€¦ · Web viewFirst Aid, CPR and AEDName Chapter 1 Notes: P-1-4Date/Block: Why is First Aid important? You are likely to be faced with a decision to help in an emergency someday

First Aid, CPR and AED Name

Chapter 1 Notes: P-1-4 Date/Block:

Why is First Aid important?

You are likely to be faced with a decision to help in an emergency someday

Define First Aid:

The immediate care for victims of injuries or sudden illness

What are the “Good Samaritan Laws”?

Good Samaritan laws provide immunity.

When can “Duty to Act” require someone to render First Aid?

A. When employment requires itB. When a preexisting responsibility exists. Example: parent or Driver

for a passenger.What are the two types of consent and in what ways can the rescuer obtain them?

A. Expressed consent which is given verbally or with a nod of the head.B. Implied consent is when the victim is unresponsive or incompetent.

This assumes the victim or parent would want care provided.Define Abandonment:

Leaving a victim without help

Define Negligence:

Occurs when a victim suffers further injury or harm because the care that was given did not meet the standards expected from a person with similar training in a similar situation

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 2 Notes: p. 5-8 Date/Block: ____________________

A _bystander_ is a vital link between _medical care_ and the _victim_.

Size up the Scene: 3 Things to Consider1. What hazards could be dangerous?2. What happened?3. How many people are involved?

Call 9-1-1 if the answer to any of these questions is “yes.” (see table 2.1-choose 4)1. Is the victim’s condition life-threatening?2. Could the victim’s condition worsen?3. Does the victim need skills/equipment from a professional?4. Could moving the victim cause further injury?

When calling 9-1-1, be prepared to give the following information:1. Your name and phone number2. The victim’s location3. What happened4. The number of people needing help5. The victim’s condition

List 2 examples of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and describe how they protect you. 1) Latex-free medical exam gloves 2) Protective eyewear

3) Protective breathing devices (All protect against disease transmission)List 6 steps you can follow to protect yourself from disease transmission when providing care.1. Wear appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment).2. Use correct procedures for absorbent barriers to soak up blood/infectious material.3. Clean up the spill area with a disinfectant.4. Discard contaminated materials appropriately.5. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water.6. Report the incident to a supervisor at work or physician or emergency care.


How do you do a scene size-up? What do you look for?A quick survey of the scene to determine safety, general type of problem and number of victims. Always go to the quiet, motionless victim FIRST!

What is a primary check? What does it include?The first step in dealing with an emergency situation, used to determine life-threatening conditions. 1. Responsiveness 2. Severe Bleeding 3. Breathing

How do you check responsiveness?Tap the victim’s shoulder and ask “Are you OK?” If there is no response, the victim is considered unresponsive.

How do you check for breathing? What are some sounds that would indicate abnormal breathing?

Look at victim’s chest and face. Sounds of: snoring, gurgling, wheezing, gasping

How do you check for severe bleeding and what do you do to control it?Scan the body for blood-soaked clothing or blood collecting on the ground. Control it by putting pressure on the wound.

What is the recovery position and when is it used?The victim is positioned on their side and used when the victim is vomiting or you need to leave the victim alone to call 9-1-1 or get help.

What is a secondary check? What does it include?A quick physical check to gather information about the victim’s condition. Includes

signs: conditions that you can see, feel, hear or smell and symptoms: what the victim feels and describes.

The DOTS guideline helps you identify keys signs of a problem.D __Deformities__: Abnormal shapes-broken bones O __Open Wounds__: Break in the skin, bleeding

T __Tenderness__: Sensitivity, discomfort or pain when touched

S __Swelling__: Body’s response to injury—A build up of fluids around the injured area

To conduct a physical exam, follow these steps:1. __Head__: DOTS, pupils, ears, nose, mouth2. __Neck__: DOTS, medical ID necklace3. __Chest__: DOTS, gently squeeze4. __Abdomen__: DOTS, gently push to check for tenderness5. __Pelvis__: DOTS, gently push inward on hips for movement6. __Extremities__: DOTS, arms and legs7. __Back__: DOTS, only if spinal injury is not suspected

Define cyanosis: A bluish or grayish tint to the skin and mucous membranes caused by low levels of oxygen in the blood.

List and describe the steps to using the SAMPLE guideline to gather information (table 3.3)S __Signs/Symptoms__: What’s wrong?

A__Allergies__: Are you allergic to anything?

M__Medications__: Are you taking any medications?

P__Past medical history__: Have you had this condition before?

L__Last oral intake__: When did you eat or drink last?

E__Events leading up__: Injury- How did you get hurt?

Illness- What were you doing?First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 4 Notes: p. 15-23 Date/Block: ____________________

Define Heart Attack: Death of a part of the heart muscle

Define Cardiac Arrest: The victim’s heart stops beating.

List and describe the five links in the chain of survival:1. _Recognition and action_: Recognizing the early warning signs of cardiac arrest

and immediately calling 9-1-1

2. CPR : Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – circulate blood to the heart and brain

3. Defibrillation : Administering a shock to the heart can restore the heartbeat

4. Advanced Care _: Paramedics provide advanced cardiac life support including IV fluids, medications, and advanced airway devices and rapid transportation to the hospital.

5. Post-Arrest Care : The hospital can provide life-saving medications, surgical procedures, and advanced medical care.

What does CPR stand for? Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

What is the goal of Chest Compressions? Circulate the blood to the victim’s heart and brain.

*REVIEW* How do you check responsiveness? What do you do if there is no response? Tap the victims shoulder and ask if he is okay. Call 9-1-1

Describe how you give chest compressions: Perform chest compressions with two hands for an adult, one or two hands for a child , and two fingers for an infant. Push hard and fast 2 inches deep for an adult and one and a half for an infant. Position the hands at the center of the chest.

Head _TILT, chin LIFT _ to open the victim’s airway.Describe how you give rescue breaths: Tilt the victim’s head back and lift the chin to open the airway. Pinch the victim’s nose and make a tight seal over the victim’s mouth with your mouth. Give one breath lasting 1 second. Each rescue breath should make the victim’s chest rise.

For ADULT CPR: You give __30_ compressions and __2__ breaths.For CHILD CPR: You give __30__ compressions and __2__ breaths.For INFANT CPR: You give __30__ compressions and __2__ breaths.

Describe a mild airway obstruction: Good air exchange is present. The victim is able to make forceful coughing efforts in an attempt to relieve the obstruction.

The signs of a severe airway obstruction include:1. Breathing becoming more difficult2. Weak and ineffective cough3. Inability to speak or breathe4. Skin, fingernail beds, and inside of the mouth appear bluish gray.

What is the universal sign for choking? Grasping the neck.

List and describe the steps for assisting a responsive adult or child who cannot speak, cough or breathe.

1. Check the victim for choking, locate the navel.

2. Place thumb side of fist just above the navel and Place the other hand on top of the first hand and give abdominal thrusts.

List and describe the steps for assisting a responsive infant who cannot speak, cough or breathe.

1. Support the infant’s head, neck, and back. Give 5 back blows.

2. Give 5 chest compressions.

If the choking victim becomes unresponsive, call _9-1-1 and give _Chest Compressions ___________.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 5 Notes: p 24-30 Date/Block: ____________________

AEDChances for survival dramatically improve with early CPR and early defibrillation with the use of an AED.

An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is used to analyze a victim’s heart rhythm and provide a shock if necessary.

Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib) is described as: disorganized electrical activity; the most common abnormal heart rhythm in adult sudden cardiac arrest cases.Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) is described as: very rapid electrical activity where the heart beats too fast to pump blood effectively.

For every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the victim’s chance of survival is decreases by 7% to 10%.

Aorta

Lung: Oxygen exchange

happens here

Right Atrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle

InferiorVena Cava

SuperiorVena Cava

Lung: Oxygenexchange happens here

PulmonaryArtery

Many types and models of AED’s exist, but they all have some elements in common:1. Power On/Off Mechanism 4. Defibrillation Capability2. Cables and Electrode pads 5. Prompts to Guide You3. Analysis Capability 6. Battery Operation for Portability

Using an AED: Basic operating procedures to assist any victim:1. Perform CPR until a defibrillator is available. Turn it on.2. Apply the electrode pads to the victim’s bare skin and make sure that the cables

are attached to the device.3. Stand clear and allow the device to analyze the heart rhythm. Press the shock

button if advised by the device. Fully automatic devices do not have a chock button and will provide the shock if needed.

4. Perform 2 minutes of CPR and follow the device prompts. Check the victim for responsiveness and breathing and repeat the analysis, shock and CPR steps as needed.

Special Considerations for AED use:Water: Remove the victim from free standing water and quickly dry off the chest before applying pads.

Children: Use pediatric pads if available for children under one year. If not available, use adult pads.

Medication Patches: Remove any patch and dry skin before attaching electrode pads.

Implanted Devices: Avoid placing pads directly over an implanted device when possible. Allow implanted unit to stop discharging before using the AED.

Lightning: For a victim who is unresponsive and not breathing, perform CPR until a defibrillator is available, then use the AED.

When inspecting an AED, check for these 4 items:Two sets of unexpired electrode pads, an extra battery, a razor, and a towel.


Cardiovascular Emergencies!Signs of a Heart Attack:1. Chest pressure and/or pain that lasts for more than a few minutes2. Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, jaw, or arms3. Dizziness, sweating, or nausea4. Shortness of breath

What are the differences in men and women pertaining to heart attacks? Many women do not have classic signs. Instead, they may have severe fatigue,

upset stomach and shortness of breath. Because they are not classic signs, like chest pain, heart attacks are diagnosed and treated much later than they normally are in men. Women are more likely than men to die from a heart attack because of the delay in treatment.

Care for heart attack:1. Call 9-1-1. Give the victim medications to dissolve a clot.2. Help the victim into the most comfortable resting position.3. If the victim is alert and not allergic to aspirin, give 4 chewable or one regular

aspirin.4. Help the victim take any prescribed heart disease medications and continue to

monitor their breathing.

Define Angina: Chest pain associated with heart disease that occurs when the heart muscle does

not get enough blood. It can also be caused by physical activity, exposure to cold and stress.

What are the signs of angina? Chest pain that is relieved by nitroglycerin or stops within 10 minutes.

Care for angina:1. Have the victim rest.2. If the victim has their own nitroglycerin, help them to use it.3. If chest pain continues beyond 10 minutes, suspect a heart attack and call 9-1-1.

Define Stroke: Occurs when part of the blood flow to the brain is suddenly cut off due to a

blockage or rupture of the arteries in the brain

What are the common signs of a stroke? Weakness/numbness of the face, arm, or leg (one side of the body) Blurred/decreased vision Problems speaking Dizziness/loss of balance Sudden/severe headache Sudden confusion

Using FAST, you can quickly assess a victim for the possibility of a stroke:F ___FACE___: Ask the victim to smile, does one side of their mouth droop?

A ___ARMS___: Ask the victim to extend both arms out, does one arm drift downwards?

S___SPEECH___: Ask the victim to repeat a simple sentence, is it correct? Slurred words?

T___TIME___: IMPORTANT!!! What time did the symptoms start? CALL 9-1-1!

Care for stroke:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Have the victim rest in a comfortable position, usually on their back with head and

shoulders elevated.3. If they are vomiting, roll the victim into the recovery position.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________

Chapter 7 Notes: p 34-41 Date/Block: ____________________

Bleeding and Wounds

Define Hemorrhage: A large amount of bleeding in a short amount of time

List and describe the 3 types of External Bleeding:1. Capillary: oozes slowly from a wound- most common type of external bleeding and

the easiest to control.2. Venous: flows steadily from the wound- does not spurt, can be a large volume.3. Arterial : spurts with each heartbeat- very difficult to control- most serious type of

external bleeding due to the large amount of blood loss quickly.

List and describe the 6 types of Open Wounds:1. Abrasion—the top layer of skin is removed, very little bleeding, ex. scrape or a rug

burn2. Laceration—a cut with jagged edges, usually caused by a forceful tearing away of

the skin tissue, ex. barbed wire3. Incision—a cut with smooth edges, ex. paper cut.4. Puncture—an injury from a sharp, pointed object that may damage internal

organs, which has a high risk of infection, ex. stab wound. Also called an embedded object.

5. Avulsion—a piece of skin and/or tissue torn loose and hanging from the body.6. Amputation—a cutting or tearing off of a body part.

What are the steps to care for minor external bleeding?1. If available, put on latex-free medical exam gloves.2. Wash the wound with soap and water.3. Flush the wound with running water under pressure.4. Apply an antibiotic ointment.5. Cover the wound with a sterile pad and nonstick dressing. Change the dressing and bandage periodically.6. Seek medical care for a wound with a high risk of infection (animal bite or puncture.)

What are the steps to care for serious external bleeding?1. Put on latex-free medical exam gloves and expose the wound.2. Apply a gauze pad and direct pressure to the wound.3. Apply a pressure bandage over the gauze. Apply additional dressings and pressure bandages if blood soaks though.4. Call 9-1-1.

These are signs that a wound may be infected: Swelling, redness, fever, sensation of warmth, throbbing pain, pus discharge,

swelling of lymph nodes, red streaks towards heart on skin

What is tetanus? How is it treated and prevented? A bacterial infection affecting the muscle groups (usually the jaw) There is no cure Vaccinations and a booster shot every 10 years, or when needed for an animal bite

or a dirty wound.

To care for an amputation:1. Call 9-1-1. 4. Recover the amputated part, wrap in dry sterile gauze.2. Control the bleeding. 5. Seal part in plastic bag or water proof container.3. Care for shock. 6. Keep part cool, place ON TOP OF ice, do not freeze.

To care for a victim with an impaled/embedded object:1. Leave the object in place.2. Expose the area. Remove or cut away the victim’s clothing if necessary.3. Stabilize the object with bulky, clean dressings.4. Seek medical care.

Medical Attention may be required for wounds with the following conditions:1. Long/deep cuts needing stitches 6. Cuts that damage nerves, joints, tendons2. Cuts over a joint 7. Cuts over a broken bone3. Cuts that may impair function 8. Cuts due to a crushing injury4. Cuts from an animal/human bite 9. Cuts with an embedded object5. Cuts that remove all layers of skin 10. Cuts due to metal or glassCall 9-1-1 immediately if:

1. Bleeding is not controlled with direct pressure after 10-15 minutes.2. Victim displays signs of shock: dizziness, pale/cool skin.3. Breathing difficulty after a cut to the neck or chest.4. A deep cut to the abdomen with moderate to severe pain.5. Eyeball is cut.6. Cut partially or fully amputates an extremity.

What is internal bleeding? A closed wound resulting when a blunt object does not break the skin, but tissue

and blood vessels beneath the surface of the skin are crushed. (A bruise!)

Signs of internal bleeding include:1. Bruising2. Painful, tender area3. Vomiting or coughing up blood4. Stool that is black or contains bright red blood

To care for minor internal bleeding:1. Apply ice or a cold pack for 20 minutes.2. Compress with an elastic bandage for 2-3 hours.3. Elevate the injured arm or leg if it is not broken.

To care for serious internal bleeding:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Care for shock.3. If vomiting, roll to recovery position.4. Monitor breathing.

Define Dressing: A sterile gauze pad or clean cloth covering placed over an open wound to help

absorb blood, prevent infection, and protect from further injury.Define Bandage:

An elastic or cloth wrap used to cover a dressing to keep it in place and to apply pressure to help control the bleeding.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________

Chapter 8 Notes: p 42-45 Date/Block: _____________________

Define Shock: Inadequate tissue oxygenation resulting from a serious injury or illness

Damage to the heart, the blood vessels, or the amount of blood can deprive tissues of oxygen-rich blood and cause shock.

The signs of shock include: altered mental state (agitation, anxiety, restlessness and confusion), pale/bluish and cold clammy skin on lips and nail beds, nausea/vomiting, rapid breathing, unresponsiveness.

To care for Shock:1. Place the victim on their back.2. Keep the victim warm by wrapping with a blanket.3. Call 9-1-1.

Define anaphylaxis: a life-threatening breathing emergency that results from a severe allergic reaction.-The most common causes of anaphylaxis are: medications, foods, insect stings, plants.-The most common signs of anaphylaxis are: breathing difficulties, skin reactions,

swelling of the mouth, tongue and throat; sneezing, chest tightening, blueness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting.

To care for anaphylaxis:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Help the victim use prescribed medications for allergic reactions; i.e., Epi-pen.3. Keep responsive victim sitting up or an unresponsive victim on their back.

Define Epinephrine Auto-injector (Epi-pen): a prescribed device used to administer an emergency dose of epinephrine to a victim experiencing anaphylactic shock.

To use an Epi-pen:1. Remove safety cap.2. Push auto injector against victim’s upper leg, hold in place for 10 seconds. First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________


Describe the three types of burns:Thermal (heat) burns: Caused by flames, contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites, steam, or hot liquids.Chemical burns: Caused by acids, alkalis, or organic compounds that cause tissue damage when in contact with the skin.Electrical burns: Caused by electrical currents; the severity is based on the type of current, voltage, body area exposed and the duration of contact.

Burns are categorized based on the depth (degree) of the burn:First-degree (superficial) burns: Affects the skin’s outer layer: redness, tenderness, mild swelling and pain symptoms; heals without scarring; ex. SUNBURN!Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns: Affects the skin’s outer and inner layers: blisters, swelling, weeping fluids, and pain symptoms; Large wounds require medical care.Third-degree (full-thickness) burns: Affects all skin layers and the underlying fat and muscles: leathery, waxy skin sometimes charred. ALWAYS requires medical care.

Severity of burns is partially determined by the amount of surface area of the body that is burned. Use the Rule of the Hand to estimate the size of a burn. The victim’s hand represents 1% of the total Body Surface Area (BSA).

Burn care aims to reduce pain, protect against infection and determine the need for medical care. Most burns are minor and can be managed without medical care.

To care for first-degree burns:1. Cool the burn with water until pain free; usually 10 minutes.2. Apply Aloe Vera gel or a skin moisturizer to reduce itching and peeling.3. Give over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen.

To care for small second-degree burns (<10% BSA):1. Cool the burn with water until pain free; usually 10 minutes.2. Apply an antibiotic ointment to protect against infection.3. Cover loosely with a dry, sterile, nonstick dressing; do not break any blisters.

4. Give over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen.5. Seek medical care.

To care for large second-degree (>20% BSA) and all third-degree burns:1. Remove any clothing/jewelry that is not stuck to the burned area.2. Cover loosely with a dry, sterile, nonstick dressing.3. Care for shock.4. Call 9-1-1.

Chemical burns result when caustic or corrosive substances touch the skin and they will continue to burn as long as they are in contact with the skin. Specific information for handling a particular substance can be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS.)

To care for a chemical burn:1. Immediately flush with water for 20 minutes or brush off dry powders.2. Remove any contaminated clothing and jewelry.3. Cover affected area with a dry, sterile dressing.4. Seek medical care.

Electrical injuries are divided into:Thermal burns (flame): Occurs when clothing ignites from an electrical flame; caused by the flame, and NOT the electrical current.Arc burns (flash): Occurs when electricity “jumps” from one spot to another; usually extensive superficial injuries.True electrical injury (contact): Occurs when an electric current passes through the body; entrance and exit wounds are visible; may disrupt the heart rhythm and cause cardiac arrest, and internal injuries.

To care for electrical burns:1. Make sure the area is safe; unplug, disconnect and turn off all power sources. 2. Check the victim for responsiveness and breathing.3. Provide CPR if necessary.4. Care for shock.5. Call 9-1-1.First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________


Condition What to Look For What to DoHEAD INJURIES!

Scalp Wound(may cause heavy bleeding, but does not affect blood supply to the brain)

Scalp wound 1. Apply a sterile or clean dressing and direct pressure to control bleeding

2. Keep head and shoulders raised

3. Seek medical care.

Skull Fracture(A break of part of the skull caused by

significant force to the head)

1. Pain at point of injury2. Deformity of the skull3. Clear or bloody fluid draining

from the ears or nose4. Heavy scalp bleeding5. Penetrating wound

1. Check responsiveness and breathing and provide any necessary care.

2. Control bleeding by applying pressure around the edges of wound

3. Stabilize the victim’s head and neck against movement.

4. Call 911

Brain Injury(Concussion-a temporary disturbance of

brain activity caused by a blow to the head that shakes the brain)

1. Befuddled facial expression2. Slowness in answering

questions3. Unaware of surroundings or

day of week4. Slurred speech5. Stumbling, inability to walk a

straight line6. Crying for no apparent reason7. Inability to recite months of

year in reverse order8. Unresponsiveness9. Headache, dizziness, and

nausea10. Repetitive speech


2. Stabilize the victim’s head and neck against movement.

3. Control any scalp bleeding4. Call 911

EYE INJURIES!

Eye injuries(can produce severe lifelong

complications such as blindness if not treated promptly)

Eye injuries-con’t

1. Loose foreign object in eye2. Penetrating eye injury3. Blow to the eye4. Eye avulsion, eyeball knocked

out of its socket5. Cuts of eye or lid6. Chemicals in eye7. Eye burns from light

1. Look for object underneath both lids. If seen, remove with wet gauze.

2. If object is still in eye, protect eye and stabilize long objects. Call 911

3. Apply an ice or cold pack. Seek medical care if vision is affected

4. Cover eye loosely with wet dressing. Do not try to put eye back in socket. Call 911

5. If eyeball gets cut, do not apply pressure. If only eyelid is cut, apply dressing with gentle pressure. Call 911

6. Flush with water for 20

minutes and loosely bandage with wet dressings. Call 911

7. Cover eyes with cold, wet dressings. Seek medical care.

Nose Injuries!

Nosebleeds(A rupture of tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils caused by a blow to the

nose, sneezing, or picking or blowing the nose)

Anterior: front of nose, most common (90%), normally easily cared for

Posterior: back of nose,massive bleeding backwards into the mouth or down the throat, SERIOUS,

requires medical care

1. Have victim sit and lean slightly forward

2. Pinch nose for 5 to 10 minutes3. Seek medical care if: bleeding

does not stop or bleeding is associated with a broken nose

Broken Nose1. Pain, swelling, and possibly

crooked nose2. Bleeding and breathing

difficulty through nostrils3. Black eyes appearing 1 to 2

days after injury

1. Care for nosebleed2. Apply an ice or cold pack3. Call 911

Mouth Injuries!

Mouth Injuries(involves damage to the lips, tongue,

and teeth-causes considerable pain and anxiety)

1. Bitten lip or tongue2. Knocked out tooth3. Toothache

1. Apply direct pressure. Apply and ice pack

2. Control bleeding (place rolled gauze in socket). Find tooth and preserve it in the victim’s saliva, milk, or a saltwater solution. Handle the tooth by the crown, not the root. See dentist as soon as possible.

3. Rinse mouth and use dental floss to remove trapped food. Seek dental care.

Spinal Injuries!

Spinal Injuries(often associated with head injuries,

also vehicle crashes, direct blows, falls from heights, sports injuries, physical

assaults)

1. Inability to move limbs2. Numbness, tingling, weakness,

or burning feeling in limbs3. Deformity (head and neck and

an off angle)4. Neck or back pain

1. Stabilize the head and neck against movement.


3. Call 911

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 11 Notes: p 61-64 Date/Block: _____________________

Define closed chest injury: injury to the chest usually caused by blunt trauma that does not break the skin.Define open chest injury: injury to the chest usually caused by a fractured rib, knife or bullet that penetrates the chest wall.

The condition where several ribs in the same area are broken in more than one place is called ___flail chest______.

Signs of a rib fracture include: sharp pain, especially when the victim takes a deep breath, coughs or moves, shallow breathing, victim holds the injured area in attempt to reduce pain.

To care for a rib fracture:1. Help victim find the most comfortable resting position to make breathing easier.2. Stabilize the ribs by having the victim hold a pillow or other similar soft object against the injured area, or use bandages to hold the pillow in place.3. Call 9-1-1.

____Impaled Object Wounds _ are open chest injuries where an object, such as a knife is stuck in the chest.

To care for an impaled object:1. DO NOT remove the object. Removing an embedded object can cause more damage.2. Use bulky dressings or cloth to stabilize the object.3. Call 9-1-1.

What is a sucking chest wound? What are the signs to look for?A sucking chest wound results when a chest wound allows air to pass into and out of the chest cavity with each breath. Look for blood bubbling out of the chest wound and listen for the sound of air being sucked into and out of the chest wound.

To care for a sucking chest wound:1. Seal the wound with plastic or aluminum foil to stop air from entering the chest cavity. Tape 3 sides of the plastic or foil in place. If neither item is available, you can use your gloved hand. This treatment prevents air from entering the chest but allows air to escape.2. If the victim has trouble breathing or seems to be getting worse, remove the cover (or your hand) to let air escape, and then reapply. 3. Lay the victim on the injured side.4. Call 9-1-1.

Define closed abdominal injury: injury to the abdomen that occurs as a result of a direct blow from a blunt object.

Define open abdominal injury: injury to the abdomen that includes penetrating wounds, impaled objects and protruding organs. Care is the same as an open chest wound.

The signs of a closed abdominal injury include __bruises__, ___pain____, __tenderness___, and __muscle tightness_.

To care for a closed abdominal injury:1. Place the victim in a comfortable resting position with the legs pulled up toward the abdomen.2. Care for shock.3. Call 9-1-1.

A protruding organ injury is: a severe injury in which the internal organs escape or protrude from the wound.

To care for a protruding organ injury:1. Place the victim in a comfortable position with the knees bent and legs pulled up toward the abdomen.2. Cover protruding organs loosely with a moist, sterile or clean dressing. Do not use materials that could come apart when wet, such as tissue. Clean plastic wrap or foil is a good choice if sterile gauze is not available.3. Care for shock.4. Call 9-1-1.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 12 Notes: p 65-73 Date/Block: _____________________

Bone InjuriesA fracture is a break or crack in a bone. Fractures are classified as:

Closed fractures: a fracture with no open would around the fracture site.Open fractures: a fracture with an open wound and possible protruding bone through the skin.

To identify a possible fracture, see if the victim can use the injured body part normally. You may also hear or feel a grating or grinding sensation when broken bones rub together. Some victim’s will also hear or feel the bone snap. Also, you can use DOTS to identify possible signs of a broken bone: D: Deformity- compare the injured and uninjured sides of the body.

O: Open wounds- possible indication of an underlying fracture.T: Tenderness- usually pin-pointed pain around the injury site.S: Swelling- caused by bleeding and happens rapidly after a fracture.

To care for a bone injury:1. Allow the victim to support the injured area in the most comfortable position.2. Stabilize the injured part to prevent movement.

- If EMS will arrive soon, stabilize the injured part with your hands until they arrive.- If EMS will be delayed, or if you are transporting the victim to medical care,

stabilize the injured part with a splint: a device used to stabilize a bone or joint injury on an injured extremity.

3. If the injury is an open fracture, do not push on any protruding bone. Cover the wound and exposed bone with a dressing.

4. Apply an ice or cold pack if possible to help reduce the swelling and pain.5. Call 9-1-1 for any open fractures or large bone fractures (such as the thigh) or when

transporting the victim would be difficult or would aggravate the injury.

Types of SplintsAnatomic (self) splint: a splint where the injured body part is braced to/against an uninjured body part, such as two fingers taped together.Rigid Splint: an inflexible device such as a padded board long enough to stabilize the injured area as well as the area above and below the fractured site.Soft splint: usually a pillow or rolled blanket used to stabilize fractures of the wrist or ankle.*Applying a splint! We will have practice in class for this

Joint InjuriesA sprain is an injury in which the ligaments and other tissues around a joint are

damaged by violent stretching or twisting. Ankles, wrists, and knees are common injury sites. A dislocation is an injury in which the joint comes apart and stays apart, with the bone ends no longer in contact. Shoulders, elbows, fingers, hips, knees, and ankles are common injury sites.

Signs of a joint sprain or dislocation are similar to bone fractures: pain, swelling, and inability to use the injured part normally. Dislocations are usually detected by looking for deformities.

To care for a joint injury:1. If you suspect a dislocation, apply a splint if EMS will be delayed. Provide care as you

would for a fracture. Do not try to put the dislocated part back into its normal position because nerve and blood vessel damage could result.

2. If you suspect a sprain, use the RICE procedure.3. Seek medical care. Call 9-1-1 for any dislocations or injuries in which transporting the

victim would be difficult or would aggravate the injury.

RICE Procedure:Rest: stop activityIce: Place an ice pack on the injured area. Use an elastic bandage to secure it for 20-30 minutes.Compression: Remove the ice and apply a pressure bandage, and leave it in place for 3 hours.Elevation: Raise the injured area while applying ice and compression.

Muscle InjuriesA muscle strain, or pulled muscle, occurs when the muscle is overstretched or torn. A muscle contusion, or a bruise, results from a hemorrhage in or beneath the skin but does not break through the skin. A muscle cramp occurs when the muscle goes into a painful spasm.

The signs of a muscle strain are: sharp pain, tenderness of injured area, weakness and loss of function of injured area, and stiffness and pain when the victim moves the muscle. The signs of a muscle contusion are: pain and tenderness, swelling, bruise appearing hours later.The signs of a muscle cramp are: spasm, pain and inability to use injured area.

To care for muscle injuries:Muscle strains and contusions are cared for by the RICE procedure.Muscle cramps are cared for by stretching the affected muscle or applying direct pressure.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 13 p. 74-79 Date/Block: _____________________

Medical Emergencies!A victim’s level of _CONSCIOUSNESS indicates how well the brain is functioning. If you notice changes in consciousness, and you are not sure what is causing it, use the mnemonic STOP to assess the victim:

S: Sugar, seizures, stroke, shock- blood glucose too low (i.e., insulin reaction)T: Temperature- too high (heatstroke) or too low (hypothermia)O: Oxygen- inadequate oxygenP: Poisoning- drug/alcohol overdose, carbon monoxide poisoning, head injury

To care for changes in consciousness:1. Perform a primary and secondary checks and provide care as needed.2. If unresponsive and not breathing, perform CPR .3. If unresponsive and VOMITING , roll victim to recovery position.4. Call 9-1-1.

Causes of chest pain other than a heart attack include:1. _Respiratory infections_ such as pneumonia or bronchitis, which should be treated

with medical care 2. __Physical Activity_ due to increased physical activity and overexertion also causes

chest pain and is relieved by rest and over-the-counter pain medication.

Define asthma: An acute spasm of the smaller air passages that causes difficult breathing.

Define hyperventilation: Abnormally fast breathing

The signs of a breathing difficulty include:-Breathing abnormally fast or slow-Breathing abnormally deep (gasping) or shallow-Noisy breathing: wheezing (asthma), gurgling, snoring-Bluish lips-Need to pause while speaking to catch breath

To care for a breathing difficulty:1. Help the victim into the most comfortable resting position, usually seated upright.2. Call 9-1-1.3. If the victim has a prescribed asthma inhaler, assist them in using it.4. If the victim is hyperventilating due to anxiety, have him or her inhale through the nose, hold the breath for several seconds, and then exhale slowly.

When blood flow to the brain is interrupted, sudden Fainting may occur. This may result from exhaustion, lack of food, reaction to pain or the sight of blood, hearing bad news, standing too long without moving, or problems with the heart.

To care for fainting:1. Check for responsiveness and breathing and provide care as needed.2. Loosen any restrictive clothing.3. If the victim fell, check for injuries.4. Younger victims usually recover quickly. Seek medical care if: repeated fainting episodes, fainting for no reason, elderly victim, victim becomes unresponsive.

What is a seizure? What are the common signs to look for? Sudden violent muscle rigidity and jerky movements (convulsions) resulting from abnormal stimulation of the brains cells. To care for a seizure:1. Move dangerous objects away.2. Loosen restrictive clothing.3. Roll victim to their side.4. Call 9-1-1 if there is no reason for the seizure.

Describe the two types of diabetes. A disease in which the body is unable to use the glucose normally because of a deficiency or total lack of insulin. ____Type 1______: Require external insulin to allow glucose to pass through the cells___Type 2_______: May not be dependent on external insulin to allow glucose into cells and may take only oral medication to help control the disease. Define hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood glucose level

Define hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood glucose level The signs of high blood glucose requiring medical attention may include: Drowsiness, Extreme thirst, frequent urination. To care for high blood glucose: Give sugar and call 9-1-1 if conditions do not improve within 15 minutes.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 14 p 80-84 Date/Block: _____________________

Define poison (toxin): any substance that impairs health or causes death by its chemical action when it enters the body or comes in contact with the skin.

The signs of ingested poisoning (poisoning caused by swallowing a toxic substance) are:-Abdominal pain/cramping -Burns, odors or stains on the mouth-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea -Drowsy or unresponsive victim-Poison container nearby

To care for ingested poisonings:1. Determine:

A) The age and size of the victim, B) What was swallowed (read container label: save vomit for analysis). C) How much was swallowed, i.e., # of tablets, D) When it was swallowed.

2. If responsive, call 1-800-222-1222. Poison control center staff will advise you on diluting the poison, possibly inducing vomiting or giving activated charcoal.3. If unresponsive, call 9-1-1. If victim is not breathing, provide CPR until medical care arrives.

Poisoning may also be caused by an overdose or abuse of medications and other substances. ___Alcohol___ is the most commonly abused drug in the U.S.

The signs of alcohol intoxication may include: alcohol odor, unsteadiness, confusion, slurred speech, nausea/vomiting, and flushed face

The signs of drug overdose may include: drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, hyperactivity, change in pupil size, confusion, and hallucinations

To care for alcohol intoxication or drug overdose:1. If responsive, 1) check breathing, 2) call poison control center at 1-800-222-1222, 3) If you observe violent behavior, leave and call 9-1-1.2. If unresponsive and IS BREATHING, roll to recovery position. If NOT BREATHING, call 9-1-1 and start CPR.

_DO/DO NOT_ let an intoxicated person sleep on his or her back._DO/DO NOT_ leave an intoxicated person alone, unless he or she becomes violent._DO/DO NOT_ try to handle a hostile intoxicated person by yourself.

The signs of inhaled poisoning include: headache, breathing difficulty, chest pain, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, vision changes, unresponsiveness.

One example of an inhaled poison is CARBON MONOXIDE_, which is a colorless, odorless poisonous gas that is formed by incomplete burning of many organic materials such as gasoline, wood, paper, and coal.

To care for an inhaled poison:1. Get victim out of the toxic environment and into fresh air.2. Check responsiveness and breathing and provide care as needed.3. Call 9-1-1.4. Try to determine the substance involved.

The 3 most common examples of poisonous plants are: 1. POISON IVY, 2. POISON OAK 3. POISON SUMAC

The signs of plant poisoning include: rash, itchiness, redness, blisters and swelling.

To care for plant poisoning:1. Use medical exam gloves and wash affected area with soap and water.2. For a mild reaction, 1) soak in lukewarm bath with 1-2 cups of oatmeal; 2) apply calamine lotion.3.For a severe reaction, care for a mild reaction first then seek medical care. A corticosteroid to lessen inflammation and pain may be prescribed.

First Aid, CPR and AED Name: _________________________Chapter 15 p 85-93 Date/Block: _____________________

Animal and Human Bites

Define Rabies: An acute viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted by the bite of an infected animal.

Bites from animals that are possibly rabid include:1. Animals that attack without provocation.2. Animals acting strangely or out of character.3. Animal is a high-risk species (bat, raccoon, skunk.)

To care for an animal or human bite:1. If the wound is not bleeding heavily, wash it with soap and water under pressure.2. Flush the wound thoroughly with running water.3. Control bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile or clean dressing.4. Seek medical care for further wound cleaning and closure, and possible tetanus or rabies care.

Snake Bites

The four venomous snakes native to the U.S. are _Rattlesnakes, _________, __Copperheads______, ___water moccasins_____________________, and __Coral snakes_________________.Coral snakes are not pit vipers.

The signs of a ____________pit viper bite__ include:1. Severe, burning pain.2. Puncture wounds ½ to 1 ½ inches apart3. Swelling4. Discoloration and blood-filled blisters, possibly developing hours after the bite5. Nausea, vomiting and, sweating, and weakness

To care for a venomous pit viper bite:1. Get the victim and bystanders away from the snake.2. Keep the victim calm and limit movement. Immobilize the affected limb.3. Gently wash the bitten area with soap and water. Do not attempt to trap or kill the snake.4. If the bite is from a coral snake, apply mild pressure (able to slip a finger under it) by wrapping an elastic bandage (for example, an ACE bandage ) over the bite site and the entire length of an arm or leg. 5. Seek medical care immediately.

What is antivenin? Can the same antivenin be used on all species of snakes? An antiserum containing antibodies against reptile or insect venom. It can be used to counteract all North American pit viper venom but not for venom of a coral snake.

Insect StingsThe signs of an insect sting include _Pain __, _itching ____ and _Swelling_____________________. The signs of a severe allergic reaction to a sting include _ Difficulty breathing __, _ Tightness in the chest __________, __ Swelling of the tongue, mouth or throat_, and ___Dizziness and nausea_.

To care for an insect sting, you should:1. If the stinger is embedded, remove it as quickly as possible using any removal method such as brush away with hand, scrape with fingernail, or scrape with credit card. Do not use tweezers.2. Wash the area with soap and water.3. Apply ice or a cold pack over the area.4. Apply hydrocortisone cream to relieve swelling and itching. An antihistamine taken early enough will relieve some itching, but usually does not work fast enough to counteract a life-threatening allergic reaction.5. Observe the victim for signs of a severe allergic reaction. Call 9-1-1 if signs develop. If the victim has a prescribed auto-injector, help them use it.

Spider BitesTo recognize a Black Widow spider bite, look for:

The victim may feel a sharp pinprick when the spider bites, but some victims are not aware of the bite. Within 15 minutes, a dull, numbing pain develops in the bite area.

Two small fang marks might be seen as tiny red spots. Severe abdominal pain develops (a bite on an arm can cause severe chest pain, mimicking a heart attack). Headache, chills, fever, heavy sweating, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting appear next.

To recognize a Brown Recluse spider bite, look for: A local reaction usually occurs within several hours, with mild to severe pain and itching. A blister often develops several days later, becomes red, and bursts. During the early stages, the affected area often

takes on a bull’s-eye appearance, with a central white area surrounded by a reddened area, ringed by a whitish or blue border.

A scab will form that falls off in a few days, leaving a larger ulcer. This process of slow tissue destruction can continue for weeks or months. The ulcer sometimes requires skin grafting.

Other signs can include headache, fever, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. To care for ALL spider bites:1. If possible, catch the spider to confirm its identity.2. Wash the bitten area with soap and water.3. Apply ice or a cold pack over the bite to relieve pain.4. Seek medical care.

What are the common signs of a scorpion sting? The most frequent sign of a scorpion sting, especially in an adult victim, is local, immediate pain and burning around the sting site. Later, numbness or tingling occurs.

To care for a scorpion sting:1. Gently wash the sting site with soap and water or rubbing alcohol.2.Apply ice or a cold pack over the area.3.Seek medical care.

To care for a tick bite:1. Remove the tick with tweezers or a specialized tick removal tool. Grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible and lift the tick with enough force to “tent” the skin’s surface. Hold it in this position until the tick lets go.2. Wash the area with soap and water or use an antiseptic.3. Apply ice or a cold pack to reduce pain.4. Seek medical care if the tick was attached for a few hours. Watch for signs of a transmitted disease such as a rash, fever, muscle and joint aches, or weakness.

Marine Animal Injuries

The three types of marine animals that bite, rip or puncture are:Sharks, Barracudas, and Moray eels.

To care for marine animal bites, rips and punctures:1. Control bleeding2. Care for shock3. Call 9-1-1

The two types of marine animals that sting are:Jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-wars

To care for marine animal stings:1. Carefully pick off any tentacles remaining on the skin. Use gloves if available.2. Apply vinegar to jellyfish stings to neutralize nematocysts.3. Immerse the affected part in hot water as soon as possible.4. Seek medical care.

How do stingrays inflict wounds on victims? What do the wounds look like? Most wounds inflicted by stingrays are produced on the ankle or foot when the victim steps on a ray. The sting is usually more like a laceration because the large tail barb can do significant damage. The venom causes intense burning pain at the site. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

To care for punctures from marine animal spines:1. Relieve pain by immersing the injured body part in hot water for 30-90 minutes.2. Wash the wound with soap and water.3. Flush the area with water under pressure to wash out as much of the toxin and foreign material as possible.4. Seek medical care.


Heat EmergenciesWhat are heat cramps? What body parts are usually affected? Painful muscle spasm, often in the legs

To care for heat cramps:1. Have the victim stop activity and rest in a cool area2. Stretch and massage the cramped muscle.3. If the victim is responsive and not nauseated, provide water, or a commercial sports drink (such as Gatorade or Powerade)

Define heat exhaustion: Condition caused by the loss of the body’s water and salt through excessive sweating.

The signs of heat exhaustion include heavy sweating, severe thirst, weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting. People who are normally affected by heat exhaustion include those who do not drink enough fluid while working or exercising in hot environments and those not acclimated to hot humid conditions..

To care for heat exhaustion:1. Have the victim stop activity and rest in a cool area.2. Remove any excess or tight clothing.3. If the victim is responsive and not nauseated, provide water or a commercial sports drink.4. Have the victim lie down.5. Apply cool packs to the armpits and to the crease where the legs attached to the pelvis, crease where the legs attach to the pelvis.6. Seek medical care if the condition does not improve within 30 minutes. Children or frail adults should be seen by a medical professional.

DO NOT - place the victim in an ice bath.DO NOT - cool the victim so much that he/she begins to shiver.

Define heatstroke: Condition in which the body’s heat-regulating ability becomes overwhelmed and ceases to function properly, resulting in an inability to sweat and a dangerously high body temperature.

What are the signs of heatstroke? Extremely hot skin, dry skin (may be wet from strenuous work or exercise, confusion, seizures, and unresponsiveness.

To care for heatstroke:1. Call 9-1-12. Cool the victim immediately by whatever means possible: cool, wet towels or sheets to the head and body accompanied by fanning,, and/or cold packs against the armpits, sides of neck, and groin. 3. If unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR.

Cold Emergencies

Describe frostbite: Tissue damage caused by extreme cold.

The signs of frostbite include: White, waxy looking skin Skin feels cold and numb (pain at first followed by numbness) Blisters which may appear after re-warming

To care for frostbite:1. Move the victim to a warm place.2. Remove wet/cold clothing and jewelry from the injured part.3. Seek medical care.

What is hypothermia? When can it develop? A dangerous condition caused by severe exposure to cold in which the core body temperature drops below 95 degrees.

The signs of hypothermia include: Uncontrollable shivering Confusion, sluggishness Cold skin even under clothing Appears to be dead

To care for hypothermia:1. Get the victim out of the cold2. Prevent heat loss by: replacing wet clothing with dry clothing, covering the victim’s head, placing insulation (such as blankets, towels, coats, beneath and over the victim).

3. Have the victim rest in a comfortable position4. If the victim is alert and able to swallow, give him or her warm, sugary beverages.5. Seek medical care for severe hypothermia.

Prepare appropriately for hot and cold weather by following these guidelines:For a HOT environment For a COLD environment

Wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothes and a hat with a wide brim. Layer clothing, with moisture-wicking clothing, near the skin

and outer layers that are of and f but breathable material

Drink adequate water or commercial sports drinks.Keep heard and neck covered to minimize heat loss.

Take breaks in cooler areas.Drink warm drinks and eat properly


Water RescueTo attempt a water rescue, use “Reach, throw, row, go sequence for attempting a water rescue..”

Ice RescueTrue/False: To rescue a victim who has fallen through ice, use a pole or throw a line with an inflatable object attached to it and pull the person towards the shore or edge of ice once they grab hold.

Electrical Emergency RescueMost indoor electrocutions are caused by faulty electrical equipment or careless use of electrical appliances. Before touching a victim, turn off the electricity at the circuit breaker , fuse box, or outside switch box .

Hazardous Materials, Car Crashes, and FiresClues that indicate the presence of Hazardous Materials are:

1. Signs on vehicles (see warning sign slide)2. Spilled liquids or solids3. Strong, unusual odors4. Clouds of vapor

When approaching a motor vehicle crash:1. Stop and park your vehicle in a safe area. Call 9-1-12. Turn on your vehicle’s emergency hazard flashers. Raise the hood of your vehicle to draw more attention to the scene.3. Make sure that the scene is safe before approaching the crash4. Ask the driver to turn off the ignition of the involved cars or turn it off yourself.5. Place flares or reflectors 250 to 500 feet behind the crash scene to warn oncoming drives of the crash. Do not ignite flares around leaking gasoline or diesel fuel.6. If you suspect a victim has a spinal injury, use your hands to stabilize the person’s head and neck.7. Check and care for any life-threatening injuries first, and then handle lesser injuries.

To assist victims when a fire is present:1. Get all people out of the area quickly2. Call 9-1-13. If the fire is small and your own escape route is clear, fight the fire yourself with a fire extinguisher.4. To use a fire extinguisher, aim directly at the base of the flames of whatever is burning and sweep across it:. Extinguishers expel their contents quickly: in 8 to 25 seconds for most home models containing dry chemicals.

What is a confined space? List 5 examples of confined spaces. A confined space is an area not intended for human occupancy that may have or develop a dangerous atmosphere. Manholes, utility vaults, storage tanks, old mines, and wells.

To assist a victim in a confined space:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Check motionless victims first. Do not enter without proper training and equipment.3. Once the victim is removed, provide care.

TriageDefine triage: The sorting of patients into groups according to the severity of injuries. Use to determine priorities, for treatment and transport.

When identifying victims who need immediate care, start by asking all victims who can walk to get up and move to a specific area. Then, check all motionless victims for breathing and severe bleeding. Enlist bystanders to assist in opening airways or applying direct pressure to wounds. RAPIDLY move to the next victim. Do not spend more than 30 seconds at each victim. Once you have tended to the most severely wounded, go back and reassess for less serious injuries. Continue providing care until relieved by EMS.

Classify victims according to the following care and transportation priorities:Immediate Care: Breathing difficulties, severe bleeding, severe burns, signs of shock, unresponsiveness

Delayed Care: Minor extremity burns, Bone or joint injuries without significant bleeding, back injuries with or without suspected spinal cord damage unless difficulty of breathing is present

Walking Wounded: Minor fractures, minor wounds

Dead: Victim is obviously dead or unlikely to survive because of the type or extent of injuries.

When should you attempt to move a victim? Victim should not be moved until he or she is ready for transportation to a hospital, if required. A victim should be moved only if there is an immediate danger, such as the following

Fire or danger of fireExplosives or other hazardous materialsImpossible to protect the scene from hazardsImpossible to gain access to other victims in the situation who need lifesaving care (such as in a motor vehicle

crash)

Documents

€¦ · Web viewFirst Aid, CPR and AEDName Chapter 1 Notes: P-1-4Date/Block: Why is First Aid important? You are likely to be faced with a decision to help in an emergency someday