s up to
height 4m.
Calculate the work done on the ball if its weight = 5 newton and
its mass = 0.5 kg
Solution
Potenial energy P.E = weight × Height = 5 × 4 = 20 joules.
Kinetic energy K.E = 1/2 m × v2 = 1/2 × 0.5 × 32 = 2.25
joules.
Work done = mechanical energy = potential E + kinetic E = 20 +
2.25 = 22.25 joules.
Note
Potential E is maximum at the hightest point.
Potentials E = zero at the ground.
Kinetic energy is maximum at ground.
Kinetic energy = zero at the maxmum height.
The conservation law of mechanical energy
The sum of potential and kinetic energies of an object under the
effect of gravity is constant value.
Notice
the motion of children swing is like that of the pendulum
where,
the potential and kinetic energies are interchanged without
ending and the sum of such energies at any moment is constant.
Problem
A moving pendulum has a potential energy 0.6 joules if the mass
of its ball is 0.2 kg and acceleration due to gravity is 10m/s2
calculate :-
1- The height of the pendulum's ball at maximum
displacement.
2- The kinetic energy of the ball at such point
Solution
1-The potential energy at the maximum displacement
=mass × acceleration of gravity ×height
0.6=0.2×10×height
Height (maximum displacement)= 0.6 / 0.25 × 10 =0.3m
2- The kinetic energy of the ball at maximum
displacement=zero
The conservation law of energy
Energy neither created nor destroyed, but it is converted from
one to another.
Energy does not destroy but can be transformed from one form to
another and this is known by " Conservation law of energy"
The Conservation law of energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it is converted
from one form to another.
Examples on energy transformation:
1 – energy transformation in the simple cell:
A
Chemical energy change into electric energy.
What happen if A potato is used instead of the lemon?
The electric current will produced because potato has a salt
solution to complete the reaction
2 – Energy transformation in the electric lamp:
Chemical energy change into light energy.
3 – Energy transformation inside the car:
The changes of Energy Inside the car:
Car constituents
Changes of energy
car engine
· the chemical energy stored in the fuel changes by burning into
thermal (heat) energy.
· Heat energy changes into mechanical energy (to move the
car).
The electric generator (dynamo)
- a part of mechanical energy convert into electric energy
The car lamps.
- electric energy is converted into light energy
the cassette radio
- A Part of electric energy is converted into sound energy of
the car
in the heater of the air condition
- the electric energy is converted into heat energy
Excercise
1-Alarm for a deaf person
1-Alarm for a blind person
☼Technological applications on energy transformation☼:
Role of technological applications:
Examples of some technological applications in our life
Energy changes
Application
It converts electric energy into mechanical (kinetic) energy
.
Sewing machine
It converts solar energy into electric energy.
Solar battery
It converts electric energy into light and sound energy.
Television
It converts chemical energy (in battery) into kintic and sound
energy.
Alarm clock
It converts radiant energy (electromagnetic waves) into sound
energy.
A Cellular phone.
The negative effects of technology
1 – uses of technological applications of energy transformation
in
* Wars and killing
* Massive destruction.
2 – Environmental pollution such as :
* Electromagnetic pollution
* Noise pollution
* Chemical pollution of (air, water and soil)
Examples of some technological applications and their negative
effects:
Negative effects.
Technological application
Cause chemical pollution of rair which causes chest and eye
diseases.
1 – Car exhaust
Leave harmful effects and diseases that may cause death.
2 – Military explosions
Cause chemical pollution for soil, water and air that may cause
cancer.
3- Chemical pesticides
Cause massive destruction.
4 –Nuclear weapons
Cause electromagnetic pollution that may affect patients with
heart diseases.
5 – Cellular phones.
- We get heat through many ways such as:
1 – the sun 2 – Friction
Friction :
It is a method to generate heat as a principle of converting the
kinetic energy into heat energy.
The production of heat energy
Activity >>> Mechanical energy change into heat energy
by friction.
Activity >>> ( how heat energy is produced?
(Kinetic energy changes into heat energy.)
Heat energy:
is a form of energy which transfers from higher temperature to a
lower one.
Temperature:
it is the condition which states the direction of heat energy
whether from or to the object when it comes in contact with
another,
Heat transferring
Conduction radiation convection
The sun is the main source of heat
1-Heat transfers by conduction
heat transfers through solids from one end to another.
Activity >>> ( to know Heat transfers by
conduction.)
steps
Observation
Conclusion
1-Put a metal spoon in a cup of hot tea
2- touch the other end of the spoon
You feel the hotness of the spoon
Heat transferred through solids by conduction
Life Application
Cooking pans are made of cooper and aluminium
because they are good conductors for heat
2-Heat transfers by convection
heat transfers in gases and liquids where hot molecules have
less density, and rise upwards while colder molecules have more
density and fall down
Activity >>> heat transfer by covection
Note
Heat is transferred by convection through liquids also.
Heat transfer by convection
It is the ransfer of heat in gases and liquids, where hot
molecules have less density rise upwards, while colder molecules
have more density fall down.
life Application
1-Why is the freezer found at the top of the fridge?
When the air is cooled its density increase So, it falls down to
cool the room or to cool the food in the refrigerator
While the hot air rises up to be cooled again and so in
2-While the electric heater is placed down on the ground?
When the air around the heater is heated its density decreases
So, it rises up to worm the room
3-Heat transfers by radiation
heat transfers from hot object to another without any need for a
material medium through which heat transfers
*** The heat of the sun is transferred to us by radiation.
Life applications
Heat is being carried from the fire to the man's hands by
radiation.
*** the heat is transferred from the heater by convection and
radiation.
Note
The heat of the sun doesn't reach to the earth by conduction or
convection!!
It is not transferred by conduction because air is a bad
conductor.
It is not transferred by convection because there is a huge
space between sun and the atomsphere of earth.
Technological applications
** the solar energy (( a permanent resource of energy ))
** The petrol (( non-permanent " non-renewable " resource of
energy ))
** the electricity is renewable resource of energy.
Some of these sources pollute the environment and others do
not!!!
Technological applications which depend on the heat energy.
The device
Source of energy depending on it.
Kind of energy resource
Effect on environment.
Electric heater
Water heater
Electricity
Reenewable
Non-polluted
Solar heater
The sun
Permanent
Non- polluted
Electric stove
Electricity
Renewable
Non-polluted
Gas or petrol stove
Petroleum derivatives
Non-renewabel
Polluted
Gas oven
Natural gas
Butan gas
Non-renewable
Polluted
Coal fire
Coal
Non-renewable
Polluted.
Application which use the solar energy
Energy transformations
Technological aplication
Solar energy changes into electric energy
** Solar cells
** solar battery
Solar energy changes into heat energy.
** soalr heater
** solar oven
** solar furnace
Solar energy that is essential for other forms of energy:
1 – in plants ((photosynthesis process)).
2 – solar energy stored as chemical energy in fuel and petroleum
oil.
3 – solar energy is responsible for evaporation of water in seas
and oceans to form clouds.
4 – solar energy is the reason of wind movement that generate
electric energy.
We prefer to produce electricity from solar energy?
Because solar energy is a clean source of energy.
Characteristics that living organisms differ from each
other.
In the animals world
big animals
small animals
animals live in water
animals live on land
such as
The elephant, and rhinoceros
the rabbit, rat and lizard
fishes, crocodiles and hippopotami
horse, lion and dog
In the Plants world
huge trees
short weeds
plants carry large - sized leaves
plants carry small - sized leaves
such as
camphor and palms
clover and gargeer
banana plants
molukhiyah
Diversity of micro organisms:
Micro-organisms
They are living organisms that can't be seen by naked eye, but
they spread everwhere around us, in air , water and soil.
Activity >>> (Examining a drop of pond water)
Tools
Pond water. • A glass slide A glass cover slip.
• Methanol blue dye. A dropper. • A light microscope
Procedures of preparing the sample:
Procedures of examining the sample:
• The results of examination:
1. Add a drop of methylene blue solution to a little amount of
pond water.
2.Put a drop of pond water on the glass slide and cover it
gently with a glass cover slip.
1. Put the glass slide on the microscope stage and use the small
objective lens to examine the sample.
2. Repeat the sample examination using a high power lens
You may see a lot of organisms - most of • them are unicellular
organisms such as Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium
Classification of living organisms
Due to the enormous diversity of living organisms, they must be
classified into groups to facilitate their studying.
First : Classification of plants
Plants can be classified according to
1 : Classifying plants according to the Shape
Most plants can be distinguished into roots, stems and
leaves
Some plants can’t be distinguished into roots, stems and
leaves
such as corn, wheat, palms and camphor plants.
such as the green, Red and brown algae
2 : Classifying plants according to the reproduction style
Plants are classified according to the way of reproduction
into:
Plants reproduce by formation of spores
Plants reproduce by the formation of seeds
They are divided into
Voughair فوجير and Adiantum وكزبرة البئر are examples of small
terrestial plants that are known as fernsِ سراخسِ
Gym’nosperms
Angiosperms (Flowering plants
The seeds of these plants are formed inside cones but not inside
apericarp
such as Pine plants and Cycas
تتكون البذور داخل مخاريط مثل الصنوبر
ونبات السيكس
they are divided into:
Monocotyledon plants
Dicotyledon plants
such as maize and wheat plants
مثل الذرة - القمح
such as beans and pea plants
مثل الفول – البسلة
Second : Classification of animals according to the nature of
body supporting
Animals are classified according to the existence of support
into:
Soft bodies
Supported bodies
Such as jelly fish, octopus, and worms where the body doesn’t
have a support
These animals are divided according to the location of the
support into:
Animals with external support
Animal with internal support in vertebrates
such as mussels and snails
such as - fish, reptiles, -birds and mammals
Third : Classifying arthropods according to the number of
legs:
Arthropods
are invertebrate animals that characterized by a type of legs
known as jointed legs.
Arthropods can be classified according to the number of these
legs.
Arthropods
such as
Number of legs
1 - Insects
Fly bee Ant
three pairs of joint legs
2 -Arachnids
Spider/ Scorpion
four pairs of joint legs
3 -Myriapods
Scolopendra / Julius
Larger than four pairs.
Fourth: Classifying mammals according to the type and number of
teeth
(Teethless mammals
Mammals having teeth
Such as the sloth and armadillo
According to the shape and type, these mammals are divided
into:
Animals have front teeth
Animals have canines and molars
Animals have sharp incisor.
such as hedgehog to capture the insects
such as the lion and tiger
Rodents:•
Lagomorphs:•
have one pair of incisors in each jaw such as the rat and
squirrel.
have two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw and only one pair in
the lower jaw such as the rabbit.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
It is a branch of biology searching the similarities and
differences among living organisms,
«Species» is the basic classification unit for living
organisms
Note
African, European and Asian humans whtever their colour, race or
home are also belonging to one species.
Species:
It is a group of more similar living organisms in shape that can
rproduce to give birth of new fertile individuals which are able to
reproduce and keeping the existence of the species.
Enrichment information
As intercourse may happen between some of the coupled species,
but the product offspring is sterile!!!
For example
When intercourse occurring between a donkey and a horse, the
product offspring will be a sterile female called " Mule"
** The intercourse between a zebra and a donkey produces a
sterile female called "Zonkey"!!!
Climate change
Food diversity
Existence of water.
Adaptation
If is a modification of living organism's behavior, body
structure or organs biological functionsto become more adapted to
the environmental conditions which it lives in.
Types of Adaptation
behavioural
functional
Structural
Activity of birds in daylight and in neights (bats)
Birds migration
Secreting poison in snakes.
Secreting sweat in human.
Camel pad
Horse hoof
Reasons of adaptation
Get food / escape form their enemies.
First : Adaptation and motion in mammals
Modification type
Aim of modificaiton
Modification in limb
The mammals
structural
Swimming and diving.
Paddles fin like structure.
structural
flying
Wing like structure
structrual
Running on rocky soil.
Strong hoof
structrual
To climb trees and catch things.
Elongated fingers
Second: Adaptation and nature of food in birds
Bird
Describation
Modification
Adaptation type
Feed on meat
e.g. vultures.
Beaks: strong and sharp
Legs: four fingers ending with strong and sharp claws.
structural
Feed on shallow waterworms and snails
e.g. Heron
Beak; long thing
Legs: long thing legs ending with thin fingers
structural
Feed on mosses and fish
e.g. ducks and geese
Beaks: wide indented beaks
Legs: palm legs
Structural
Third : adaptation in insectivorous plants
They are self-feeding plants , they can perform
photosynthesis
They can't make proteins, they can't absorb nitrogenous
substances from soil.
Some part of the plant adapted to capture and digest insects to
get nitrogenous material.
You know, Mammoth is an animal of the past as it can't adaptated
with environment.
Some forms of adaptation
1 – Hibernation
2- Aestivation
3- Adaptation in aquatic and desert plants.
4- birds migration
5- Adaptation for hiding.
Hibernation
In winter, when temperature decrease, some animals hide in
burrows e.g. reptiles and some insects, then stop feeding to
overcome decreasing in temperature (toads).
In spring, these organisms return back to their normal
activites.
Aestivation
In summer, extreme rise in temperature and shortage in water and
rain, certain animals (jerboa – desert snails) become dormant and
hide in humid
Birds migration
In winter, some species ofbirds migrate from cold regions to
warmer regions for reproduction.
In spring, these birds return back to their original
habitats.
These type is behavioral adaptation
Adaptation in aquatic and desert plants
Aquatic plants
Elodea
Totally imreged in water
Root: weak
Leaves: small size and ribbon like, sessile
Stem: elastic, contains many air chambers to store oxygen
gas.
Adaptation of desert plants
In roots
Extend vertically in soil for great depth to absorb ground
water
e.g. Calamagrostis
Leaves:
Small in size , ribbon like with few stomata to reduce loss of
water
Store water as in cactus.
Surrounded with waxy layer
Reduced into spines as in Opuntia plant.
Stems:
Short to avoid strong winds e.g cactus
Rich in chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis e.g opuntia.
Camouflage
It is the ability of some living organisms to behidden from
their enemies or to capture preys in the predatory species.
Adaptation for hiding
Leaf insect
It looks like plant plant
Stick insect
Looks like brances of plant
Chameleon
It colours itself with dominant colours of environment.
Camel is the desert ship
It has number oflacrimal glans and two rows of long eyelashes to
protect its eyes from sand.
Nostrils control the opening and closing it toprevent entrance
of sand particles.
Upper lip is forked and has strong enamel to envale it to eat
spiny and dry plants.
Has small ears covered with dense hair
Has broad pad legs to prevent their diving in sand , also it has
thick skin to protect from high temperature.
It has thick body furat different regions
Blood temperature range from 34 to 41
It doesn't sweat unless blood temperature reaches 40
degrees.
Stor fats in its hump to keep it for 3-4 monthes without
eating.
It can drink 100 litres of water in 10 mintues.
It can loss 25% of its weight without change in its blood
composition.
تمنياتى بالنجاح والتفوق ان شاء الله
Animal's bodies may
I'm produced from the sun.
I'm the cleanest source of energy.
I'm the origin of most energy resources on the earth
Heat energy
Energy: Resources and forms
Energy transformation
Revision
2p
2n
1p
External shape
Way of reproduction
Diversity of living organisms
Solar energy
Formation of seeds.
�
Formation of spores.
�
�
� �
Supported bodies
�
Soft bodies
�
*** A drop of ink spreads through water??
Because the molecules of ink are in a state of continuous motion
in all direction among water molecules
External support
�
Internal support.
Number of legs in
Arthropods
Numerous legs
( Myriapods )
Four pairs of legs
( Arachnids )
Three pairs of legs
( Insects )
Mammals may be
�
Pointed canines and molars with sharp projection
Front teeth extending outwards
Sharp incisors
Edentals (teethless)
�
Adaptation and continuity of life
Adaptation
Mass (gm)
Volume (cm3)
Having teeth.
M
w
V D
Energy transformations
