Investigation a Coastal Park in Coastal zone of the Karoon River, Iran

S. M. Mosaddad, Dep. of Water Sciences, College of Physics, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Shouhstar, Iran.mosaddad5@gmail.com

H. R. BoveiriSama Technical and Vocational Traning college, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch,

Shoushtar, Iran.hr.boveiri@gmail.com

Abstract The objectives of river improvement tasks are to aid navigation to prevent flooding to reclaim and protect land to provide water supply for irrigation, hydropower development or domestic and industrial use. Shoushtar is a coastal city that includes a big part of the Karoon river and has many water applications; so, the crevasse canal of the Gar-Gar is an artificial and manmade branch of the Karoon (the biggest river in Iran). Study of flows and sediments deby in this area associated to the centrifugal force has significant importance. As a result of effecting centrifugal force in meander of river, there are different sediments deby and currents model to produce eddy or whirlpool structure so the coastal line destruction in this coastal line and width of river would be extended. Studying water currents in different basins such as rivers, straits and bays have been important as a result of valuable matters in scientific features. When a canal of water current is direct without any in turn directivity, water body moves calmly, only a mild damping rate in time and space. Coastal parks are influenced by coastal sedimentation as a result of water currents and so, coastal water erosion should be studied to decrease its rate to some extent is possible. In this paper following an annual research project, we consider benefits of such this park and where it would be better built. Study and development of civil engineering and structure architecture are important using improved water resources to being efficient in life and progressing industry ,agriculture and production too.

Keywords: Shoushtar, Karoon River, coastal park.

1. Introduction Shoushtar is a historical coastal city surrounded by the biggest river in Iran, named Karoon. Evolving tourist trends have led to a shift from standardized tourism to more individualistic patterns since the last decade, in which greater flexibility and a more meaningful experience have gained prominence. Establishing a coastal park affects on some applied factors helping environmental and coastal zone protection. Water and its resources such as surface water can be useful removing some needs of mankind. Programming, management, control and continuing considering about them in regards to establishing such parks that is useful. These items under an expert team would be done more applied. Therefore presenting and applying a good management on such this project would influence on tourism and economic and so, it could be an extra cultural engineering to protect environment and coastal zone affecting on people life. In fact, we will conclude that existence a coastal park in a coastal city near a river, as this case study, and its better location will be designed.

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Throughout the world, developing destinations, with a rich resource base of pristine natural treasures, hold significant comparative advantage in their potential to attract tourists in search of authentic new experiences. For the local economy of destination, tourism presents to be an important opportunity to grow employment through the generation of jobs, and the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities. For tourism to be successful, efforts must be focused on maximizing individual spend, and providing products and experiences that act as an charisma to tourists to stay longer and return on repeat visits. It is hereby further declared that, having regard to the general purposes specified in subsection (1) of this section, national parks shall be so administered and maintained under the provisions of this Act as followings:a) They shall be preserved, as far as possible in their natural state.b) Except where the Authority otherwise determines, the native plants and animals of the parks shall as far as possible be preserved and the introduced plants and animals shall as far as possible be exterminated.c) Sites and objects of archaeological and historical interest shall as far as possible be preserved.d) Their value as soil, water, and forest conservation areas shall be maintained.e) Subject to the provisions of this Act and to the imposition of such conditions and restrictions as may be necessary for the preservation of the native plants and animals or for the welfare in general of the parks, the public shall have freedom of entry and access to the parks, so they may receive in full measure the inspiration, enjoyment, recreation, and other benefits that may be derived from mountains, forests, sounds, seacoasts, lakes, rivers, and other natural features.

This Management Plan must be in accordance with the Act. In fact, we could say that designing a coastal park and presenting a useful and applied management pattern for the coast region would be good and extra to living there. Building coastal parks near rivers helps giving tourism services and so, economics would be developed.

2. River morphology and regime River morphology is concerned with channel configuration and geometry, and with longitudinal profile; it is time dependent, and it varies particularly with discharge, sediment input and characteristics, and with bank material. River morphology can be substantially influenced by engineering works, mal though this influence is not necessarily beneficial. Natural river channels are straight (usually only very short reaches), meandering, i.e. consisting of a series of bends of alternate curvature connected by short, straight reaches (crossings), or braided, i.e. the river divides into several channels which continuously join and separate.

2.1 River improvement From the source sediment point of view, transport can be divided into wash load comprising very fine material moving in rivers and canals in suspension and bed material load moving as bed load and suspended load depending on sediment size and velocity. For river engineering and navigation canals bed load is an important element of sediment transport, as it determines the morphological erosion and sedimentation aspects; suspendedload may be important in river engineering only in reservoir sedimentation and, exceptionally, in sedimentation at canal intakes.

3. Meander location through the river (Karoon( As was explained before, intensity of water currents in Shotteit (the main branch of the river in Shoushtar city) and existence of the water structures in the coasts of Shotteit River are very much. As a result, bend of the river is increasing; curvature radius is being bigger

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temporally with sedimentation. Comparing the views of the bend in river as Fig. 1 which are related to the past time about100 years ago and today of appearance of it, respectively, appoints the rate of increasing the bend with sedimentation. So the necessary coastal structures to minimize sedimentation should be made soon. Of course, a structure named Bande Mizzan that divide Karoon River to two branches and in fact minimize sedimentation rate to some extent is made in the bend of the river. It could be a result of being careful in thinking that, making a manmade rout in straight between positions 1 and 2 in Fig.2 decrease the intensity of the water and coastal destroy would be minimized consequently.

Fig.1 Meander in the Karoon river rout 100 years ago. Fig.2 Meander in the river rout today. (Delphi, Molaei Tavani, 2010) (Delphi and Molaei Tavani, 2010) Building a coastal park in such this city is necessary, and important because of some aspects; designing this structure needs some different coastal engineering problems to apply all of protective holding points and instructions (Ham, 1997). In fact, this important applied and useful task helps to develop urban services and cover some citizenship and living requirements.

3.1 Centrifugal force When a thing is moving around a center for its circular motion, we can say it has a circular rotation. Force accelerating it from the center which absorbs rotating things, called centrifugal force. In base of rotation frequency as timescale of each complete circulation around the center (ω or a) fixed velocity of the thing ,acceleration of it would be calculated by (1).

(1)where r is the radius of circle as fixed motion rout of the thing. Whenever a canal has a circular rout as a piece of a circle, the centrifugal force is applied from the center of it on Water current thus sedimentation particles moving associated to water flowing through the canal are accelerated under this force .In the Karoon river rout, Shoushtar domain, we observe an arc as a piece of a circle for canal of water. Therefore centrifugal force cannot be negligible. This phenomenon is shown in the figure 3 by a satellite and aero picture. Also, we could see the meander of the Karoon river, appropriate for building a coastal park.

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Fig.3 A satellite and an aero picture of the Karoon (Shoushtar domain) river including a meander(Delphi, Molaei Tavani, 2010)

Fig.4 An aero picture of the meander of the Karoon river, appropriate for building the coastal park(Mosaddad, Akbari Bidokhti and Ezam, 2008)

3.2 Plan implementation A range of approaches will be used to implement strategies in this plan. Some will be undertaken as part of routine management activities such as ranger visits; others will be addressed as part of regional programs undertaken across the State each year. A priority list of strategies will be used to guide routine management, and identify strategies to be proposed for inclusion in annual regional programs. The selection of strategies for regional programs varies from year to year, depending on available resources and government priorities. Once regional programs are approved, strategies and where necessary detailed actions will be included in works programs for the park. At the end of each year, progress towards implementing strategies in the plan will be reviewed and a priority list updated. Staff report internally against ‘on time and within budget ‘delivery of regional programs and whether the completed strategy has achieved the objective. For an applied example, Parks Victoria’s (in Australia) reports annually to the State Government on the overall delivery of regional and divisional programs. This broader reporting on management performance is available in the National Parks Act and Parks Victoria annual reports. Traditional Owners, interested members of the community, scientists and agencies in realizing the vision and management directions for the park will be especially important, as outlined in following sections of the plan. Implementation of the plan will be consistent with Parks Victoria’s commitment to sustainable practices, which involves the delivery of operations, services and facilities in an ecologically and socially responsible manner with minimal use of expendable resources and minimal generation of waste. In implementing the plan, management will respond to monitoring and research information as it emerges. Over time the success of actions is reviewed against set objectives to ensure ongoing learning and refinement of management. The selection of actions and treatments of threats are guided by the precautionary principle. Management options are evaluated on the basis of least impact on the environment. Treatment of threats with a potential for serious

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damage that are not addressed in the plan will not be postponed for lack of information (Beard, 1976).

4 .Park management zoning Park management zoning is a tool to assist management in achieving the Park management objectives. Zoning indicates which management objectives are appropriate and which have priority in each part of the Park. It identifies the places where conservation is a critical requirement, and establishes broadly the intensity and types of use that are appropriate for different parts of the Park. Its purpose is to pre-empt conflicts between uses, and to provide a basis for assessing the suitability of management proposals for particular parts of the Park. Zones are derived by overlaying maps of the natural and conservation values of the land, its capability and suitability to withstand use, the recreational opportunities it presents, and decisions relating to its previous use.

5. Policies of designing and managing a coastal park To provide facilities in a good coastal park, we should follow the factors and conditions such as the followings:i. facilitate the safe use and enjoyment of the Park by the public;ii. minimize the impact on the environment, natural (including scenic) and historic character and natural values of the Park;iii. do not compromise existing activities as provided for in the Plan, or public enjoyment of the Park;iv. cannot be more appropriately or suitably located outside the Park;v. respect the spiritual and cultural values of those associated with the Park;vi. encourage a high degree of self-reliance by the public and self- awareness of safety issues;vii. meet the Department’s national policies and standards for publicfacilities; andviii. may be funded by donations from people and organizations. In all cases, Park huts will meet the Department’s hut standards, fee structure and be consistent with the design principles for new and existing buildings.

5.1 Park benefits Some benefits of a good coastal river park are as followings:

1) road for running and walking separately2) A good environmental view covered with grass3) Animals and vegetation4) River capable boating and fishing5) Stores, restaurants and public service stations6) Horse riding access

Each park, particularly a coastal one has had more items of the above ones, it is a better location to pass time and share benefits from. Also some important aims to use such these factors of a coastal park can be listed as:

- Minimize the effects of existing and future utilities on the Parks.- Manage the boundaries to protect park values.- Rationalize the boundaries where possible and appropriate.- Ensure appropriate use and licensing of existing and proposed new public utilities.- Rationalize the boundaries where possible and appropriate.- Protect park values from inappropriate activity.

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6. Adjacent uses Land adjacent to the Parks is used in a number of ways, including grazing and residential development (Thom, 1987). Residential development and vegetation clearing on subdivisions will greatly increase use of land adjoining the Parks, particularly along the ocean beach, and could significantly change the natural character of the area.

6.1 Applied foreign instants Following useful and improved applied methods in designing and managing coastal parks would result in such the following illustrations (figure 5).

Fig.5 Four foreign environmental cover improvement in coastal and national parks

Even though we can cover the land surrounding the coastal park (as a result of existence of water and relative humidity) by plants, flowers and grasses.

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Fig.6 Four foreign plants cover improvement in coastal and national parks

7. Coastal towns The coastal towns including rivers are usually small quiet and geographically remote communities with a close relationship to the coastal environment. The towns are different in character; the towns provide the ‘civilization’ that contrasts the remote and wild nature of the park and provide important services with supplies to visitors to the park.

7.1 Deby changes adjacent the meander Water currents in a river meander are subjected to a variant regime of acceleration, as a result of centrifugal force applied on the flows; therefore, coastal destruction and sedimentation are important as regards to attention. Debi profiles of water current in this section of the river are as the following diagrams.

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Fig.6 Deby profiles of water current in the meander of the Karoon river as the case study zone

Current regime as the water flows current lines are influenced by the centrifugal force. Simulation of water current in the zone is as the figure 7.

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Fig.7 Current lines of water flowing in the river meander in the case study zone

So after modeling the dominant current flowing in the canal of the river in the meander influenced by centrifugal force and existing orbiting water currents, coastal destruction and then sedimentation would be in an important place of attention. Modeling the study subject resulted the following diagram.

Fig.8 Overall simulation of water currents lines in the meander influenced by centrifugal force

8. Conclusion Khouzestan as a coastal province near the Persian Gulf includes the biggest river in Iran, Karoon. So through measurements and a good management by an engineering control, we cover some environmental and management aspects in this case study. Shouhstar is an ancient city in the province including a main part of the Karoon. There are some agricultural lands and apartments in the coastal zone near this river. National Parks are intended to be readily accessible, therefore we need and should manage their applications. The obtained useful and applied results of the research are as the below:1) Establishing coastal parks near rivers helps tourism industry and local economic.2) Environmental items could be developed managing such these structure in coasts of rivers3) Green spaces could be developed helping tourism industry and so, coastal parks need such this case.4) Shoushtar as a coastal city establishing such these structures will be developed environmentally.

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5) Building coastal parks in parallel to developing environment cases will influence on weather conditions well.6) Existence of parks in coastal zone of rivers would be needed to improve water level, so it will be led to protect water resources.7) Designing, building and managing a coastal park in the coastal zone of the river could help to environment protection. Overall, due to more coastal sedimentation and so, coastal destruction in the meander, the best possible location for building a coastal river park near this water resource in coastal cities is in the meander are, why sedimentation progresses to forward increasing radius of the curve in the river meander. Therefore duration of the park will last more due to decreased water erosion, that is, coastal zone in such the region will be protected avoiding water covering when raining and happening floodplain; of course thinking about a coastal wall surrounding the park is an applied improvement too. Therefore designing, building and managing such this structure in Shoushtar as one coastal city is necessary, and considering some coastal, environmental and water resources aspects to protect damages due to the structure for the place of it.

9. ReferencesBeard, J.S., Vegetation Survey of Western Australia: The Vegetation of the Newdegate and

Bremer Bay Areas,Western Australia, Maps and Explanatory Memoir1:250,000 Series, Second Edition, 1972, VegmapPublications, Perth 1976.

Ham, S.H., Wildlife and Range Sciences University of Idaho Beware of Interpreters Packing Little Ideas and Big Budgets: Keynote Presentation to theInterpretation Australia National Conference, Universityof Queensland, Gatton College, Sept, 1997.

M. Delphi, M. Mahmoodian.Shooshtari and H.HassoniZadeh, 2010, Sensitivity Analysis of Sediment Transport in Karoon River, Int.J.of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2010.

M. Delphi, H.MolaeiTavani, 2010, Physical modeling of water current in Karoon River, Shoushtar domain, Int. J. of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2010.

Mosaddad S.M., Akbari Bidokhti A.A.and Ezam M., (2008), Current modeling considering civil engineering problems building coastal walls. In: Proc of the Fluid Mechanics Asian congress, Daejeon, South Korea, 2008, pp 234-241.Thom, D. 1987.Heritage - The Parks of the People .Lansdowne Press, Auckland.www.environment.sa.gov.au. http//www.smh.com.au/news/environment/this-tide-waits-for-

no-man/2008/12/05/1228257317779.htmlwww. http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/

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