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Biology Take Home Exam / Final Exam Study Guide

The semester final makes up 20% of your final grade in biology and consists of two parts:- Take home exam/study guide (35 points)- In-class final exam (100 points)

Part 1: Scientific Concepts

You are conducting an experiment to determine if increased UV radiation from the decrease in the ozone layer is killing off frog tadpoles. After examining all of the data available in the library, you hypothesize that increased UV radiation from the sun is killing off the tadpoles. You design an experiment. There are 100 tadpoles in a five gallon container of water that is covered by glass that filters out UV radiation). Another five gallon container of 100 tadpoles is covered with acrylic Plexiglas, which will not filter out the U.V. radiation. You then place the groups outside for a period of a month, and observe the results. The results showed that both groups ended with a tadpole population of 96.

List the steps of the scientific method in order.

PHERC

Re-write the hypothesis in the if…then… format.

If tadpoles are ___________________________________________________________________________,

then________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_

Which is the control group?

Which is the experimental group?

Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.

Name at least two constants in the experiment.

Which variable would you use to label the x-axis, if you were to graph the data?

Which variable would you use to label the y-axis?

Does the data support the hypothesis? If not, infer what might be causing a decrease in frog population.

After you analyzed your results, you came up with a conclusion. Is your conclusion considered a theory? Why or why not?

Part 2: Cell Biology

List the six characteristics of living things. Of this list, define cells and homeostasis.

List the levels of organization, from the largest to the smallest. Place a star next to the smallest unit of life.

In your own words, explain the cell theory.

Label the image to the right. Identify if this is a plant or animal cell.

Draw your OWN leader lines to label the parts of the plant cell.

Use the same terms as that of the animal cell from the previous page, EXCEPT microvilli and centrioles.

In addition , label the structures that are unique to plant cells that are absent in animal cells.

Complete the following table by filling the missing information. Some organelle parts may be used more than once.

Structure/Function Cell Part

1. Stores material within the cell

Chloroplasts 2.

3. The sites of protein synthesis

4. Transports materials within the cell

Nucleolus 5.

6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

Centrosomes

7. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

8. Small bumps that make protein located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum

9. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products

10. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests

Mitochondria 11.

12. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

13. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus

14. Site where ribosomes are made

15. The membrane surrounding the cell

Cytoskeleton 16.

17. Thin threads of DNA packaged with protein, during late interphase

18. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell

19. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things

20. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrate side-chains

21. Longer whip-like structures used for movement

Classify the following organelles into one of four columns based on their role in metabolism.

Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane, Vesicles

Ingestion Digestion Respiration Excretion

Put a check mark to indicate if the following organelles are found in plant, animal, or prokaryotic cells. For each organelle, choose all that apply.

Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell Prokaryotic Cell

Cell Wall

Vesicle

Chloroplast

DNA

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Plasma membrane

Vacuole

Ribosome

Nucleoid Region

Part 3: Biochemistry, Cell Membrane & Transport

What chemical elements are found in living cells?

Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer. Include a drawing in your explanation.

Is this reaction an example of hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? Explain.

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids + H2O triglyceride

Is this reaction below an example of hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? Explain.

Phospholipid Phospho-glycerol + 2 fatty acids + H2O

The image to the right shows the difference in chemical structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids chains. What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

List the three polymers of lipids and the monomers that make up each.

Label the leader lines on the image to the right using the following terms:

- Carbohydrate side chain- Marker protein- Hydrophobic region- Hydrophilic region- Protein pump- Phospholipid bilayer

Draw a blue arrow to show how the triangle-shaped substance would cross the membrane using simple diffusion.

Draw a red arrow to show how the circular-shaped substance would cross the membrane using facilitated diffusion.

Explain why the model of the plasma membrane on the previous page is considered semi-permeable.

Define concentration gradient in your own words.

Create a chart that shows which substances can and cannot pass through the cell membrane.

Explain why some materials can pass through while other materials cannot.

Identify each of the following cells in solution as being either hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic to that of the cell.

After identifying each of the examples, define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic beneath each label.

Explain the difference between passive and active transport of substances across the membrane.

Define the examples of passive transport across the membrane: simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Use your OWN words, rather than copying your notes.

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Facilitated Diffusion:

Draw a diagram showing the difference between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and protein pumps (active transport) across the membrane.

Draw the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis.

Endocytosis:

Exocytosis:

Explain how phagocytosis is different from pinocytosis.

You have a 20% sucrose solution in a bag with a semipermeable membrane. You submerge the bag in a 30% sucrose solution. (Assume that sucrose is NOT permeable).

Draw a diagram to illustrate the problem on the right. Which direction does the water flow?

Part 4: Microbiology

List and describe the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Explain the various defining points of bacteria. (What are they? How large are they? What are their different shapes?)

Contrast binary fission and conjugation: how are they different?

Define “bacteriophage”. Then, draw and label one in the space on the right.

Define plasmid and explain why they might be beneficial to the cell.

An agar plate is divided into four quadrants (A, B, C, & D). The plate is streaked with a gram positive strain of stock bacteria that contains a plasmid for resistance against antibiotic “Y”. Small circles of paper are dipped in different substances and placed on the agar plate:

A: PenicillinB: CiprofloxacinC: WaterD: Antibiotic “Y”

Draw the experimental set-up to the right and indicate which circles would likely have a halo.

Explain the differences between the infection cycles of HIV and influenza. Use and define the following terms:

q Prophageq Lyticq Lysogenicq Attachmentq Injectionq Dormantq Lyse

Why is HIV considered a retrovirus?

Write a paragraph defending why bacteria are considered a live but viruses are not.

Part 5: Mitosis & DNA

Explain why cells need a large surface area-to-volume ratio and describe ways that cells achieve this.

List the steps of the cell cycle beginning with G1 of interphase and ending with cytokinesis.

For the image below, label the stage of mitosis. Describe what's going on inside the cell during each stage, including things that may not be visible in the images.