· Web viewKS4 Organic Chemistry Homework Booklet Name: ___ Class: _ Teacher: ___ Due Date Or 0 1 Hydrocarbons Or 02 Fractional distillation Or 03 Burning hydrocarbons Or0

ChemistryKS4 Organic Chemistry

Homework BookletName: _________________________________________Class: _________________________________________Teacher: _______________________________________

Homework Task Due Date

Teacher Signiture

Or01 HydrocarbonsOr02 Fractional distillationOr03 Burning hydrocarbonsOr04 Cracking hydrocarbonsOr05 Structure and reactions of alkenesOr06 Alcohols (Chemistry only)Or07 Carboxylic acid (Chemistry only)Or08 Addition polymerisation (Chemistry only)Or09 Condensation polymerisation (Chemistry only)Or10 Amino acids and DNA (Chemistry only)

Or0

1

Hydrocarbons R A G

What crude oil is made of?

What alkanes are and what are they used for?

How to recognise substances as alkanes given their formulae

in these forms.

Comprehension Task 1. Below are some compounds found in crude oil. Circle all the alkanes.

2. Explain why you haven’t circled certain compounds in question 1.

Read the Or01 sections on your knowledge organisers before you begin.

Or01 Hydrocarbons Exam Question Practise

(1) The table gives some information about a family of molecules in crude oil.

NUMBER OF CARBON

ATOMS

IN MOLECULE

MASS OF MOLECULE

(atomic units)

1 16

2 30

4 58

(a) Show information from the table in the most appropriate way on the grid.

(3)

(b) What is the mass of a molecule with three carbon atoms?

(1)

(c) The other atoms in each molecule are all hydrogen atoms.

What family of substances do all the molecules belong to?

(1)

(d) The mass of a carbon atom is 12 atomic units. The mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 atomic

unit. So, the molecule with one carbon atom has four hydrogen atoms. Its formula is CH4. Write

down the formula:

(i) of the molecule with two carbon atoms

(2)

(ii) of a molecule from the same family with five carbon atoms

(2)

2) Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Most of these hydrocarbons are alkanes.

(a) The general formula of an alkane is CnH2n+2

Complete the structural formula for the alkane that has six carbon atoms in its molecules.

(1)

(b) The boiling points of alkanes are linked to the number of carbon atoms in their molecules.

(i) Describe the link between the number of carbon atoms in an alkane molecule and its

boiling point.

(1)

Or0

2

Fractional Distillation R A G

How fractional distillation works in terms of evaporation and

condensation.

How the volatility, viscosity, boiling point and flammability of

hydrocarbons are affected by the size of their molecules.

How the fractions from crude oil are used as fuels, solvents,

lubricants

Comprehension Task 1. Label the parts of the fractionating column.

2. Define the following keywords

Viscosity

Volatility

Flammability


Crude oil (mixture)

Furnace

Coldest location

Hottest location

Shortest hydrocarbon

Longest hydrocarbon

Or02 Fractional Distillation Exam Question Practise

(1) This question is about oil reserves.

(a) Diesel is separated from crude oil by fractional distillation.

Describe the steps involved in the fractional distillation of crude oil.

(3)(b) Diesel is a mixture of lots of different alkanes.

What are alkanes?

(2)

(2a) Crude oil is a mixture of compounds. These compounds are made up of hydrogen and

carbon atoms only.

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

alcohols.

are called hydrocarbons.

vegetable oils.

(1)

(ii) The table shows five of these compounds.

CompoundState at room

temperature (20 °C)Boiling point in °C

ethane, C2H6 gas – 89

butane, C4H10 gas 0

hexane, C6H14 liquid +69

pentadecane, C15H32 liquid +270

heptadecane, C17H36 solid +302

Tick ( ) two correct statements about the five compounds.

Statement Tick ( )

ethane has the smallest molecules

hexane and pentadecane are liquid at 100

°C

heptadecane has the highest boiling point

butane boils at 100 °C

(2)(iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

Fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil.

cracking

The first step in fractional distillation

is

displacing the crude

oil.

evaporating

burn

During fractional distillation the

compounds

condense

decompos

e

at different temperatures.

(2)

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3

Burning hydrocarbons R A G

How to write a balanced equation for the complete

combustion of hydrocarbons with a given formula.

How to test for the products of complete combustion of a

hydrocarbon.

The differences between incomplete and complete

combustion.

Comprehension Task

1. Sort the following processes based on whether they are complete of incomplete

combustion.

Releases more energy

Release less energy

Yellow flame

Blue flame

Produces carbon dioxide and water

Produces carbon and carbon monoxide

Insufficient oxygen

Sufficient oxygen

2. Find the mistakes in the following gas tests and correct them.

Test for carbon dioxide – bubble the gas through limestone and it goes colourless is carbon

dioxide is present.

Test for water vapour – blue cobalt paper will turn from pink to blue if water is present


Complete combustion Incomplete combustion

Or03 Burning hydrocarbons Exam Question Practise

(1) A mixture of petrol and air is burned in a car engine.

Petrol is a mixture of alkanes. Air is a mixture of gases.

The tables give information about the composition of petrol and the composition of air.

Petrol Air

Alkane Formula GasPercentage

(%)

hexane C6H14 nitrogen 78

heptane oxygen 21

octane C8H18 carbon dioxide 0.035

nonane C9H20 Small amounts of other gases and

water vapourdecane C10H22

(a) Use the information above to answer these questions.

(i) Give the formula for heptane

(1)(ii) Complete the general formula of alkanes.

n = number of carbon atoms

CnH(1)

(b) Alkanes in petrol burn in air. The equations represent two reactions of hexane burning in

air.

Reaction 1 2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O

Reaction 2 2C6H14 + 13O2 → 12CO + 14H2O

Reaction 2 produces a different carbon compound to Reaction 1.(i) Name the carbon compound produced in Reaction 2.

(1)(ii) Give a reason why the carbon compounds produced are different.

(1)

(c) The table shows the percentages of some gases in the exhaust from a petrol engine.

Name of gas Percentage (%)

nitrogen 68

carbon dioxide 15

carbon

monoxide

1.0

oxygen 0.75

nitrogen oxides 0.24

hydrocarbons 0.005

sulfur dioxide 0.005

other gases

(i) What is the percentage of the other gases in the table?

(1)(ii) What is the name of the compound that makes up most of the other gases?

(1)(iii) Give a reason why sulfur dioxide is produced in a petrol engine.

(1)(iv) State how nitrogen oxides are produced in a petrol engine.

(2)(d) Many scientists are concerned about the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels

such as petrol. Explain why.

(2)(Total 11 marks)

(2) The diagram below shows a Bunsen burner.

Use words from the list to complete the passage about the Bunsen burner. You may use each

word once, more than once or not at all.

Air Methane

Argon Mechanical

energy

Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Chemical Physical

Electrical energy Potential energy

Heat Oxygen

Kinetic energy Water vapour

In the Bunsen burner the fuel is mixed with

which enters through the hole labelled A.

When the fuel burns it reacts with the gas called

and energy is given out as

The fuel used in the Bunsen burner contains carbon and hydrogen which are changed

during burning into

and

Burning is an example of a

change because new substances are formed.

(6)

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4

Cracking hydrocarbons R A G

How to describe in general terms the conditions used for

catalytic cracking and steam cracking.

The colour change when bromine water reacts with an

alkene.

How to balance chemical equations of cracking when given

the formula of reactants and/or products.

How to give examples to illustrate the usefulness of cracking.

Comprehension Task True or False

StatementTrue or

FalseReason

Cracking is used to break long

chain hydrocarbons into smaller

less useful chains.

To crack a hydrocarbon it needs

to be heated to about 600oC and

then passed over a hot catalyst

of aluminium oxide

Cracking is thermally

decomposing long chain

hydrocarbons.

The only thing small chain

hydrocarbons are useful for is as

fuels.

There is a higher global demand

for short chain hydrocarbons

rather than longer chains.


Or04 Cracking hydrocarbons Exam Question Practise

(1) The diagram shows an apparatus that can be used to carry out cracking reactions in a

laboratory.

(a) Why is aluminium oxide or broken porcelain used?

(1)(b) Paraffin contains decane. The cracking of decane can be represented by the equation

below. A decane molecule is split into two smaller molecules.

Complete the equation by adding the formula of the other product.

C10H22 (l) → (l) + C2H4 (g)

decane

(1)(c) Would you expect C2H4 molecules to collect at position A or B shown on the diagram?

Position

Explain your answer.

(1)

(d) Cracking reactions involve thermal decomposition. What is meant by thermal

decomposition?

(2)(e) Explain, as fully as you can, why cracking is used in the oil industry.

(3)(f) The cracking reaction produces a mixture of products. The mixture contains hydrocarbons

with different boiling points.

Suggest a method of separating this mixture.

(1)(Total 9 marks)

(2) One reason the oil industry is important is that it uses crude oil to produce many of the

plastic materials we use in everyday life.

(a) The first stage in the formation of a plastic material is called cracking. Butane (C4H10), a

hydrocarbon in crude oil, can be cracked to produce two different hydrocarbons, ethane (C2.4)

and ethene (C2H4)

(i) For cracking to happen what needs to be done to the hydrocarbon?

(2)(ii) Complete the equation for the cracking of butane using displayed formulae.

(2)

(iii) Complete the balanced chemical equation far the complete combustion of ethane in

oxygen.

C2.4(g) + (g) → (g) + (l)(3)

(b) The second stage is the formation of the plastic material by polymerisation.

Describe how ethene (C2H4) forms poly(ethene). You do not need to give the reaction conditions

or the names of catalysts.

(3)

Or0

5

Chem

istry

Structure and reactions of alkenes R A G

The general structure and formula of alkenes.

The names of the first four alkenes.

How to describe the reactions and conditions for the addition

of hydrogen, water and halogens to alkenes.

Draw the products of alkene addition reactions with

hydrogen, water chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Comprehension Task

Compare alkanes to alkenes

Circle the odd one out and then explain why?

- Bromine and alkene

- Hydrogen and alkane

- Water and alkene

Why:

Alkanes Alkenes


Or05 Structure and reactions of alkenes Exam Question Practise Q1.Crude oil is used to make useful substances such as alkenes and plastics.

(a) The alkene shown is ethene.

(i) Tick ( ) the correct formula for ethene.

Formula Tick ( )

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

(1)

(ii) Tick ( ) the name of the plastic formed when many ethene molecules join together.

Name of plastic Tick ( )

Poly(ethene)

Poly(ethenol)

Poly(propene)

(1)

(b) Read the article about plastics and then answer the questions.

THE PROBLEM WITH PLASTIC WASTEMillions of tonnes of plastics are made from crude oil every year.

Most of the litter found on beaches is plastic waste.

80 % of plastics produced end up in landfill sites.

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.

decomposes.

Plastic waste needs to be removed from beaches because it is reactive.

is not

biodegradable.

(1)

(ii) Suggest a problem caused by 80 % of plastics going to landfill sites.

Page 17 of 30

(1)

(iii) Suggest one way of reducing the amount of plastics going to landfill sites.

(1)

Page 18 of 30

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6

Chem

istry

Alcohols R A G

The structure and names of the first four alcohols.

o How to describe what happens when alcohols react with

sodium, burn in air, water or a reducing agent.

The main uses of the first four alcohols.

The conditions used for fermentation of sugar using yeast.

How to balance an equation for the combustion of alcohol.

Comprehension Task

FormulaStructure of proanol

Examples

Uses

Alcohols


Page 19 of 30

Or06 Alcohols Exam Question Practise Q1. The diagrams represent two compounds, A and B.

Compound A Compound B

(a) (i) Compound B is an alcohol.

Name compound B.

(1)

(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

burned decomposed oxidised

To form compound A,

compound B is

(1)

(iii) Compounds A and B are both colourless liquids.

A test tube contains a colourless liquid, which could be either compound A or compound B.

Describe a simple chemical test to show which compound, A or B, is in the test tube.

(2)

Page 20 of 30

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7

Chem

istry

Carboxylic acids R A G

To recognise carboxylic acids from their name or given

formulae.

What happens when any of the first four carboxylic acids

react with carbonates, alcohols and dissolve in water.

[H] Why carboxylic acids are weak acids in terms of ionisation

and pH.

The names of the first four carboxylic acids and esters.

Comprehension Task

FormulaStructure of proanol

Examples

Uses

Carboxylic acids


Page 21 of 30

Or07 Carboxylic acids Exam Question Practise Q1. (a) Compounds A and B react to produce compound C and compound D.

Compound A Compound B Compound C

(i) What is the formula of compound D?

(1)

(ii) Compound C is an ester.

Name compound C.

(1)

(iii) State one use of esters.

(1)

Page 22 of 30

Or0

8

Chem

istry

Addition polymerisation R A G

How to recognise addition polymers and monomers from

diagrams and from the presence of the functional group C=C in the

monomers.

To draw diagrams to represent the formation of a polymer

from a given alkene monomer.

How to relate the repeating unit to the monomer.

Comprehension Task 1. Draw a diagram to describe how addition polymerisation occurs.

2. Circle the chemicals that can participate in addition polymerisation.


Page 23 of 30

Or08 Addition polymerisation Exam Question Practise

Q1. This question is about polymers.

(a) Name the monomer used to form poly(chloroethene).

(1)

(b) Figure 1 shows the equation for the formation of poly(chloroethene).

Complete Figure 1.

(3)

(c) Poly(chloroethene) is the only product.

What type of polymer is poly(chloroethene)?

(1)

Q2.(a) The polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is non-biodegradable.

Give one problem caused by non-biodegradable polymers.

(1)

(b) Figure 1 shows a short section of a PVC molecule.

Figure 1

Page 24 of 30

PVC is produced from a monomer that contains two carbon atoms.

Complete the structure of the monomer.

C C(2)

(c) Figure 2 represents a few short chains of PVC molecules.

Explain why PVC softens and melts when heated.

Use Figure 2 and your knowledge of structure and bonding to help you to answer the question.

(3)

Page 25 of 30

Or0

9

Chem

istry

Condensation polymerisation R A G

[H] How to explain the basic principles of condensation

polymerisation including the functional groups in the monomers

and the repeating units in the polymer.

[H] How polyester is formed.

Comprehension Task 1. Write definitions for the following keywords

Condensation:

Polymerisation:

Addition:

Monomers:

Functional group:

Repeating:

2. Find mistakes in the following sentences and then rewrite them

Condensation polymerisation is the addition of two polymers together to make a

monomer.

Polyester is made when two or more ester molecules are joined together to produce a

smaller chain.


Page 26 of 30

Or09 Condensation polymerisation Exam Question Practise

Q1. Ethanediol reacts with butanedioic acid to produce a polyester and a small molecule.

(a) Figure 2 shows the structural formula of ethanediol.

Name the functional group present in ethanediol.

(1)

(b) Figure 3 shows the structural formula of butanedioic acid.

Which formula represents the carboxylic acid functional group?

Tick (✔) one box.

‒CH2‒

‒CH2‒CH2‒

‒CH2‒COOH

‒COOH

(1)

(c) Figure 4 shows part of the structure of the polyester.

Complete the box in Figure 4.

(2)

(d) Name the small molecule produced when ethanediol reacts with butanedioic acid.

Page 27 of 30

(1)

Q2. Ethene is used to produce poly(ethene).

(a) Draw the bonds to complete the displayed formulae of ethene and poly(ethene) in the

equation.

(2)

(b) Polyesters are made by a different method of polymerisation.

The equation for the reaction to produce a polyester can be represented as:

Compare the polymerisation reaction used to produce poly(ethene) with the polymerisation

reaction used to produce a polyester.

(4)

Page 28 of 30

Or1

0

Chem

istry

Amino acids and DNA R A G

[H] Amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to

produce polypeptides.

[H] Different amino acids can be combined in the same chain

to produce proteins.

That naturally occurring polymers important for life include

DNA, proteins, starch and cellulose.

Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains made from

nucleotides, in the form of a double helix.

Names of the types of monomers from which naturally

occurring polymers are made.

Comprehension Task True or False

StatementTrue or

FalseReason

DNA is the only natural polymer

known.

Amino acids join together in a

long chain to produce a

polymer.

Proteins are a long chain of

repeating amino acids joined

together.

Deoxyribonucleic acid is made

up the monomers A, C, T and G

Sugars are small molecules that

are made of carbon, nitrogen

and sulfur.


Page 29 of 30

Or10 Amino acids and DNA Exam Question Practise

Q1. Starch, proteins and DNA are naturally occurring polymers.

(a) Name the monomers from which starch and proteins are produced.

Starch

Proteins

(2)

(b) Describe the structure of DNA.

(2)

Page 30 of 30

Documents

· Web viewKS4 Organic Chemistry Homework Booklet Name: _____ Class: _____ Teacher: _____ Due Date Or 0 1 Hydrocarbons Or 02 Fractional distillation Or 03 Burning hydrocarbons Or0

· Web viewKS4 Organic Chemistry Homework Booklet Name: ___ Class: _ Teacher: ___ Due Date Or 0 1 Hydrocarbons Or 02 Fractional distillation Or 03 Burning hydrocarbons Or0