Committee: United Nations Human Rights Council

Agenda A: Ways to ensure human rights within child labor issues

1. Introduction

More than 152 million children aged between 5 to 17 engage in work, and 11% of them are subjected to

severe child labor in the field of agriculture, mining, domestic labor, and even prostitution, and are unable

to get proper educations from schools. 68% of working children work without being paid, and 8% of them

engage in private businesses. Rest of the children get paid, but in many cases wages are too low or not paid

regularly. Child labor accompanies infringement upon children’s most fundamental rights; right to be

protected and educated. children who are subjected to child labor work in very hazardous conditions where

their lives and health are not guaranteed with safety. Their most basic right to be treated as human is

infringed upon, and the right to develop as a societal member who can make rational decisions and can act

and think actively is not fulfilled as well. According to UN Convention on the Right of a Child, children

have rights to be protected against economic exploitation that is dangerous and detrimental to children’s

education, and their physical, mental, ethical, and social development. Child labor breaks these rights of

children and invades upon their fundamental rights regarding leisure, education, and health, and it also

deprives possibilities and potentials of development of a child. To protect these children from the emergent

situation of child labor who jump into the labor front to escape from poor household and poverty and

enable them to seek their potentials through educations and healthy conditions, it is critical to search

methods to ensure human rights within child labor issues in the international scale.

Figure 1. (children carrying bricks in Nepal)

2. Definition of key terms

Child labor: refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood,

interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally

dangerous and harmful. In international treaty defined by ILO (International Labor Organization), child

labor indicates labor which child under the “minimum age” engage. Minimum age differs from types of

labor.

UNCRC: United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child. It is the convention that values children not

only as the entities who need to be protected but also the main agents who have dignity and rights. The

convention itself specifies the fundamental rights regarding children’s survival, development, and

protection. It was accepted on November 20th in the year 1989 after UN general assembly session and

started to take effect after 1990/09/02. 18th agreement of convention guarantees the rights of primary

education. (“All children have rights to be provided with free primary and elementary educations.”) The

32nd agreement mentions child labor in a specific manner. “The government should protect children from

concerns that can deprive children’s health or education. […] If children get to engage in family farm

works or businesses, their occupations should take place in the safe environment, fit with children’s

developmental stages and should follow a municipal law of labor.”

ILO: International Labor Organization. Specialized agencies under UN that cope with labor problems,

and has its headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland. ILO has its main goal of guaranteeing labor that can freely,

fairly, and safely ensure human dignity. It designated June 12 th as the International Day Against Child

Labor, and it is actively hosting worldwide campaigns and is urging countries for policies to cut domestic

child labor. ILO provides specific statistics regarding child labor; according to the publication of ‘2015

Report of worldwide child labor’ from ILO, 160 million children are suffering from child labor and almost

120 million is between 5 to 14 and is emergent and critical to actively regulate child labor both

internationally and nationally(locally). ILO also pointed out the vicious cycle of child labor; how children

subjected to forced labor cannot get proper and regular educations, how this makes them to not fulfill the

standards normal occupations require, and how it leads to the conclusion of children of next generation

opting into the child labor again.

Labor: Any kind of activities that humans act on other people mentally and physically for living or

survival. Every laborers are protected by fundamental labor rights (ILO Declaration of Fundamental

Principles and Rights at Work), which are the basic rights guaranteed for laborers’ procuring of survivals.

Constitutional laws regarding labor rights differ from nations to nations, but in standard it includes right to

work, right to organize and form labor union, and right to strike.

Child: Generally refers to the transition period between early child period and adolescent period, including

children aged between 6 and 12. Children have responsibilities to develop themselves mentally and

physically through education, and despite the differences between nations, primary education for children

is generally regulated in education act. In international treaties like United Nations Convention on the

Rights of the Child, ‘Child’ refers to any human under the age of 18/ Child rights are fundamental rights

that children have, and is the consideration of significant protection and management of children.  It

includes rights to continue relationships with parents, to get universal education provided by government, and to

display identity through proper application of criminal laws.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Convention that clearly states fundamental rights of

children regarding their survivals, developments, protections and participations, and considers children as

main agents who have dignity and rights and not as simple people subjected to protection. It includes right

of life, right of declaration of intention, prohibition of sexual abuse, torture, punishment, and illegal

transferring outside the border of nation. This convention was unanimously adopted by 193 nations

including North Korea in UN General Assembly held in November 11th, 1989.

3. Background information

According to the Convention on International Labor Organization, 182th agreement states the worst forms

of child labor are the following: Trafficking or putting children in sales, making children slavery as an

excuse of debt redemption, subjecting children to compulsory conscription for armed conflict, forcing

children into labor, making pornographies conducting children, using, procuring, or providing children for

indecent or sexual shows and videos, forcing children to engage in illegal activities such as drug

production or black-market selling, and pushing children into the labor front with dangerous, detrimental

and unhealthy working conditions and unfair wages.

As child labor infringed upon the freedom and rights regarding education, health, and leisure, it needs to be

conceived critically. To respond to the situation that needs consciousness, international society has

designated June 12th as the International Day Against the Child Labor along with ILO but has failed to

reach the goal of cutting off child labor by 2016. It is still essential to gather the world’s attention and

bring out effective policies and regulations both internationally and locally. The reason why child labor

cannot be easily eliminated is that the issue itself is closely connected with intricate factors such as local

education, income, and tradition.

Most children opt into child labor as a way to escape from severe poverty or poor household. Many parents

inevitably sell their kids to large companies for an economic source, but in many cases fail to reboot

family’s economic stance because the creditors, which in many cases employers do not regularly or

properly pay children.

Figure 2 (statistics of child labor around the world)

On the worldwide scale, South Korea, Australia, and Canada are comparatively safe from child labor,

whereas Asian continent including China, South Africa, and South America shows high exposure to it.

Even U.S.A with high economic stability is quite subjected to child labor, and UNHRC points out the main

cause as the existence of huge-sized farms and massive tobacco-manufacturing plants dotted around the

world. Myanmar has the highest degree of risk and is getting denounced from international society for

setting the minimum age of legal labor to 13.

There are largely three main causes for child labor. Bonded labor deriving from a poor household, parents’

coercion or passing down to the next generation, and human trafficking and kidnapping. Bonded labor

takes a large part in child labor. Bonded labor is a form of labor work that child replacing in to repay for

family’s liabilities, working in the creditor’s house, company or workplace. Especially in a family with lots

of kids, children are often put in labor front when the house goes out of money or too burdensome to bear

all kids. However, in many cases, children cannot get properly and justly get paid even after long hours or

work. Unsettled debt passes to next generation of the family, creating a never-ending vicious cycle. The

employers, meanwhile, have the advantage in using children as labor forces because they are more dutiful,

submissive, and unable to make labor union and nitpick about low, unstable and irregular wages along

with bad working conditions that are against law. They’re easier to make dismissals anytime employers

want, and their small body and hand sizes give advantages to certain handworks as well. That explains the

reason why so many trafficking that targets children happen around the world.

4. Past actions of UN and non-governmental organizations

UNHRC: UNHRC arranged parallel event including debate where North Korean defectors can testify about

actual conditions of women and child labor prevailed in North Korea. UNHRC also held UNHRC Campaign

Program in UN Geneva, 2017, to prepare to increase the quality of civic consciousness and public awareness

through seminars participation about North Korean Child labor issues.

World Vision (non-governmental organization): World Vision is carrying out multiple enterprises to root out

child labor through providing educations with purposes of raising awareness regarding child exploitation, night-

time schools and education programs for children, sustenance and financial support toward temporary

educational curriculum, and carrying out actions to raise incomes of local residents. Their projects are mainly

held in India and Bangladesh where child labor issues are detrimentally evoked. They are also working on

policy advocacy through realizing campaigns and delivering educations regarding prevention of human

trafficking for children who are vulnerable and are largely subjected to kidnapping in the Mekong area in

Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.

5. Major countries involved

Cambodia

In 1998, ILO estimated that 24.1% of children of Cambodia between the age of 10 to 14 were economically

active, which means they were on the labor front. According to the Cambodia Human Development Report done

in 2000, about 65,000 children (between 5 to 13) worked more than 3 hours a week and did not attend school

and get the education. The seriousness of child labor in Cambodia can also be seen in the report from UNICEF;

it describes how vicious cycle happens all from child work exploitation. When children dismiss school, they fail

to get the knowledge and skills needed to speak out for unfair abuse and exploitation, and it is likely to lead to a

fatal cycle of poverty in their families. As a result, this lack of productivity will hold back national economic

growth in Cambodia and will make it much harder to protect children and citizens from poverty and poor

working conditions.

India

In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job.

However, Fundamental Right under Article notably states that the Constitution of India prohibits child

labor in hazardous industries. Estimated by UNICEF, India has the most laborers in the world under 14

years ago. Even with the consideration of how India has the largest population in the world, child labor is a

critical issue in India. As India mainly strengthens national economic stance by manufacturing goods and

providing labor forces, it’s important to stand against the goods with child labor engaging. Companies

including Gap, Monsanto, and Primark have been getting international criticism for having child labor in

their products. The companies did argue about strict policies that restrict goods made by underage children,

but enormous links and middleman in supply/selling chain makes it hard to oversee them. In December

2014, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor was issued by U.S. Department of Labor.

According to the reports provided, India was significantly marked as critical working conditions among

other 74 countries. 23 goods which are the majority of listed goods were attributed to India for being

produced by child labor. As an effort to eradicate child labor from India, there are other various laws

protecting children from exploitation other than constitutional prohibition. Juvenile Justice (care and

protection) of Children Act-2000 and the Child Labor (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a

basis for stopping and prosecuting child labor in India.

Nepal

In Nepal, the child labor issue is more serious and urgent that other countries in South Asia. NLFS (Nepal

Labor Force Survey) provides statistics that clearly shows the importance of carrying out solutions for

child labor in Nepal. In 2008, 86.2% of children were both studying and working, yet 13.8% of students

were only working and absent from school. Also in 2008, 60.5% of children taking majority are working

up to 19 hours while 32.2% are working 20 to 40 hours and the rest of 7.3% of children are working far

more than 40 hours a week. This trend of child labor is shown both in the urban and rural side. Nepal

Living Standards Survey Statistical Report Volume also shows that the poorest consumption of quintile

has the highest percentage of 19.7% of child laborers who work for more than 40 hours a week. According

to the study done by Ray in 2004, a child attending school regularly and labor-force participation rates are

negatively connected as there exists a trade-off between the two choices. Therefore, if the labor time

increases, it would also mean less time for schooling and educations. As mentioned above, getting proper

educations is essential for children’s future prospects and knowledge important for normal and safe

occupations in the future.

6. Future Outlooks and solutions

First, improving laws stating that child labor is illegal. Rather than establishing new policies or laws, it’s

important to let citizens, especially teenagers and children who can be subjected to child labor, to know about

the certain maximum number of hours to work, and since what age can citizens legally work. This should come

before the primary educations of math, science etc. Informing children and letting them know whether they are

being exploited for child labor or not is very important in such status quo where the majority of the children do

not think it is illegal to be treated by the employers.

Second, giving financial benefits to every parent that send their kids to regular educational curriculums will

incentivize the parents to not put their children in hazardous labor front. With credible statistics from

international organizations, informing parents about how children will not justifiably get wages in the regular

time period, and how sending the children to dangerous working conditions will not financially help the family

but will rather cause the next generation to opt into child labor and call upon vicious cycle is critical. In many

cases parents believe that the child will save the whole family from poverty, engaging in bonded labor and a

vicious cycle of poverty and labor exploitation from generation to generation.

Third, imposing trade sanctions and consumer boycotts on countries that have child labor will bring positive

effect and overall engage a lot in cutting down child labor. Similar cases happened in coffee franchises,

regarding fair trade issue. When fair trade issue evoked upon the consumers; the fact that many laborers work

with dangerous tools in fatal working conditions but not even properly paid and how many companies including

the largest coffee/coffee bean company, Starbucks, sell goods that were created by unfair and inhumane labors

brought a worldwide boycott and consumers speaking out for a fair trade. It eventually led many coffee

companies to prove fair trade by official marks. International society can also expect similar consequences to

child labor. Before all this, it is most important to raise awareness of consumers about child labor and evoke the

importance of consumers’ powers in the market.

7. Conclusion

Goods people encounter on a daily basis like soccer balls, carpets, chocolates, coffee, and even pencils and

notes, might have been created by a child somewhere in the world. That child, who would be suffering from

various diseases derived from bad working conditions and dangerous tools and machinery, automatically loses

chances to grow up into a rational thinker and part of a society because he or she attended farms or factories

instead of school. Lack of information and education will unfold a completely different synopsis of life to a

child than ours are. Prostitution leaves young children unforgettable scars and memories along with traumas and

various phobias. Before child labor lays other millions of victims, international society and organizations

including UN should gather the world’s attention and carry out feasible, effective solutions to protect children.

Child labor is also directly connected to that certain nation’s economic power. High exposure to child work

exploitation means fewer people are knowledgeable enough to be a legal and effective labor force of a country.

Passive economic activities of citizens will cause the nation’s economic stance to fall more and more, making it

harder for government to financially aid the poor households and children subjected to child labor. If not

eradicated, the vicious cycle of poverty will hit the family from generation to generation. In many aspects, child

labor is the very urgent issue that needs immediate attention and actions from international society and

individuals as well.

Committee: United Nations Human Rights Council

Agenda B: Promoting freedom of expression of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience

I. Introduction“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.” Article 18 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states that the freedom of expression should be preserved over humanity. However, political prisoners and prisoners of conscience are detained because of their political or religious belief and actions. Governments have often used ‘national security’ as an excuse to stifle their criticism. On 20 June, 2017, Rafael Marques de Morais, investigative journalist and editor of the online publication Maka Angola were charged with “defamation of a public authority” and causing “outrage to a sovereign body” in relation to an article they published questioning the acquisition of public land by the General Public Prosecutor.

Such spirit of freedom of thought, conscience and freedom of expression is also promoted and protected by one of the core international human rights treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in its Article 18 and 19. Yet, political prisoners and political of conscience remain the most vulnerable victims who are deprived of such universally recognized human rights in all corners around the world. Also, rights to freedom of expression and conscience is closely connected to rights of journalists and media, right to fair trial, right against arbitrary detention and other relevant freedom and rights.

Amnesty demands that all prisoners of conscience should be immediately and unconditionally released. Since its founding in 1961, it has worked on more than 44,000 cases and successfully resolved 40,000 of them.

II. Definition of Key Terms

/Freedom of expression:

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of expression is recognized as the basic human right of every individual to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

/Political prisoners:

With no precise universal definition of political prisoners, it is commonly known as someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment. Amnesty International defines political prisoners as a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime carried out for political motives, such as murder or robbery carried out to support the objectives of an opposition group, or a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime committed in a political context, such as at a demonstration by a trade union or a peasants' organization, or a member or suspected member of an armed opposition group who has been charged with treason or subversion.

/Prisoners of conscience:

According to Amnesty International, prisoners of conscience are someone who has not used or advocated violence but is imprisoned because of who they are (sexual orientation, ethnic, national or social origin, language, birth, color, sex or economic status) or what they believe (religious, political or other conscientiously held beliefs).

*Difference between political prisoners and prisoners of conscienceAccording to Amnesty International, prisoners of conscience fall within the "political prisoner" designation but are more rigidly defined.Prisoners of conscience are those who have been jailed or had their freedom restricted because of their political or religious beliefs, ethnic origin, gender, race, language, economic status, sexual orientation, or other status.People who have used or advocated violence, even in the defense of their beliefs, cannot be labeled prisoners of conscience. (In some instances, the use of violence does not prevent some prisoners from receiving a political-prisoner designation, although this is a controversial and divisive issue.)

III. Background InformationIn the status quo, the typical victims who are suffering are journalists. The international journalist community has been continuously subjected to the risks of exile, murder, injuries or imprisonment. According to the statistics from Reporters Without Borders (RWB), a non-profit organization that promotes and defends freedom of the press, shows that in 2011 there were around 3,140 journalists jailed, attacked, kidnapped or threatened.

Under the name of national security and public order, governments have disrupted Internet

and telecommunications services in order to restrict freedom of expression of these victims. Such disruptions include the shutdown of entire networks, the blocking of websites and platforms and the suspension of telecommunications and mobile services. In advance of elections, both Turkey and Uganda are alleged to have restricted access online. Malaysia invoked its Sedition Act to justify blocking a news site, while Nauru cited crime prevention as one of the reasons for blocking a number of social media websites in 2015.

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), the 10 most censored countries are Eritrea, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Azerbaijan, Vietnam, Iran, China, Myanmar and Cuba.

National security is also used to justify excluding information in the public interest from disclosure, with many governments over classifying vast amounts of information and documents and others providing limited transparency in the process and substance of classification. In the case of Japan, for instance, the Government adopted the Act on the Protection of Specially Designated Secrets, which raised concerns about transparency, third-party oversight, the protection of journalists and their sources, and whistle-blowers.

Not only restricting their freedom of speech, but another core problem that exists is about the violation of human rights that these prisoners suffer from, such as getting tortured and denying the reach of medical care. According to Amnesty International, Iran was denying the reach of medical care to political prisoners and prisoners of conscience. This can cause in some cases death, permanent disability or other damages to their health. According to a report published by Amnesty International named Health taken hostage: Cruel denial of medical care in Iran’s prisons, it shows the poor conditions of healthcare in the country’s prisons. The Director of Amnesty International’s Middle East and North Africa Programme Philip Luther has previously stated concern by stating that “In Iran a prisoner’s health is routinely taken hostage by the authorities, who recklessly ignore the medical needs of those in custody. Denying medical care to political prisoners is cruel and utterly indefensible.”

Also, prisoners face harsh conditions in prisons and other detention facilities. According to The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, such conditions sometimes impair a proper defense of pretrail detainees and thus violate the right to fair trial, as entrenched in article 14 of the Covenant. Detainees stay in overcrowded cells for most of the day without engaging in activities. Food and water supply is a serious problem because prison authorities suffer from budgetary constraints. The conditions in the holdings cells of DNIC, at Cacuaco Prison in Luanda and in the Provincial Prison in Condueji in the Province of Lunda Norte are alarming.

**Corresponding to these problems, Angola is a great role model for showing development and advancement. Angola has ratified a lot of human rights treaties, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Also, Angola is trying its best to raise public awareness of these international treaties through disseminating relevant reports by getting the help of the Intersectoral Committee for the Preparation of National Human Rights Reports. Along with the dissemination, The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights publish important documents such as the human rights training manual in order to enable broader accessibility for citizens. Angola is also undertaking 166 recommendations from the Universal Periodic Review regarding the solutions of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience. Furthermore, to ensure an independent judicial system,

the government of Angola has taken steps to address the serious shortage of lawyers in general, especially those specializing in criminal law. One of the best policies that Angola is implementing is the Ombudsman Office system. The Ombudsman Office is the national human rights institution and an independent public body with the purpose of defending rights and freedoms. Thanks to the Ombudsman Office, Angola is able to review such problems without getting interference by the government institutions.

IV. Past Actions of the United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations/International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is an international human rights treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1966, embodying 167 state parties. It is one of the two treaties that give legal force to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It promotes respect to the rights of individuals, including the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly without any regards to their differences. Article 18 and 19 is directly related with freedom of expression.

Article 181. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.Article 191. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

/Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. Article 18 specifically mentions about the freedom of expression by stating that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

/Reporters Without Borders (RWB)Reporters Without Borders is an international non-governmental organization which protects journalists and bloggers in danger. It provides training in physical and digital security, insurance, an emergency hotline and information manuals to journalists, especially freelancers and stringers, traveling to war zones or covering elections in dangerous regions. It also assists the work of the UN Human Rights Council and the International Organization of the Francophonie, and has submitted proposals on protecting journalists and creating a special status for whistleblowers.

Human Rights Watch (HRW)Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers and human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants and political prisoners. The HRW publishes research reports on violations of international human rights norms as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international treaties. Issues raised by Human Rights Watch in its reports include social and gender discrimination, torture, military use of children, political corruption, abuses in criminal justice systems, and the legalization of abortion.

Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights. The experts of the Amnesty International proceed with accurate and cross-checked research into human rights violations by governments and others worldwide, and these reports are used to influence and press governments, companies and decision-makers to do the right thing. Also, through petitions, letters and protests, campaigners worldwide press for action from the people and institutions who can make change happen.

V. Possible SolutionsThe first step to promote freedom of expression among political prisoners and prisoners of conscience is to encourage the ratification of human rights treaties. In order to implement the framework provided by the international human rights treaties, nations should ratify the standards such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Ratification will provide an opportunity for countries to utilize these treaties and advance the situation of political prisoners.

In addition, extending invitation to independent experts and special rapporteurs of related thematic topics is necessary. Special rapporteurs are a mandate by the United Nations. They examine, monitor, advise and publicly report on human rights problems and each individual chooses the theme they would like to research such as freedom of expression, religion etc and visit particular countries. These monitoring reports like the ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of expression’ have been proved as an effective method. This report is evaluated as analyzing the essential problems related with interfering freedom of expression such as lack of information accessibility derived from Internet and telecommunications shutdowns. Having a monitoring system with the problem of political prisoners regarding the country’s situation and providing appropriate advice can work effectively. As a good example, Angola in the current status quo, is inviting the independent experts and special rapporteurs on human rights to its country every 4 years in

order for them to investigate and review its situation of freedom of expression. Also, it extended the visit by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention in 2007, as an effort to overcome domestic human rights problems.

Furthermore, reformation in domestic legal framework should take place. The national legislations and domestic legal framework should be revised so that it can implement international human rights obligations. The typical role model of this sector is Angola. Recently, Angola has revised its Constitution by adding clauses that admits the freedom of expression mentioned in article 18 and 19 of the Covenant, such as the “Press Law Pack” of five bills. (It included Press Law, Journalist’s Statue, Radio Broadcasting Law, Television Law and Social Communications Regulatory Body Law.)

Lastly, measures to ensure an independent judicial system should be devised. In order to ensure transparency in detention and proceedings, the national judicial system should be independent from the government sector. To increase transparency, all the involved stakeholders including prosecutors, lawyers, and police officials must be available and also trained in the appropriate manner. For monitoring and assessing the actual situation, third party actors like the non-governmental organizations and national human rights institution such as the Ombudsman must be involved.

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