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History GCSE Paper 1: Topic 1
Medicine in Britain and WW1
Revision Booklet
ObjectivesBronze: To describe what happened to the Indians and the White people over the time period. Try and tell the story. (Grades 1-4)
Silver: To identify problems that occurred between the Indians and the White people over the time period. Explain why the problems occurred and what they resulted in. (Grades 5-6)
Gold: To identify the significance of events and what their long and short term impacts were. How did events influence American Government policy? (Grades 7-9)
Your name: ……………………………………………………………………………………You target grade: ………………………………………………………………………
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THIS REVISION BOOKLET IS VERY SIMPLE. IT IS DESIGNED TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE SIMPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
EVENTS. YOU WILL NEED TO DEVELOP THIS FURTHER WITH MORE DETAILS NOTES IN ORDER TO PASS.
What is in this guide?
Topic revision list: what do you need to know? ... page xxA simple story of what happened … page xxKey people, events and ideas … page xxChallenge knowledge questions … page xxPractice questions ... page xx
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TOPIC 1 REVISION LIST: WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?
Key Topic 1: Medieval England c1250–c1500:
Ideas about the cause of disease and illness Supernatural and religious explanations of the cause of disease Rational explanations
o the Theory of the Four Humours o the miasma theoryo the continuing influence in England of Hippocrates and Galen
Approaches to prevention and treatment Approaches to prevention and treatment and their connection with
ideas about disease and illnesso religious actionso bloodletting and purgingo purifying the airo the use of remedies
New and traditional approaches to hospital care in the thirteenth century.
o The role of the physician in treatment and care provided within the community and in hospitals
o The role of the apothecary in treatment and care provided within the community and in hospitals
o The role of the barber surgeon in treatment and care provided within the community and in hospitals
Case study Dealing with the Black Death, 1348–49
o approaches to treatment o attempts to prevent its spread
Key Topic 2: The Medical Renaissance in England c1500–c1700
Ideas about the cause of disease and illness Continuity and change in explanations of the cause of disease and
illnesso A scientific approach - the work of Thomas Sydenham in
improving diagnosis. o The influence of the printing press on the transmission of
ideas.o The work of the Royal Society on the transmission of ideas.
Approaches to prevention and treatment Continuity in approaches to prevention, treatment and care in the
community and in hospitals. Change in care and treatment
o improvements in medical training o the influence in England of the work of Vesalius
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Case studies Key individual: William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation
of the blood. Dealing with the Great Plague in London, 1665: approaches to
treatment and attempts to prevent its spread.
Key Topic 3: Medicine in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain c1700–c1900
Ideas about the cause of disease and illness Continuity and change in explanations of the cause of disease and
illness. o The influence in Britain of Pasteur’s Germ Theory o Koch’s work on microbes
Approaches to prevention and treatment The extent of change in care and treatment
o improvements in hospital care and the influence of Nightingale
o The impact of anaesthetics and antiseptics on surgery. New approaches to prevention
o the development and use of vaccinations o the Public Health Act 1875
Case studies Key individual: Jenner and the development of vaccination. Fighting Cholera in London, 1854; attempts to prevent its spread;
the significance of Snow and the Broad Street pump.
Key Topic 4: Medicine in modern Britain c1900–present:
Ideas about the cause of disease and illness Advances in understanding the causes of illness and disease
o the influence of genetic and lifestyle factors on health. Improvements in diagnosis
o the impact of the availability of blood tests, scans and monitors.
Approaches to prevention and treatment The extent of change in care and treatment
o The impact of the NHS and science and technologyo improved access to careo advances in medicines
magic bullets antibiotics
o high-tech medical o surgical treatment in hospitals
New approaches to preventiono mass vaccinations o government lifestyle campaigns
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Case studies Key individuals
o Flemingo Florey and Chain’s development of penicillin.
The fight against lung cancer in the twenty-first centuryo the use of science and technology in diagnosis and treatmento government action
Key Topic 5: The British sector of the Western Front, 1914–18: injuries, treatment and the trenches
The context of the British sector of Western Front and the theatre of war in Flanders and northern France
The Ypres salient, the Somme, Arras and Cambrai. The trench system - its construction and organisation, including
frontline and support trenches. The use of mines at Hill 60 near Ypres and the expansion of tunnels,
caves and quarries at Arras. Significance for medical treatment of the nature of the terrain and
problems of the transport and communications infrastructure.
Conditions requiring medical treatment on the Western Front The problems of ill health arising from the trench environment. The nature of wounds from rifles and explosives. The problem of shrapnel, wound infection and increased numbers of
head injuries. The effects of gas attacks.
The work of the RAMC and FANY The system of transport
o stretcher bearerso horse and motor ambulances
The stages of treatment areaso aid post and field ambulanceo dressing station,o casualty clearing stationo base hospital
The underground hospital at Arras.
The significance of the Western Front for experiments in surgery and medicine
new techniques in the treatment of wounds and infection the Thomas splint the use of mobile x-ray units the creation of a blood bank for the Battle of Cambrai
The historical context of medicine in the early twentieth century the understanding of infection and moves towards aseptic surgery the development of x-rays blood transfusions and developments in the storage of blood
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A SIMPLE STORY OF WHAT HAPPENEDxxxx.
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KEY PEOPLE, EVENTS AND IDEAS FROM THE REVISION LIST
Person/ Event/ Idea Description
Hippocrates, 460BC-370BC
Galen, 130-210
The miasma theory
An Apothecary
A Barber
Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564
William Harvey, 1578-1657
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Person/ Event/ Idea Description
Thomas Sydenham, 1624-1689
The Royal Society
Edward Jenner, 1749-1823
Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895
Robert Koch, 1843-1910
James Simpson, 1811-1870
Joseph Lister, 1827-1912
Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955
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Person/ Event/ Idea Description
Florey and Chain’s, 1945
Edwin Chadwick, 1800-1890
John Snow, 1813-1858
Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910
The Public Health Act, 1875
The Ypres salient
The Battle of the Somme, 1st July 1916 to 18th November 1916
The Battle of Arras, 9th April 1917 to 16th May 1917
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Person/ Event/ Idea DescriptionThe Battle of Cambrai, 20th November 1917 to 6th December 1917
The RAMC
The FANY
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CHALLENGE KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS
No Question Answer
1Give two reasons why people believed God sent diseases.
2Name two important classical medical thinkers.
3 What were the Four Humours?
4What had to happen to the Four Humours to cause disease?
5Name two other things people in the period c1250–c1500 believed caused disease.
6 What was theriaca?
7What was the name for advice on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle?
8 What was the main job of the apothecary?
9Roughly how many hospitals were there in England by 1500?
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No Question Answer
10How many people died during the first outbreak of the plague in England?
11Name three doctors who came up with new theories about the causes of illness in this period.
12Why was Thomas Sydenham important to medical progress in the 17th century?
13What was invented in around 1440 that helped the spread of scientific knowledge?
14What was the name of the Royal Society’s science journal?
15 What is iatrochemistry?
16 Why did people take fewer baths in the 1500s?
17Roughly how many mistakes did Vesalius find in the works of Galen?
18Where were plague victims sent for treatment?
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No Question Answer
19Who proved that blood circulated within the body?
20List two ways in which people attempted to prevent the spread of the Great Plague.
21
Why did the search for rational explanations become more fashionable in the period c1700– c1900?
22What theory had scientists come up with to explain disease in the early 18th century?
23 What was the impact of Pasteur’s work?
24Which disease-causing germs did Koch find when he was looking for microbes?
25Why were herbal remedies still popular in the 19th century?
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Where did Florence Nightingale test out her theories about the importance of clean hospitals?
27Name two anaesthetics that were developed during this period.
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No Question Answer
28 List three points from the 1875 Public Health Act.
29When did Jenner develop his vaccination against smallpox?
30Where did John Snow trace the 1854 Soho cholera epidemic to?
31Name the scientists who discovered the structure of DNA.
32 In what year was the human genome mapped?
33What key piece of technology enabled the discovery of DNA?
34When did the government pass the Clean Air Acts?
35List three new methods of diagnosing patients since c1900.
36Who developed the first two ‘magic bullets’ and what were they called?
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No Question Answer
37What are the three strands of care available from the NHS?
38Name two diseases that can now be prevented by immunisation.
39
Which key individuals were responsible for the discovery and development of penicillin?
40Name three different treatments for lung cancer.
41 Give two features of the trench system
42 Give two features of stretcher bearers
43 Give two features of ambulances during WW1
44 Give two features of trench foot
45 Give two features of gas attacks
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No Question Answer
46 Give two features of RAMC
47 Give two features of FANY
48 Give two features of dressing stations
49Give two features of casualty Clearing Stations
50 Give two features of base Hospitals
51Give two features of the underground hospital at Arras
52 Give two features of the Thomas splint
53Give two features of blood transfusions during WW1
54 Give two features of the blood bank at Cambrai
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No Question Answer
55Give two features of plastic surgery during WW1
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS(ET) = Taken from the Edexcel Textbook(HT) = Taken from the Hodder Textbook(PRG) = Taken from the Purple Revision Guide(SAM) = Sample Assessment Materials from the Exam Board
“SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES” QUESTIONS
Explain one way in which ideas about the cause of disease and illness were similar in the 14th
and 17th centuries (ET) ideas about the causes of disease were similar in the fourteenth and
seventeenth centuries. (HT) ideas about the causes of disease were similar in the seventeenth
and nineteenthcenturies. (HT)
understanding of the causes of illness was similar in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries (HT)
understanding of the causes of disease and illness was different in c1750 from the present day (ET)
ideas about the causes of disease were different in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. (HT)
understanding of the causes of illness was different in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries (HT)
treatments for illness were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. (HT)
approaches to the treatment of disease were different in the 13th and 17th centuries (ET)
ideas about the treatment of disease were different in the 17th century from ideas in the 13th century (ET)
ideas about preventing the plague were different in the 14th and 17th centuries (ET)
ideas about the treatment of disease were different in the 17th century from ideas in the 13th century (ET)
hospital care was different in the 13th and 19th centuries (PRG) attempts to prevent disease were different in the 17th and 19th
centuries (PRG)
people’s reactions to the plague were similar in the 14th and 17th centuries (ET) (HT) (SAM)
people’s reactions to plague were similar in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. (HT)
people’s reactions to epidemics of disease were similar in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. (HT)
people’s reactions to the epidemics of disease were different in the seventeenthand nineteenth centuries. (HT)
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“EXPLAIN WHY” QUESTIONS
Explain why there was continuity in ideas about the cause of disease during the period c1250–c1500. You may use the following information in your answer:
the Church Galen.
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why there were changes in the way ideas about the causes of disease and illness were communicated in the period c1500–c1700. You may use the following in your answer:
the printing press the Royal Society.
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why some changes took place in medical knowledge during the period c.1500–c.1700. (HT)
Explain why there were changes in understanding of the cause of disease during the period 1700– 1900. (HT)
Explain why there was rapid change in the understanding of the cause of diseasec1700–c1900. You may use the following in your answer:
Germ Theory. The work of Robert Koch
You must also use information of your own. (PRG)
Explain why there have been changes in understanding the causes of illness during the twentieth century. (HT)
Explain why there was little change in the care provided by hospitals in the period c1250–c1500. You may use the following information in your answer:
ideas in the Church herbal remedies.
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
‘Hospital treatment in England in the period from 1250 to 1500 was very rare’.How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following information in your answer:
charity hospitals care in the home.
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why there was continuity in the way disease was treated in the period c1500–c1700. You may use the following information in your answer:
the Great Plague
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attitudes in societyYou must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why there was rapid change in surgical treatments in the period c1700–c1900. You may use the following in your answer:
chloroform Joseph Lister
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why there was both continuity and change in treatments for sickness during the period 1700–1900. (HT)
Explain why there was little change in methods of treating and preventing disease during the period c.1500–c.1700. (HT)
Explain why there was rapid change in the prevention of smallpox after 1798. You may use the following information in your answer:
Inoculation the government
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
Explain why there was rapid change in the prevention of smallpox in the period c1750–c1900. You may use the following information in your answer:
inoculation Edward Jenner
You must also use information of your own. (ET) Explain why there was rapid progress in approaches to preventing illness in Britain during the period c.1750–c.1900. You may use the following in your answer:
the 1875 Public Health Act the work of John Snow
You must also use information of your own. (HT)
Explain why there was rapid progress in disease prevention after c1900. You may use the following in your answer:
government intervention vaccinations
You must also use information of your own. (ET)Explain why there was rapid change in the treatment of illness in Britain during the twentieth century. You may use the following in your answer:
magic bullets high-tech treatment
You must also use information of your own. (SAM)
Explain why there have been changes in methods of preventing illness during the twentieth century. (HT)
Explain why there have been changes in methods of treating illness during the twentieth century. (HT)
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“HOW FAR” QUESTIONS
There was little progress in medicine in Britain during the medieval period (c.1250–c.1500).’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:
St Bartholomew’s Hospital the Theory of the four Humours
You must also use information of your own. (HT)
The Theory of the Four Humours was the main idea about the cause of disease in the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following information in your answer:
university training Galen’s ideas
You must also use some information of your own. (ET)
‘There was little progress in medicine in the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘The role of the Church was the main reason why there was so little change in medicine in the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘Vesalius’s work on anatomy was a major breakthrough in medical knowledge during the period 1500–1700.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood was a major breakthrough in medical knowledge during the period 1500––1700.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘There was little progress in medicine in Britain during the Renaissance period (c1500–c1700).’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:
the work of William Harvey bloodletting and purging
You must also use information of your own. (SAM)
‘Jenner’s vaccination against smallpox was a major breakthrough in the prevention of disease in Britain during the period c.1700–c.1900.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:
cowpox cholera
You must also use information of your own. (HT) (SAM)
‘Individuals had the biggest impact on medical training in the 16th and 17th centuries’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following information in your answer:
Vesalius
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the printing pressYou must also use some information of your own. (ET)
‘There was rapid change in ideas about the causes of illness and disease in the period c1700–c1900’. How far do you agree with this statement? You may use the following information in your answer:
Spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
‘Louis Pasteur’s publication of the Germ Theory was the biggest turning point in medicine in the period c1700-c1900’. How far do you agree with this statement?You may use the following information in your answer:
Edward Jenner Robert Koch
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
‘The greatest factor on the advancement of the treatment of disease between1700-1900 was science and technology’. How far do you agree? (ET)
‘Germ theory was the most significant medical breakthrough in the 1800s.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘There was rapid progress in methods of preventing disease between 1700 and 1900.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘Simpson’s use of chloroform as an anaesthetic was a major breakthrough in surgery during the period 1700–1900.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘The role of science and technology was the main reason why diagnosis improved in the 18th and 19th centuries’. How far do you agree? (ET)
‘Treatment of diseases and care of the sick completely changed after c1800’. How far do you agree with this statement? You may use the following information in your answer:
magic bullets the NHS
You must also use information of your own. (ET)
There has been huge progress in the prevention of disease since c1900.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer:
Government intervention. Genetic conditions
You must also use information of your own. (PRG) ‘The development of penicillin was a major breakthrough in the treatment of illnesses during the twentieth century.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
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‘The discovery of DNA was a major breakthrough in medicine during the twentieth century.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘There was no progress in understanding the cause of disease between 1250 and 1800.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
‘Pasteur’s germ theory was the most important turning point in understanding the causes of disease and illness.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (HT)
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“TWO FEATURES” QUESTIONS
Describe two features of aseptic surgery in the early 20th century (ET) Casualty Clearing Stations (ET) the method used to reduce the risk of trench foot on the Western
Front (HT) trench conditions that led to illness among soldiers (HT) the methods used to reduce the risk of trench fever (HT) the support trench system on the Western Front (HT) Regimental Aid Posts (HT) the Casualty Clearing Stations (HT) the methods of transporting the wounded on the Western Front (HT) the work of nursing units such as the FANY (HT) the support trench system on the Western Front. (SAM)
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