Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy
134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28
Study Material of 4/5/2020
For Class Nursery to XII
Class Nursery
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Letter ‘I’
· Humpty dumpty
· Write in copy
· Learn
Math
· Number 9
· Write in copy
Bengali
· এসো লিখি লেখা শিখি Pg 10
· Write in book
Hindi
· बाल गीत- मछली (कविता)
· Learn and repeat
Class KG I
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Reading book Pg 37
· Slowly, slowly, very slowly- Listen & Repeat
Math
· Backward counting 50-30
· Write in copy
Hindi
· Fill in the blanks
· अ ____ इ ____ उ
____ ऋ _____
ओ ____ अं _____ (Write in copy)
Bengali
· এসো লিখি লেখা শিখি – Pg 6, 7
· Write in book
Class KG II
Subject
Topic
Execution
English
· Write 6 CVC words with ‘u’in the middle
· Answer-
Cub, sun, hut, jug, nut, tub. (Write in copy)
Math
· Numbers
· Write the numbers 1-50 in copy
Science (Term I)
· Pg 117 (c, d)
· Read and learn
Activity
· Bunch of grapes using finger prints
· Make a bunch of grapes with your index finger. Use poster
colour.
Class I
Subject-- English 1Topic-- One and many
We usually add‘s‘to naming words to show many.
For example chair – chairs
Boy – boysBelt – belts
We add ‘es ‘to naming words that end in s, o, ss, sh, x or chto
show many.
For example gas – gases Potato – potatoes Fox – foxes
Subject –EVS
TOPIC--Food
Why do we need food ?
We need food to live.
It gives us energy to do work and play.
Food keeps us active, strong and healthy.
It helps us to grow.
It helps us fight illness and stay fit.
Meal times
Meal- An occasion when people sit down to eat food, especially
breakfast, lunch or dinner.
Breakfast-I eat breakfast in the morning. It is the first meal
of the day.
Lunch- I eat lunch in the afternoon.
Dinner I eat dinner in the evening.
*The meal we eat late in the morning, that combines breakfast
and lunch is called branch
Food we get from plants and animals
We get rice, wheat, nuts, fruits and vegetables from plants.
Animals also give us food.We get food like milk, meat, fish and
eggs from animals.
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Class II
Subject – English LanguageTopic – Ch 2 Singular and Plural
Singular noun- When noun are one in number that is a single
one.
Things to be remembered-
· We write ‘a’ before a singular noun that starts with a
consonant and ‘an’ before a singular noun that starts with a vowel.
Example- a cat, a ball, an apple, an umbrella
Plural noun- When noun is more than one in number that is two or
more.
Things to be remembered-
· We add ‘s’ to nouns to show many foe g. boys, trees, cars
etc
· We add ‘es’ to nouns that end with ch,sh,o, s, x, and ss for
eg branches , brushes, potatoes, buses, boxes
· In some words we add only‘s’ to words that end with ‘o’ eg.
Photos, pianos
· Nouns that end with ‘f’ or ‘ fe ‘ are changed to ‘ ves ‘ to
form their plurals .eg leaves, halves
· In some words that ends with ‘f’ only‘s ‘is added eg.
Chefs
· Nouns that end with ‘y ‘having a consonant just before it are
replaced by ‘ies’ eg. Babies, flies
· Nouns that end with ‘y’ having a vowel jus before it, only‘s’
is added to form its plural form. Eg boys, toys
· There some nouns that do not follow any rule eg, Woman –
women, mouse- mice
· There are some nouns that remain the same in their singular
and plural form eg. Sheep , fish
· If there sre many kinds of fish or fruit then we write fishes
and fruits.
Subject – EVS Topic- ch 2 My Body [continuation pg 96, 97]
Sense Organs
Our body has some special organs that tell us about things
around us. These are called sense organs. There are 5 sense organs
in our body. They are-
· Ears – we have two ears which help us to hear the sound around
us.
· Eyes – we have two eyes that help to see things around us.
· Nose – we have one nose that helps us to smell things around
us.
· Tongue – we have one tongue inside our mounth that helps us to
taste different things.
· Skin – our whole body is covered with skin that helps us to
feel the touch, hard, soft, hot or cold things.
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Class III
Subject – Eng LanguageTopic – ch 3 nouns [continuation]
Proper noun
Proper nouns are the specific or particular name of person,
place, animal and things.Examples- Mina, Mt. Everest, Delhi, Tommy
etc. Proper noun is always capitalized.
Uses of Proper nouns- They are special names of: -
1. People such as Rita, Jack, Ram etc
2. Countries, cities, states such as India, Kolkata, West
Bengal
3. Mountains, rivers, seas, lakes such as Mt. Everest, the
Ganga, the Indian Ocean, Dal Lake
4. Days of the week, months, festivals such as Monday, April,
Diwali, Republic Day
5.Buildings,parks, stadiums,roads,airport,malls,historical
monumets such as The White House, Nicco Park, Saltlake
Stadium,ParkStreet , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International
Airport, Diamond Plaza, Taj Mahal
6. Books, newspaper, magazines such as the Bible, The Telegraph,
India Today.
Difference between –
Proper noun
1.Rita
2.Ford
3.Sunday
4.Christmas
5.Mithu
Common noun
1.Girl
2.Car
3.Day
4.Festival
5.parrot
Collective Noun: - Collective nouns are names for a collection
or a number of people or things.
Example-
1. A bunch of keysCollective noun- bunch
2. A hive of bees Collective noun- hive
3. A crowd of people. Collective noun- crowd
Subject: social studiesTopic: My family and I
Changing time, changing families:
Earlier people used to live in joint families where more than
two generations live under one roof. But as the time is changing,
joint families are disappearing and nuclear families are becoming
popular. There are some reasons behind the changes in family
structure, which we will focus:
Relocation: it means moving to a new place and making one’s
home. Relocation of families happens when people move out in search
of better education and jobs.
Birth: when a child is born in a family, a new member is
included in it and the family structure changes.
Death: if anyone in the family member dies, then the whole
family structure changes.
Natural calamities like tsunami, earthquake, cyclone and floods
damage houses and force people to shift to other places which it
does bring changes in the family structure.
Wedding cause changes in the family too. Wedding is a happy
occasion when whole family comes together to celebrate. A new
family member joins or an existing family member leaves and thus
the number of family members changes.
Adoption: it is a process that allows someone to become a parent
of the child who is not related to them by birth. Adoption also
adds a new member in the family. Some couple adopts a child and
raises him/her as their own child. These are reasons behind the
changes in the family structure.
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Class IV
Subject: English language Topic: countable and uncountable
nouns
Countable noun –We can clearly mention how many of the same kind
of thing or person we are talking about. Nouns that are the names
of things, people, etc which can be counted. Example – cup, pencil,
tree, cats, bags etc.
Uncountable nouns – Some common nouns that cannot be counted.
Nouns that are the names of things, people, etc. which cannot be
counted. Example –advice, anger, coffee, tea, love, luck, knowledge
etc.
Few examples of countable and uncountable nouns:
He ate his soup with a spoon.
Soup –uncountable noun
Spoon – countable noun.
When you listen to good music, you lose all sense of time.
Music, time – uncountable nouns.
There was no space in the drawing room and so they put the
television set in the bedroom.
Space –uncountable noun.
Television set, drawing room, bedroom –countable noun.
Subject: social studies
Topic: Movement and domains of the Earth
When the position of the sun changes, it gives us an impression
that the sun keeps moving from one of the sky to the other. But
actually, the sun doesn’t moves. It is due to the movement of the
Earth that the Sun seems to move in the sky. We cannot feel the
movement of the Earth becauseeverything is moving at the same
speed.
Movements of the Earth:
Rotation and revolution are the two movements of the Earth.
Rotation:
The earth has an axis around which it rotates. Earth has two
geographic poles – the North Pole and the South Pole. It is an
imaginary spin axis that runs through the Earth from the North to
the South Pole. It is not perpendicular or straight. It is slightly
tilted. The movement of the Earth onits axis is called rotation. It
takes 24 hours or one whole day to complete one rotation. It causes
day and night. As the Earth rotates, the side facing the Sun
experiences day and the part away from the Sun experiences
night.Thus when it is night in America, it is day in India. Places
which are in the east side of the Earth, they get to see the sun
first. For example, Japan which lies in the extreme east of the
Earth, sees the Sun first and thus Japan is called the land of the
rising sun.
↑The above picture shows rotation causes day and night.
Subject-Computer ApplicationChapter-2 (MS Windows)
Files
Files are the collection of related information stored in the
computer memory.
Folders
Folder is the collection of related files.
Wallpaper: The background image on the desktop is called
wallpaper.
Screensaver:- Screensaver is an image or animation that appears
on a computer screen after a short span of inactivity.
The steps to add gadgets on the desktop are
1. Right click on an empty area on the desktop.select the gadget
option from the context menu.
2. The gadgets window will open.
3. Double click on the gadget we want to put on the desktop.
4. The gadgets will appear on the right side of the dekstop.
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Class V
Subject: Social Studies
Topic: Evolution of man
Domestication of animals:
With the agriculture came domestication of animals. Dog was the
first animal to be tamed. Later on other animals were also
domesticated like goats, sheep, pigs, cattle etc. Cows and goats
were reared for milk. Horses and donkeys carried loads. Animals
also provided early man with skin and meat. Later, they used
animals to plough fields, to protect their crops and for
transportation purpose.
Settling:
Early man preferred staying near river banks for many
reasons:
River banks had fertile land which helped in growing crops.
Regular supply of water for the fields and other activities.
Rivers were used as a mean of transport.
They settled in small groups first which gradually led into the
formation of villages. They made huts with stones, mud, leaves and
branches.
Man invents wheel:
Invention of wheel was the stepping stone towards the
civilisation of the early man. Probably they saw a boulder or a log
rolling down the hill slope that gives them the idea of wheel. This
invention of wheel changed the man's life forever. Travelling from
one place to another could be done in lesser time and with ease. It
became easier for them to move heavy loads on rough uneven
surfaces. With the help of the wheel, they started making pottery
with clay. Till now people use wheel to make pottery with the help
of fingers and hands to form utensils and pots. These are then
baked in fire. Pottery items were used for storing grains, water
and cooking food in earlier times. Later the pottery was
decorated.
(The above picture shows different kinds of wheels from early
man stage till present)
The picture showing how did early man made wheels. The picture
above shows different kinds of pottery items used during early man
stage.
Subject: English language Topic: Prefixes and suffixes
Prefix:
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning
of a word to form a new word, the meaning of which is usually
different in some way from that of the original word. The word
'prefix' came from the Latin word, which means pre– before and fix
– to attach. Example –
Dis+ like =dislike,
Un + holy = unholy.
Example:
Fill in the blanks with words formed by adding prefixes:
1. Susanunpacked her suitcase and took out her clothes.
(Packed)
2. We usually refer to a nonliving thing as 'it'. (Living)
3. You must not disobey your parents. (Obey)
Suffixes:
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a
word to form a new word. The meaning of the new word is usually
different from that of the original word. The word 'suffixes' came
from the Latin word meaning suf – immediately after and fix – to
attach. Example: help + ful= helpful, kind+ness = kindness.
Example:
Fill in the blanks with words formed by adding suffixes:
1. John can run fastest than any boy in this school. (Fast)
2. Some snakes are quite harmful. (Harmful)
3. The rider fell from the horse and hurt himself. (Ride)
Subject-computerchapter-1 (Characteristics of a computer)
Characteristics of a computer
Speed: - A computer is a very fast device. it can solve numerous
problems within seconds and also can process millions of
instructions per second.
Accuracy: - Computer is a very accurate machine and never makes
mistakes in calculations.
Large memory: - computer has a large memory and can store a
large amount of data in its memory.
Diligence: - A computer can work for a long time and never feels
bored and tired unlike human beings.
Versatility: - A computer can be used to perform different types
of jobs at the same time therefore a computer has multitasking
property.
No intelligence: -Computer is a machine which has no
intelligence of its own. it cannot produce result without correct
instruction and cannot make decisions by itself.
CPU AND ITS WORKING
The central processing unit in a computer is placed on a single
integrated circuit chip called a microprocessor. CPU is the brain
of a computer where all the computing is done.the cpu cabinet has a
circuit board called the motherboard which is the house of many
other internal components such as ram, rom, sound card, etc.
COMPONENTS OF A CPU
A CPU CONSISTS OF THE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS NAME THE ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT AND CONTROL UNIT
· ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
THE A L U DOES ALL THE ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS AND THE LOGICAL
COMPARISONS.
· CONTROL UNIT (CU)
The control unit coordinates the flow of data between the
memory, alu other parts of the computer.it is not perform any
calculation.
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Class VI
SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC: NOUN
NOUN: KINDS
· Countable nouns: can be counted and can be used as singular or
plural. For example, coin, coins, pen, pens, note, notes etc.
· Uncountable nouns: they are also called mass nouns and refer
to liquids substances and ideas. For example, oil, plastic, milk,
honesty.
· Concrete noun: Are those that can be touched or seen. For
example, table, elephant, hammer, train, school, park, station,
teacher, pencil, eraser.
· Abstract nouns: Cannot be felt by the five senses. They speak
of ideas, feelings and concepts. For example, anger, thickness,
patience, kindness, etc.
· Material noun: These are the names of substance from which
different things are made. For example, sand, sugar, gold, butter,
bronze, water, coal, rock, meat, egg, wood, rubber, glass, brass,
milk, flour, plastic, cotton, silk, iron, steel.
· Compound noun: when two other nouns are combined to form a
single noun, the result is a compound noun. For example, table top,
buttermilk, commander-in- chief, bedroom, motorcycle, policeman,
football, toothpaste, blackboard, full moon, swimming pool.
Subject-computerChapter-6(Introduction to windows 10)
The start button:- The start button is located at the bottom of
the screen on the left hand side of the taskbar and gives you
access to most applications and features available on your
computer.when you click the start button you will get a menu.
Clicking on this item will run the application. Some of the items
we may see in the start menu are:-
· Search programs and files
· File explorer
· Application lists
· Store apps
· Power
· Settings
· All apps
Understanding file explorer
The explorer reason indispensable tool in the operating system
which provides user with the capability to organise and control the
files and folders, the different storage devices attached to the
systems such as hard drive, cd drive, DVD Rom and disc drive
etc.
The file explorer is also known as the file manager. Some of the
common operations that we can do with window explorer include
deleting files, viewing properties, copying are moving both files
and folders.
Navigation with file explorer: - The navigation pane can be used
to find files and folders. Dieting can be directly moved are copied
to a destination in the navigation pane. If we are not able to see
the navigation pain on the left side of a window, first click the
view tab, click on the navigation pane dropdown button and check
the navigation pane option.
Quick access area:- Quick access area displays the list of
shortcuts to folders including documents, desktop, downloads
etc.
Network location
The network icon is located in the left side of the pain of
windows area and is seen only by people who have their pc connected
to the network.
SUBJECT-GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER-REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES:
ELEMENTS OF MAP
TITLE – The type of information that a map shows determines its
title.
SCALE – The proportion or ratio between distance on the map and
the corresponding distance on the ground.
NORTH LINE – Indicates north direction and helps to find any
direction of any place on the map.
GRID – The horizontal and vertical lines in the map help in
finding places. Horizontal lines are northings and vertical lines
are eastings.
LEGEND -
SCALE OF A MAP
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS – The four directions – north , east , south
& west - are called Cardinal Directions.
INTERMEDIATE DIRECTIONS – The halfway direction between two
corresponding cardinal direction is called Intermediate
Direction.
TYPES OF MAP BASED ON SCALE
LARGE SCALE MAP – Shows small area in detail.
SMALL SCALE MAP – Shows large area but not so much details.
CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS – Universally accepted symbols to show
features on the maps.
REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES THROUGH DIAGRAMS
RIVERS – A large natural stream of water that flows from higher
to lower ground. The place where it begins is called Source and
where it ends called Mouth.
MEANDERS – The river swings from bend to bend due to
irregularities of the ground. These loops are called Meanders.
TRIBUTARIES – the small river that join the main river and
increase its volume.
DISTRIBUTARIES – the channels through which the water of the
river gets distributed is called Distributaries.
DELTA – the triangular shaped alluvial deposits near the mouth
of the river.
ANTICLINE – The up-fold part of a fold mountain.
SYNCLINE – the down-fold part of a fold mountain.
BLOCK MOUNTAIN – the raised blocks on the either side of a rift
valley are called Block Mountain.
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Class VII
CLASS VII GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1 REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
TOPIC- CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Physical Features – Contour lines depict the physical features
of a place.
Drainage – Include all natural and human-made water features
Vegetation – Green colour used to depict all kinds of
vegetation.
Land Use – Various functions or purposes that human apply to the
available land is called Land Use. Like yellow depict agricultural
land, white denotes barren land.
Settlements – May be small villages or large cities. Each single
red square denotes a hut and post office and police station have
symbols PO, PS respectively.
Transport and Communication – Black lines for Railway track,
double red lines for metalled roads etc.
Boundaries - Administrative boundaries shown in Black with
various symbols made up with lines, dots and dashes.
Latitudes and Longitudes – Used on Topographical map to indicate
exact location of a place
Barren land – a dry land where plants can’t grow
Contour lines – lines on a map joining points that are the same
height above or below the sea level
Sand Dunes – Hills of sand formed by the wind in a desert or
near a beach
SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGETOPIC: ARTICLES
ARTICLES
Definite Article: The
The definite article is used when we speak of a person or thing
that we have already referred to. For example,
· The girl standing next to me is my cousin.
· I went to a shop yesterday to buy an umbrella butthe shop was
closed.
We use the when a singular common noun is used to indicate a
whole class. For example,
· The tiger is a majestic creature.
· The banyan is a popular tree.
The definite Article is used with superlatives. For example
· He is the most intelligent pupil in the class.
· The most useful
· The brightest
· The most expensive
It is used in phrases such as the first, the last, the only, the
next, the following and the previous.
· He is sitting in the first row.
The is used with nouns such as earth, sky, moon etc.
· We could see the sun through the clouds.
It is used before ordinals-------- first, third, fifth etc.
· She was the fourth person to ask me the same question that
day.
· Mridu was the first person to reach the venue.
It is used before an adjective when the noun is understood and
does not require more information.
· We should encourage the blind to be self- sufficient.
· The rich
· The needy
It is used before the names of musical instruments
· He plays the piano.
The definite Article is used before certain proper nouns
-----
· The names of river, seas, and ocean --- the Indus, the Nile,
the Mediterranean Sea, the Indus Ocean.
· The names of mountain range--- the Alps, the Andes, etc
· The names of families or nationalities ----- the Roy’s, the
Brownings, the French, the English
· Holy books ---- the Bible, the Vedas
It is used before names of newspapers ------ The telegraph, The
Pioneer.
It is used with directions----- the north, the west.
It is used with countries if the name common noun ---- the
Netherlands, the United States.
It is used before well- known buildings and institution --- the
United Nations, the Red Fort.
The is also used before abbreviation ------ the UN, the USA,
etc.
We used the before classes of people----- the rich, the
poor.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE
We do not use Articles----
· Before expressions like last night, last week, last year, next
week and next month.
Before proper nouns. For example,
· I am going to Australia.
· Have you spoken to Hema?
Before names of languages. For example,
· They speak German quite well.
Before plural countable nouns that refer to the entire class.
For example,
· I do not like bananas.
Before material nouns. For example,
· Platinum is an expensive metal.
Before abstract nouns when used in a general way. For
example,
· Honesty is a virtue.
Before the names of games and sports. For example,
· Golf is gaining in popularity in India of late.
· Rakesh loves playing hockey.
Before the names of meals. For example,
· I ate breakfast quite late today.
Before expressions such as all day, all night, by air and by
sea. For example,
· The contingent for the Asian games will travel by air.
SUBJECT-COMPUTER CHAPTER-1(COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS)
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
High level languages are written using letters of English
language and mathematical symbols and the languages are not
understood by the computer directly. The programs written in high
level languages are not understood by a computer directly. They
need to be translated into machine language. For the purpose of
conversation of high level languages to machine understandable
language/code software known as compilers and interpreters are
used. The advantages of high level languages are:
a) Easy to understand-the programs written in computer language
is easy to create and understand for a programmer.
b) Easy to debug-the process of the parking is easy in high
level language because finding and rectifying errors are easier
than those in low level languages programs.
c) Easy syntax-the syntax of high level languages programs are
easy to create than those in low level languages programs.
d) Supporting portability feature-high level language programs
are machine independent.
The examples of high level languages are basic, FORTRAN, COBOL,
pascal c++, java, php, etc.
Software: - The term software is used to describe all the
instructions and programs which are given to a computer to perform
specific tasks. For every action that a computer takes is triggered
by software loaded in its memory. Software can be broadly divided
into two categories
1. System software and
2. Application software
System software: - System software includes all the programs
that control the working of a computer and helps it to function
properly
Operating system- An operating system is an interface between
hardware and software.the main function of an operating system is
to manage the computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs. When a computer system is first
switched on, the operating system is loaded in the memory. Examples
of popular operating system are Microsoft windows, linux, UNIX, mac
os, android, etc.
Language translators- We know that a computer only understands
the binary language (0 and 1) call to machine language and it is
difficult to write a program in the machine language. However
programs using high level languages need to be translated into a
machine language code. The tool that performs the translation of
computer programs is known as language translator. The translator
translates the computer program with the help of compiler,
interpreter and assembler.
Device driver:- Every device, such as printer, display unit,
mouse and a keyboard assembled with a system unit needs to have a
driver program. the diver program is responsible for controlling
the device connected to a computer. a device driver is a computer
program that converts the input or output instructions of the
operating system to a format that is understood by the device.
Application software:- Application software is a set of programs
developed to perform specific tasks such as payroll, library
management, time-table management, report card generation, etc.
Some of the commonly used application software is word processor,
electronic spreadsheet, image editor, database management system,
multimedia and presentation software, desktop publishing software,
recovery software, etc.
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Class VIII
SUBJECT- English Language
CHAPTER – THE SENTENCE
The Sentence
The Adjective Clause begins with who, whom, whose, which, whose,
that, or what (Relative Pronoun) or when, where, why, or how
(Relative Adverb): and is put just after the noun (or pronoun)
which it qualifies.
Convert the sentence from simple to complex sentence:-
3) We doubt his success.Ans:- It is doubtful whether he will
succeed.
4) Poor are not always dishonest.Ans:- Those who are not rich
are not always dishonest.
5) Never do wrong.Ans:- Never do what is wrong.
6) The birds cannot fly without wings.ANs:- The birds cannot fly
unless it has wings.
7) The marble statue came from Jaipur.Ans:- The statue that is
made of marble come from Jaipur.
8) He is a nonsense man.Ans:- He is a man who has no sense of
shame.
9) We have our breakfast at the sun shine.Ans:- We have our
breakfast when the sun rises.
SUBJECT-COMPUTER
CHAPTER-1 (OPERATING SYSTEM(OS) AND GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE(GUI): ROLE AND FUNCTIONS)
MODES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Batch Processing- It is one of the oldest methods of data
processing. It is applied in multi user systems where similar jobs
are submitted to the CPU for processing. First the jobs are read
and then these jobs are grouped in the same batch. In this system,
the jobs are scheduled in the order of their arrival that is on”
first come first serve”(FCFS).
The disadvantages of batch processing are:-
•The system does not set any priority for the execution of the
jobs.
•once the process begins, the execution of jobs automatically
takes place one after the other
• The CPU time and memory are underutilized
• It is time consuming
Multiprogramming -It means executing more than one program in
multiprogramming when one program is waiting for input/ output
transfer there is another program ready to utilize the CPU. suppose
the program 'A' is not utilizing the CPU and is busy in input/
output operation to transfer the data hence the CPU may be utilized
to execute program 'B' available in the main memory.
THE TWO TECHNIQUES OF MULTIPROGRAMMING ARE -- TIME SHARING AND
REAL TIME PROCESSING
TIME SHARING- IT IS METHOD REFERS TO THE ALLOCATION OF COMPUTER
RESOURCES IN A TIME-DEPENDENT SLOT TO EXECUTE SEVERAL PROGRAMS.THE
BASIC IDEA OF TIME SHARING IS TO PROVIDE THIS FACILITY TO A LARGE
NUMBER OF USERS TO EXECUTE THEIR PROGRAMS WITHIN THE ALLOTTED TIME
SLOT.
REAL TIME PROCESSING-A SYSTEM IN WHICH A TRANSACTION AXIS AND
UPDATING OF THE FILE IS DONE IMMEDIATELY IS CALLED A REAL TIME
PROCESSING. IN THIS PROCESS,THE JOB IS GIVEN VERY HIGH PRIORITY TO
TAKE FURTHER ACTION LEAVING ALL OTHER JOBS.
MULTIPROCESSING
MULTIPROCESSING IS A SYSTEM IN WHICH TWO OR MORE CPUs ARE
AVAILABLE INDEPENDENTLY.IT PROVIDES THE FACILITY TO WORK WITH THE
NUMBER OF USERS INDEPENDENTLY AND SIMULTANEOUSLY.
AN OPERATING SYSTEM CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:
SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEM AND MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM
SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEM-A SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM HAS
A SINGLE CPU AND THE SET OF INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES.IT SUPPORTS
ONLY ONE USER AT ANY POINT OF TIME AND ONLY A PARTICULAR JOB OR
PROGRAM IS LOADED IN THE MEMORY FOR EXECUTION.
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM-MULTI USER OPERATING SYSTEM ALLOWS
MORE THAN ONE USER TO INTERACT WITH THE COMPUTER AT A TIME AND EACH
USER WALKS ON A DIFFERENT SET OF PROGRAMS AND DATA.
USER INTERFACE
1) COMMAND USER INTERFACE-IN EARLIER SYSTEMS,COMPUTER OPERATORS
USED TO INTERACT WITH THE COMPUTER THROUGH COMMANDS WHICH WHERE
TYPED THROUGH THE KEYBOARD. AS TYPING CHARACTERS WERE INVOLVED IN
ENTERING A COMMAND,THIS INTERFACE WAS KNOWN AS CHARACTER USER
INTERFACE (CUI).
2) GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE-IT IS A SYSTEM IN WHICH THE USER IS
LINKED WITH THE COMPUTER THROUGH GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. IT IS
POPULARLY KNOWN AS 'WINDOWS'.THE USER NEED NOT ENTER COMMANDS TO
PERFORM ANY TASK. HE/SHE CAN USE THE MOUSE OR THE KEY COMBINATIONS
TO PUT THE INFORMATION IN WINDOWS.THEREFORE, WINDOWS IS POPULARLY
KNOWN AS GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE (GUI).
ADVANTAGES OF WINDOWS AS AN OPERATING SYSTEM
· IT IS COMPARATIVELY EASIER TO USE THIS OPERATING SYSTEM.
· IT DOES NOT REQUIRE REQUIRED AS TO BE AN EXPERT IN THIS
FIELD.
· THE WINDOWS CAN RUN NEARLY ON ANY PROCESSOR.
· IT IS WIDELY SUPPORTED BY GAME MANUFACTURERS AND MOST OF THE
GAMES RUN ON A WINDOWS SYSTEM.
COMPONENTS OF DESKTOP
ICONS
ICONS ARE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF SOFTWARES, TOOLS, FILES
AND FOLDERS THAT HELP USERS PERFORM TASK ON THE COMPUTER THE
SYMBOLS APPEAR ON THE DESKTOP AFTER BOOTING.THERE ARE THREE TYPES
OF ICONS--SYSTEM ICONS APPLICATION ICONS AND DOCUMENT ICONS.
THE WINDOW
THE WINDOW IS A RECTANGULAR AREA AND AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT
WHERE THE USERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ARE DOCUMENTS THE WINDOW CAN
BE MINIMISED OR MAXIMIZED.THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
WINDOWS--APPLICATION WINDOW, DOCUMENT WINDOW, ACTIVE WINDOW AND
DIALOGUE WINDOW.
TITLE BAR
THE TOP MOST HORIZONTAL BAR OF ANY APPLICATION OR DOCUMENT
WINDOW IS CALLED THE TITLE BAR. IT DISPLAYS THE NAME OF THE ACTIVE
DOCUMENT.
SUBJECT-GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1 REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES THROUGH
CONTOURS
Gentle Slope-When Contours are widely spaced, they depict gentle
slope.
Steep slope- when contours are closely spaced, they depict steep
slope.
Conical Hill- A conical hill is represented by equal spacing
contours and heights increasing towards the central circular
contour.
Plateau- A plateau is a flat-topped and steep-edged
highland.
Ridge-Ridge is a long, narrow sharp-edged upland with several
peaks. It is like a range of hills.
Saddle- saddle is a shallow depression between two hills.
Col- Saddle is a broader gap compared to a col.
Gap- A gap is a low depression close to the ground.
Pass- A pass is a gap between two hills. It is used for
transport and trade.
Settlement Patterns- There are three types of settlement
patterns.
Linear Settlements- These patterns are noticed along a railway
line, metalled road or river.
Nucleated Settlements- These pattern is also called clustered.
These are actually major villages, towns and cities in plains.
Dispersed Settlements- This pattern is found in large farm areas
where there are few people living.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Class IX
SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TOPIC: PREPOSITION
PREPOSITIONS
Three frequently used Prepositions are at, on, in.
All three can be used as Preposition of time as well as
Preposition of place.
Preposition of time:
The Preposition at, on and in can be used to indicate time. Read
this sentence and notice how the highlighted words have been used
in these sentences.
· Please meet me at 8 o' clock. ( Indicates exact point of
time)
· This year, Durga puja falls in September. (Indicates a longer
period of time)
· You can expect me in a few days. ( means at the end of)
· The city museum is closed on Sunday. ( indicates day)
· John's birthday is on 20 October. ( Indicates date)
Time can be indicated by a few other Prepositions as well. For
example,
· After his departure.
· Arrived before him
· Within a month
· Till the evening
· By three o' clock
· Since Sunday
· From 1 January
· For ten years
Preposition of place:
Look at these sentences where the Preposition at , on and in
have been used as Preposition of place.
· The cupboard is in my room. ( To show an enclosed space)
· Mr Sinha lives in Canada. ( To show position within land
areas)
· I placed my bag on the table. ( To show position on a
horizontal or vertical surface)
· I lived at 56, MC Road. ( To show specific place or
position)
Place can be indicated by a few other prepositions as well. For
Example,
· Stood behind the door
· Above the shelf
· Stand by my side
· Lies near the post
· Came from New York
· Lay under the table
· Within the class room
· Lies bellow the surface
· Fell into a large crater
· Stood beside me.
Subject: Computer Application
1. State two differences between fundamental and user-defined
data type.
Ans. Comparison of Fundamental & User defined data type.
Fundamental data type
User defined data type
These are inbuilt data type provided by the Java Language.
These are data types created by the user using fundamental or
user defined data type or both.
The size of it is fixed.
The size of different user-defined data type depends upon the
size of the individual components of it.
These data types are available in all parts of a program within
a class.
These data types are available only as specified by the access
specifiers.
2. State two differences between a class and an object.
Ans.
A class
An object
Class is a blueprint or template from which objects are
created.
Object is an instance of a class.
Class is a group of similar objects.
Object is a real world entity such as pen,
laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard, mouse, chair
etc.
Class is a logical entity.
Object is a physical entity.
3. Why is class called a user-defined data type?
Ans. Primitive data types are the general and fundamental data
types that we have in Java and those are byte, short, int, long,
float, double, char, boolean, etc., User defined data types are
those that user / programmer himself defines.
4. What is an access specifier? Which two access specifier is
used in a class declaration?
Ans. Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in
object-oriented languages that set the accessibility of classes,
methods, and other members. Access modifiers are a specific part of
programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of
components. The public and default access specifier is used in a
class declaration.
5. Why is a class called an object factory?
Ans. A class is called an object factory because objects are
created from a class. An object is an instance of a class. The
following statements create two objects s1 and s2 of the class
Student.
Student s1 = new Student ();
Student s2 = new Student ();
So, we have a single class Student but we can create as many
objects as we want (like s1, s2, etc.) from that single class. This
is similar to what happens in a factory. Consider a factory which
produces car. They have only a single design of a car but produce
multiple cars from that single design. Things are similar in the
world of classes and objects. There is a single definition of a
particular class (like Student) but we can produce many Student
objects (like s1, s2) from that single class.
6. State two rules you should follow for naming a class.
Ans. While using names for a class the following set of rules
are to be kept in mind.
1. It can have any alphabet (capital or small), digits,
underscore and dollar sign characters. For example, a, b, cat,
mat123, cost_price, Topaz$ are all example of valid identifier.
2. It should not begin with digits or should not contain any
special character. For example 2ab, ab#c, top@, etc., are invalid
identifiers as it either begins with a digit or contain special
characters (like #, @).
3. It cannot have a space between it. For example, Simple
Interest or Selling Price is invalid class-names as it contains a
space.
4. It must not be a keyword. For example, for, while, do are
invalid class-names as they are keywords and are assigned some
special function for the language.
5. It can be of any length. Even though Java gives you the
flexibility to provide a huge length for an identifier a very long
name is impractical and difficult to manage.
Subject:Chemistry
Topic:Study of Gas Laws
Summary
Execution
Introduction: The state of matter in which inter-particle
attraction is weak and inter-particle space is so large that the
particles become completely free to move randomly in the entire
available space is known as gas.Gas occupies the entire space of
the vessel in which it is kept and so takes the shape of the
vessel.All gases show uniform behavior under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure irrespective of their chemical nature or
colour or odour.
Behaviour and Characteristic Properties of Gases:
Gases are composed of molecules that are in constant random
motion.Kinetic theory helps in explaining the simple relationship
that exist between the pressure,the volume,and the temperature of a
gas.
The Kinetic molecular theory,explains the behavior and
characteristics properties of gases:
(i).Composition of gases: Gases are made up of tiny particles
moving in all possible direction at all possible speeds.The
molecules are negligibly small in size as compared to the volume
occupied by the gas.
(ii).Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape : There
is negligible force of attraction between the particles (gas
molecules).Therefore,the particles are free to move in the entire
space available to them their movement is restricted.only by the
walls of the container.Thus they attain the shape of the containing
vessel.
(iii).Gases exert pressure in all direction: The moving
particles of a gas collide with each other and also with the walls
of the container.Due to these collisions,gas molecule exert
pressure.It has been found,that at a given temperature,time and
area the same number of molecules of a gas strike against the walls
of the container .Thus,gases exert the same pressure in all
directions.
(iv).Gases are highly compressible: There are larger
inter-particle spaces between gas molecules,and this accounts for
the high compressibility of gases.On applying pressure,the
molecules come closer,thus decreasing the volume of the gas.
(v).Gases are highly expansible:Gases increase in volume on
decrease in pressure and increased in temperature.
When pressure on an enclosed gas is reduced,its particles move
apart,thus increasing their inter-molecular spaces.As a result,the
volume of the gas increases.
When an enclosed gas is heated,kinetic energy of its molecules
increases,Thus,the molecules start moving faster and farther from
each other,resulting in an increase in the volume of the gas.
(vi).Gases have low density:The number of molecules per unit
volume in a gas is very small as compared to solids and
liquids.Gases have large inter-molecular space between their
molecules.Therefore,gases have very low density.
Class: IX
Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William
Shakespeare)
Topic: Act I, Scene 3, Lines 127 to 170 (End of scene)
Date: 27th April, 2020 (5th Period)
[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase
given in the school prescribed textbook]
Summary
Questions & Answers
· Antonio retorts that he would always insult Shylock as before
and hence if Shylock wanted to lend him money, let him lend it like
an enemy so that if he fails to pay back the loan in time, Shylock
might be able to exact the heaviest penalty from him.
· Shylock then requests Antonio to calm down his temper and go
to some lawyer in order to execute some merry bond for the loan,
putting down therein that if Antonio failed to pay back the money
in time, Shylock would be entitled to take a pound of flesh from
any part of Antonio’s body as per his will.
· When Bassanio hears this, he warns Antonio not to sign such a
bond. Antonio assures Bassanio that before the appointed day for
paying back the loan, Antonio would be able to collect three times
three thousand ducats.
· Shylock, on hearing Bassanio’s words, says that the Christians
are unduly suspicious. He further says that one pound of human
flesh is far more worthless than one pound of mutton or beef or any
other animal flesh and therefore, he would gain nothing by taking
one pound of Antonio’s flesh as the forfeiture of the bond.
· Antonio confirms to Shylock that he will sign the bond and
they agree to meet immediately at the office of the notary to seal
the bond.
· Finally, Antonio removes Bassanio’s apprehension about signing
the bond by saying that his ships will be coming back within one
month from this day.
(1)
Why, look you, how you storm! (Line 127-131)I would be friends
with you, and have your love,
Forget the shames that you have stain'd me with,Supply your
present wants, and take no doitOf usance for my monies, and you'll
not hear me: This is kind I offer.
(i) Where does this scene take place? Who is the speaker? To
whom is he talking?
The scene took place in Venice. The speaker is Shylock. He was
talking to Antonio.
(ii) What are the ‘shames’ which the speaker mentions?
The ‘shames’ mentioned by Shylock are Antonio’s calling him a
non-believer and a merciless dog. Antonio also spat on his long
Jewish robe.
(iii) What are the ‘present wants’? Who is in need of the
‘present wants’? Why?
The ‘present wants’ were a sum of money of three thousand
Ducats. Bassanio was in need of them because he wanted to go to
Belmont to present himself as a worthy suitor to woo Portia.
(iv) Explain “This is kind I offer”. What does the speaker
propose to do immediately after this?
Assuring Antonio that he means to be friends, Shylock offers to
make the loan without interest. Instead, he suggests that Antonio
should forfeit a pound of his own flesh if the loan is not repaid
in due time.
(v) What do you think of Antonio and of Shylock with regard to
the signing of the bond?
Shylock is cunning, cautious and crafty. He belongs to a race
which has been persecuted since its beginnings. As a Christian,
Antonio is easy-going, trusting, slightly melancholy, romantic and
naïve.
Shylock trusts only in the tangible – that is, in the bond.
Antonio trusts in the intangible, that is luck. Here, Shylock seems
almost paranoid and vengeful, but on the other hand, Antonio seems
ignorantly over-confident or rather stupid because he is lacking
common sense.
The Merchant of Venice
Act I, Scene 1
Original Text
Paraphrase
[Venice]
[Venice]
[Enter Antonio, Salerio, and Solanio.]
[Enter Antonio, Salerio, and Solanio.]
ANTONIO:
In sooth, I know not why I am so sad;It wearies me; you say it
wearies you;But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,What stuff
'tis made of, whereof it is born,I am to learn; (5)And such a
want-wit sadness makes of me,That I have much ado to know
myself.
ANTONIO:
To be honest, I don’t know why I’m so sad. I’m tired of it, and
you say you’re tired of it too. But I have no idea how I got so
depressed. And if I can’t figure out what’s making me depressed, I
cannot understand myself very well.
SALERIO:
Your mind is tossing on the ocean;There, where your argosies,
with portly sail,—Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood,
(10)Or, as it were, the pageants of the sea,—Do overpeer the petty
traffickers,That curt'sy to them, do them reverence,As they fly by
them with their woven wings.
SALERIO:
You are worried about your ships. Your mind is out there getting
tossed around on the ocean with them. But they’re fine. They’re
like huge parade floats on the sea. They’re so big they look down
on the smaller ships, which all have to bow and then get out of the
way. Your ships fly like birds past those little boats.
SOLANIO:
Believe me, sir, had I such venture forth, (15) The better part
of my affections wouldBe with my hopes abroad. I should be
stillPlucking the grass, to know where sits the wind;Peering in
maps, for ports, and piers, and roads:And every object that might
make me fear (20)Misfortune to my ventures, out of doubtWould make
me sad.
SOLANIO:
Yes, believe me; if I had such risky business ventures in other
countries, I’d be sad too. I’d worry about it every second. I’d
constantly be tossing blades of grass into the air to find out
which way the wind was blowing. I’d be peering over maps to figure
out the best ports, piers, and waterways. Everything that made me
worry about my ships would make me sad.
SALERIO:
My wind, cooling my broth,Would blow me to an ague, when I
thoughtWhat harm a wind too great at sea might do. I should not see
the sandy hour-glass run, (25)But I should think of shallows and of
flats;And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,Vailing her high-top
lower than her ribs,To kiss her burial. Should I go to church, And
see the holy edifice of stone, (30)And not bethink me straight of
dangerous rocks,Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side,Would
scatter all her spices on the stream,Enrobe the roaring waters with
my silks, And, in a word, but even now worth this, (35)And now
worth nothing? Shall I have the thoughtTo think on this; and shall
I lack the thoughtThat such a thing, bechanc'd, would make me
sad?But tell not me; I know, AntonioIs sad to think upon his
merchandise. (40)
SALERIO:
I’d get scared every time I blew on my soup to cool it, thinking
of how a strong wind could wipe out my ships. Every time I glanced
at the sand in an hourglass I’d imagine my ships wrecked on
sandbars. I’d think of dangerous rocks every time I went to church
and saw the stones it was made of. If my ship brushed up against
rocks like that, its whole cargo of spices would be dumped into the
sea. All of its silk shipments would be sent flying into the
roaring waters. In one moment I’d go bankrupt. Who wouldn’t get sad
thinking about things like that? It’s obvious. Antonio is sad
because he’s so worried about his cargo.
ANTONIO:
Believe me, no; I thank my fortune for it,My ventures are not in
one bottom trusted,Nor to one place; nor is my whole estateUpon the
fortune of this present year: Therefore my merchandise makes me not
sad. (45)
ANTONIO:
No, that’s not it, trust me. Thankfully my financial situation
is healthy. I don’t have all of my money invested in one ship, or
one part of the world. If I don’t do well this year, I’ll still be
okay. So it’s not my business that’s making me sad.
SALANIO:
Why, then you are in love.
SALANIO:
Well then, you must be in love.
ANTONIO:
Fie, fie!
ANTONIO:
Nonsense, nonsense! Or Oh, give me a break.
SALANIO:
Not in love neither? Then let us say, you are sad,Because you
are not merry: and 'twere as easyFor you to laugh, and leap, and
say you are merry,Because you are not sad. Now, by two-headed
Janus, (50) Nature hath fram'd strange fellows in her time:Some
that will evermore peep through their eyes,And laugh, like parrots,
at a bag-piper; And other of such vinegar aspect,That they'll not
show their teeth in way of smile, (55)Though Nestor swear the jest
be laughable.
[Enter Bassanio, Lorenzo, and Gratiano.]
Here comes Bassanio, your most noble kinsman,Gratiano, and
Lorenzo: Fare you well; We leave you now with better company.
SALANIO:
You’re not in love either? Fine, let’s just say you’re sad
because you’re not in a good mood. You know it’d be just as easy
for you to laugh and dance around and say you’re in a good mood.
You could just say you’re not sad. Humans are so different. Some
people will laugh at anything, and others are so grouchy they won’t
even crack a smile when they hear something hysterically funny.
[Enter Bassanio, Lorenzo, and Gratiano.]
Here comes your most noble kinsman, Bassanio. And Gratiano and
Lorenzo too. Goodbye, then. We’ll leave you to talk to them.
They’re better company.
SALERIO:
I would have stay'd till I had made you merry, (60)If worthier
friends had not prevented me.
SALERIO:
I would’ve stayed to cheer you up, if your nobler friends hadn’t
shown up.
ANTONIO:
Your worth is very dear in my regard.I take it, your own
business calls on you, And you embrace the occasion to depart.
ANTONIO:
You’re both very precious to me. But I understand. You need to
leave to take care of your own business.
SALERIO:
Good morrow, my good lords. (65)
SALERIO:
Good morning, my good lords.
BASSANIO:
Good signiors both, when shall we laugh?
say, when?You grow exceeding strange: must it be so?
BASSANIO:
Hello, gentlemen. When are we going to have fun together again?
Just name the time. We never see you anymore. Does it have to be
that way?
SALERIO:
We'll make our leisures to attend on yours.
SALERIO:
We'll wait until you’re free.
[Exeunt Salerio, and Solanio.]
[Salerio, and Solanio Exit.]
LORENZO:
My Lord Bassanio, since you have found Antonio,We two will leave
you; but at dinner-time, (70)I pray you have in mind where we must
meet.
LORENZO:
Bassanio, we’ll say goodbye for now, since you’ve found Antonio.
But don’t forget, we’re meeting for dinner tonight.
BASSANIO:
I will not fail you.
BASSANIO:
Don’t worry, I’ll be there.
GRATIANO:
You look not well, Signior Antonio;You have too much respect
upon the world:They lose it that do buy it with much care:
(75)Believe me, you are marvellously chang'd.
GRATIANO:
You don’t look well, Antonio. You’re taking things too
seriously. People with too much invested in the world always get
hurt. I’m telling you, you don’t look like yourself.
ANTONIO:
I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano; A stage, where
every man must play a part,And mine a sad one.
ANTONIO:
For me the world is just the world, Gratiano—a stage where every
person has a part to play. I play a sad one.
GRATIANO:
Let me play the fool!With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles
come; (80)And let my liver rather heat with wine, Than my heart
cool with mortifying groans.Why should a man whose blood is warm
withinSit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?Sleep when he wakes?
and creep into the jaundice (85)By being peevish? I tell thee what,
Antonio, I love thee, and it is my love that speaks;There are a
sort of men, whose visagesDo cream and mantle like a standing
pond;And do a wilful stillness entertain, (90)With purpose to be
dress'd in an opinionOf wisdom, gravity, profound conceit;As who
should say, I am Sir Oracle,And, when I ope my lips, let no dog
bark!O, my Antonio, I do know of these, (95) That therefore only
are reputed wise, For saying nothing; who, I am very sure,If they
should speak, would almost damn those earsWhich, hearing them,
would call their brothers, fools.I'll tell thee more of this
another time: (100) But fish not with this melancholy bait, For
this fool-gudgeon, this opinion.Come, good Lorenzo:— Fare ye well,
awhile:I'll end my exhortation after dinner.
GRATIANO:
Then I’ll play the happy fool and get laugh lines on my face.
I’d rather overload my liver with wine than starve my heart by
denying myself fun. Why should any living man sit still like a
statue? Why should he sleep when he’s awake? Why should he get
ulcers from being crabby all the time? I love you, and I’m telling
you this because I care about you, Antonio—there are men who always
look serious. Their faces never move or show any expression, like
stagnant ponds covered with scum. They’re silent and stern, and
they think they’re wise and deep, important and respectable. When
they talk, they think everybody else should keep quiet, and that
even dogs should stop barking. I know a lot of men like that,
Antonio. The only reason they’re considered wise is because they
don’t say anything. I’m sure if they ever opened their mouths,
everyone would see what fools they are. I’ll talk to you more about
this some other time. In the meantime, cheer up. Don’t go around
looking so glum. That’s my opinion, but what do I know? I’m a
fool.—Let’s go, Lorenzo.—Goodbye for now. I’ll finish my lecture
after dinner.
LORENZO:
Well, we will leave youthen till dinner-time. (105) I must be
one of these same dumb wise men,For Gratiano never lets me
speak.
LORENZO:
All right, we’ll see you at dinnertime. I must be one of these
silent so-called wise men Gratiano’s talking about, because he
never lets me get a word in.
GRATIANO:
Well, keep me company but two years more,Thou shalt not know the
sound of thine own tongue.
GRATIANO:
If you hang around me for two more years, you’ll forget the
sound of your own voice. I won’t ever let you speak.
ANTONIO:
Farewell: I'll grow a talker for this gear. (110)
ANTONIO:
Goodbye, I'll be a better talker by dinner.
GRATIANO:
Thanks, i' faith; for silence is only commendableIn a neat's
tongue dried.
GRATIANO:
Thank you. The only tongues that should be silent are ox-tongues
on a dinner plate and those that belong to old maids.
[Gratiano and Lorenzo exit.]
[Gratiano and Lorenzo exit.]
ANTONIO:
Is that anything now?
ANTONIO:
Is he right?
BASSANIO:
Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, morethan any man in
all Venice: his reasons are as two (115) grains of wheat hid in two
bushels of chaff; you
shall seek all day ere you find them; and when
you have them they are not worth the search.
BASSANIO:
Gratiano talks more nonsense than any other man in Venice. His
point is always like a needle in a haystack—you look for it all
day, and when you find it you realize it wasn’t worth the
trouble.
ANTONIO:
Well; tell me now, what lady is the sameTo whom you swore a
secret pilgrimage, (120) That you to-day promised to tell me
of?
ANTONIO:
So, who’s this girl, the one you said you were going to take a
special trip for? You promised to tell me.
BASSANIO:
'Tis not unknown to you, Antonio,How much I have disabled mine
estate,By something showing a more swelling portThan my faint means
would grant continuance: (125)Nor do I now make moan to be
abridgedFrom such a noble rate; but my chief careIs to come fairly
off from the great debtsWherein my time, something too
prodigal,Hath left me gag'd. To you, Antonio, (130)I owe the most
in money and in love;And from your love I have a warrantyTo
unburden all my plots and purposes,How to get clear of all the
debts I owe.
BASSANIO:
Antonio, you know how bad my finances have been lately. I’ve
been living way beyond my means. Don’t get me wrong, I’m not
complaining about having to cut back. I just want to be honorable
and pay off the big debts that piled up when I was living the high
life. I’m in debt to many people, and I owe most to you,
Antonio—both money and gratitude. And because you care about me, I
know you’ll let me tell you my plan to clear all my debts.
ANTONIO:
I pray you, good Bassanio, let me know it; (135)And, if it
stand, as you yourself still do,Within the eye of honour, be
assur'd,My purse, my person, my extremest means,Lie all unlock'd to
your occasions.
ANTONIO:
Please let me know your plan, Bassanio. As long as it’s
honorable, you can be sure that I’ll let you use all my money and
do everything I can to help you.
BASSANIO:
In my schooldays, when I had lost one shaft, (140)I shot his
fellow of the self-same flight The self-same way, with more advised
watch,To find the other forth; and by adventuring bothI oft found
both: I urge this childhood proof,Because what follows is pure
innocence. (145)I owe you much; and, like a wilful youth,That which
I owe is lost: but if you pleaseTo shoot another arrow that self
wayWhich you did shoot the first, I do not doubt,As I will watch
the aim, or to find both, (150)Or bring your latter hazard back
again,And thankfully rest debtor for the first.
BASSANIO:
Back when I was a schoolboy, if I lost an arrow I would try to
find it by shooting another arrow in the same direction, watching
the second arrow more carefully than I had the first. By risking
the second arrow, I’d often get both of them back. I’m telling you
this story for a reason. I owe you a lot, and like a spoiled kid
I’ve lost what I owe you. But if you’d be willing to shoot another
arrow the same way you shot the first, I’ll watch your arrow more
carefully this time. We’ll either get back all the money I owe you,
or else we’ll get back what you lend me this time and I’ll just owe
you what I already owe you.
ANTONIO:
You know me well, and herein spend but time,To wind about my
love with circumstance;And, out of doubt, you do me now more wrong
(155)In making question of my uttermost,Than if you had made waste
of all I have.Then do but say to me what I should do,That in your
knowledge may by me be done,And I am prest unto it: therefore
speak. (160)
ANTONIO:
You know me better than that. You’re wasting your breath. All of
this talk means you have doubts about my friendship. That’s worse
than if you bankrupted me. Just tell me what to do, and I’ll do it.
Tell me.
BASSANIO:
In Belmont is a lady richly left,And she is fair, and, fairer
than that word,Of wondrous virtues. Sometimes from her eyesI did
receive fair speechless messages:Her name is Portia; nothing
undervalued (165)To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia.Nor is the wide
world ignorant of her worth;For the four winds blow in from every
coastRenowned suitors, and her sunny locksHang on her temples like
a golden fleece; (170)Which makes her seat of Belmont, Colchos'
strand,And many Jasons come in quest of her.O, my Antonio! had I
but the means To hold a rival place with one of them,I have a mind
presages me such thrift, (175)That I should questionless be
fortunate.
BASSANIO:
There’s a girl in Belmont who’s inherited a huge amount of
money, and she’s beautiful and—even better—she’s a good person. I
think she likes me. Sometimes the expression on her face tells me
she likes me. Her name is Portia. She’s as rich as that famous
Roman heroine Portia, the daughter of Cato and wife of Brutus. Her
wealth is world-famous. Famous and important men have come in from
all over the world to try to marry her. The hair that hangs down on
her forehead is like gold, calling every adventurer to Belmont like
a gold rush. Antonio, if I only had enough money to hold my own
against those suitors, I know I could win her!
ANTONIO:
Thou know'st that all my fortunes are at sea;Neither have I
money, nor commodityTo raise a present sum: therefore go forth,Try
what my credit can in Venice do; (180)That shall be rack'd, even to
the uttermost,To furnish thee to Belmont, to fair Portia.Go,
presently inquire, and so will I,Where money is; and I no question
make,To have it of my trust, or for my sake. (185)
ANTONIO:
You know right now all my money’s tied up in that cargo that’s
still at sea. I can’t give you the cash you need because I don’t
have it. But go ahead and charge things to me on credit, as much
credit as I can get in Venice. I’ll use all my lines of credit to
help you get to Belmont, to Portia. Go see who will lend money, and
I’ll do the same. I’m sure I can get something either as a business
loan, or as a personal favor.
[Exeunt.]
[They Exit]
The Merchant of Venice
Act I, Scene 2
Original Text
Paraphrase
[Belmont]
[Belmont]
Enter Portia with her waiting woman Nerissa.
Enter Portia with her Maid-in-waiting, Nerissa.
PORTIA:
By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is a-weary ofthis great
world.
PORTIA:
Oh Nerissa, my poor little body is tired of this great big
world.
NERISSA:
You would be, sweet madam, if your miseries werein the same
abundance as your good fortunes are;
and yet, for aught I see, they are as sick that surfeit (5)
with too much, as they that starve with nothing.
It is no mean happiness, therefore, to be seated in the mean;
superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but
competency lives longer.
NERISSA:
You’d be tired, madam, if you had bad luck rather than wealth
and good luck. But as far as I can tell, people with too much
suffer as much as people with nothing. The best way to be happy is
to be in between. When you have too much you get old sooner, but
having just enough helps you live longer.
PORTIA:
Good sentences, and well pronounced.
PORTIA:
Good point and well said.
NERISSA:
They would be better, if well followed. (10)
NERISSA:
They would be better sentences, if you followed them well.
PORTIA:
If to do were as easy as to know what were good todo, chapels
had been churches, and poor men’s Cottages princes' palaces. It is
a good divine that follows his
own instructions: I can easier teach twenty what were
good to be done, than be one of the twenty to follow (15)
mine own teaching. The brain may devise laws for the blood; but
a hot temper leaps o'er a cold decree: such a
hare is madness the youth, to skip o'er the meshes of
good counsel the cripple. But this reasoning is not in the
fashion to choose me a husband:—O me, the word (20)
choose! I may neither choose whom I would, nor refuse whom I
dislike; so is the will of a living daughter curbed
by the will of a dead father:—Is it not hard, Nerissa, that I
cannot choose one, nor refuse none?
PORTIA:
You think it’s that easy? If doing good deeds were as easy as
knowing how to do them, then everyone would be better off. Small
chapels would be big churches, and poor men’s cottages would be
princes' palaces. It takes a good priest to practice what he
preaches. For me, it’s easier to lecture twenty people on how to be
good than to be the one person out of twenty who actually does good
things. The brain can tell the heart what to do, but what does it
matter? Cold rules don’t matter when you’ve got a hot temper. Young
people are like frisky young rabbits, and good advice is like a
crippled old man trying to catch them. But thinking like this won’t
help me choose a husband. Oh, the word “choose” is strange! I can’t
choose who I like, or refuse who I dislike. I’m a living daughter
still controlled by the wishes of her dead father. Isn’t it a pain
that I can’t choose or refuse anyone, Nerissa?
NERISSA:
Your father was ever virtuous; and holy men at their (25)
death have good inspirations; therefore, the lottery thathe hath
devised in these three chests, of gold, silver,
and lead, (whereof who chooses his meaning chooses
you,) will, no doubt, never be chosen by any rightly,
but one who you shall rightly love. But what warmth (30)
is there in your affection towards any of these princely suitors
that are already come?
NERISSA:
Your father was an extremely moral man, and religious people get
odd ideas on their deathbeds. Your father’s idea was to have a game
with three boxes. The suitor who can figure out whether to pick the
gold, silver, or lead box will solve your father’s riddle—and that
suitor’s the man for you. No one will ever choose the right box
that doesn’t deserve your love. But tell me. Do you like any of the
princely suitors who’ve come? These princes that have already come
to try?
PORTIA:
I pray thee, over-name them; and as thou namestthem I will
describe them; and according to my
description level at my affection. (35)
PORTIA:
Run through the list. As you name them I’ll describe them for
you, and from my descriptions you can guess how I feel toward
them.
NERISSA:
First, there is the Neapolitan prince.
NERISSA:
Well, first there was the prince from Naples.
PORTIA:
Ay, that's a colt, indeed, for he doth nothing but talkof his
horse; and he makes it a great appropriation to hisown good parts
that he can shoe him himself:
PORTIA:
Ah, yes, that stallion. All he talks about is his horse. He
thinks it’s a great credit to his character that he can shoe a
horse all by himself.
NERISSA:
Then, is there the county Palatine. (40)
NERISSA:
Then there’s the Count Palatine.
PORITA:
He doth nothing but frown; as who should say,
“An you will not have me, choose”; he hears merry
tales, and smiles not: I fear he will prove the weeping
philosopher when he grows old, being so full of unmannerly
sadness in his youth. I had rather be married (45)
to a death's head with a bone in his mouth, than to
either of these. God defend me from these two!
PORTIA:
He does nothing but frown, as if he wants to say, “If you don’t
want me, I don’t care.” He doesn’t even smile when he hears funny
stories. If he’s so sad and solemn when he’s young, I can only
imagine how much he’ll cry as an old man. No, I’d rather be married
to a skull with a bone in its mouth than to either of those men.
God protect me from these two!
NERISSA:
How say you by the French lord, Monsieur Le Bon?
NERISSA:
What did you think about that French lord, Monsieur le Bon?
PORTIA:
God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. (50)In
truth, I know it is a sin to be a mocker; but, he! why,
He hath a horse better than the Neapolitan's; a better
bad habit of frowning than the count Palatine: he is every man
in no man: if a throstle sing he falls straight a
capering; he will fence with his own shadow: if I (55)
should marry him I should marry twenty husbands: If he would
despise me I would forgive him; for if he love
me to madness I shall never requite him.
PORTIA:
We might as well call him a man, since God created him. No, I
know it’s bad to make fun of people, but still! His horse is better
than the Neapolitan’s and he frowns more than the Count Palatine.
He was trying to outdo everyone so much that you couldn’t tell who
he was. He started dancing every time a bird sang, and he was so
eager to show off his fencing that he’d fight with his own shadow.
If I married him, I might as well as marry twenty husbands, because
he’s like twenty men all rolled into one! I’d understand it if he
hated me, since even if he loved me desperately, I’d never be able
to love him back.
NERISSA:
What say you then to Falconbridge, the young baronof England?
(60)
NERISSA:
What about Falconbridge, that young English baron?
PORTIA:
You know I say nothing to him; for he understands notme, nor I
him: he hath neither Latin, French, nor Italian;and you will come
into the court, and swear that I have apoor pennyworth in the
English. He is a proper man's picture; but, alas! who can converse
with a dumb (65)
show? How oddly he is suited! I think he bought his
doublet in Italy, his round hose in France, his bonnet in
Germany and his behaviour everywhere.
PORTIA:
I have no opinion about him. We don’t talk because we don’t
understand each other. He doesn’t speak Latin, French, or Italian,
and you know how little English I speak. He’s great-looking, but
how can you talk to someone who doesn’t speak your language? He was
dressed so oddly too! I think he got his jacket in Italy, his
tights in France, his hat in Germany, and his behavior
everywhere.
NERISSA:
What think you of the Scottish lord, his neighbour?
NERISSA:
What do you think of his neighbor, the Scottish lord?
PORTIA:
That he hath a neighbourly charity in him; for he (70)
Borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and
swore he would pay him again when he was able: I
think the Frenchman became his surety, and sealed under for
another.
PORTIA:
I think he’s very forgiving, since he let the Englishman slap
him on the ear without hitting him back. Rather than defend
himself, he just threatened to pay the Englishman back later. Then
the Frenchman promised to help the Scot pay the Englishman back,
and added a slap of his own.
NERISSA:
How like you the young German, the Duke of (75)
Saxony's nephew?
NERISSA:
How did you like the young German, the duke of Saxony’s
nephew?
PORTIA:
Very vilely in the morning, when he is sober; and
Most vilely in the afternoon, when he is drunk: when
he is best, he is a little worse than a man; and when
he is worst, he is little better than a beast: and the (80)
worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go
without him.
PORTIA:
He’s pretty awful in the morning when he’s sobering up, and even
worse in the afternoon when he’s drunk. At his best he’s a little
less than a man, and at his worst he’s little more than an animal.
If we got married and he tragically met his demise, I’m sure I
could find a way to go on without him.
NERISSA:
If he should offer to choose, and choose the rightcasket, you
should refuse to perform your father's
will, If you should refuse to accept him. (85)
NERISSA:
If he offers to play the game and chooses the right box, but
then you reject him, you’ll be disobeying your father’s last
wishes.
PORTIA:
Therefore, for fear of the worst, I pray thee, set a deepglass
of Rhenish wine on the contrary casket; for, if thedevil be within
and that temptation without, I know hewill choose it. I will do
anything, Nerissa, ere I will bemarried to a sponge. (90)
PORTIA:
I know. So please put a nice big glass of white wine on the
wrong box. I know he’ll get tempted and choose that one. I’ll do
anything rather than marry a drunk, Nerissa.
NERISSA:
You need not fear, lady, the having any of theselords: they have
acquainted me with their determinations: which is, indeed, to
return to their home, and totrouble you with no more suit; unless
you may be won (95)by some other sort than your father's
imposition,
Depending on the caskets.
NERISSA:
You don’t have to worry about any of these lords, my lady.
They’ve all told me what they want, which is to go back home and
give up on you, unless there was some other way to win you than
your father’s pick-the-box test.
PORTIA:
If I live to be as old as Sibylla I will die as chaste asDiana,
unless I be obtained by the manner of my
father's will. I am glad this parcel of wooers are so (100)
reasonable; for there is not one among them but I dote
on his very absence, and I pray God grant them a fair
departure.
PORTIA:
If I were to live to be as old as the ancient Sibylla, I should
die as much a virgin as Diana unless I am won in the manner laid
down in my father’s will. I am glad that this crowd of wooers is so
reasonable, for there is not one of them whose absence I do not
long for, and I pray to God to grant them a happy departure.
NERISSA:
Do you not remember, lady, in your father's timea Venetian, a
scholar and a soldier that came hither (105)
In company of the Marquis of Montferrat?
NERISSA:
Do you remember a Venetian scholar and soldier who accompanied
the marquis of Montferrat here once when your father was still
alive?
PORTIA:
Yes, yes, it was Bassanio; as I think, so was hecalled.
PORTIA:
Yes, yes, that was Bassanio. I think that was his name.
NERISSA:
True, madam; he, of all the men that ever my foolisheyes looked
upon, was the best deserving a fair lady. (110)
NERISSA:
Yes, madam, that’s the one. He deserves a beautiful wife more
than all the other men I’ve ever seen.
PORTIA:
I remember him well; and I remember him worthyof thy praise.
Enter a Servant
How now! what news?
PORTIA:
I remember him well, and my memory tells me that he deserves
your praise.
Enter a Servant
Hello, do you have any news?
SERVANT:
The four strangers seek for you, madam, to take (115)their
leave: and there is a forerunner come from a
fifth, the Prince of Morocco; who brings word, the
prince, his master, will be here to-night.
SERVANT:
The four suitors are looking for you so they can say goodbye,
madam. And there’s a messenger representing a fifth one, the prince
of Morocco, who says the prince will be here tonight.
PORTIA:
If I could bid the fifth welcome with so good a
Heart as I can bid the other four farewell, I should be
(120)
glad of his approach: if he have the condition of a
saint and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he
should shrive me than wive me. Come, Nerissa. Sirrah,
go before; whiles we shut the gate upon one wooer,
another knocks at the door. (125)
PORTIA:
If I could say hello to the fifth one as happily as I’ll say
goodbye to the first four, I’d be very happy he’s coming. If he’s
as good as a saint but is black like a devil, I’d rather he hear my
confession than marry me. Let’s go, Nerissa.—(to
the SERVANT) Go ahead. As soon as we shut the door on one
suitor, another one starts knocking.
Exeunt.
They Exit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class X
Subject
Topic
Summary
Execution
Commercial studies
Advertisement (chapter-3)
Today I am going to share you the meaning of
· Meaning of Sales Promotion
· Techniques of Sales Promotion
TECHNIQUES OF SALES PROMOTION
Question 1:
Write the meaning of sales promotion.
Answer) Sales promotion refers to those marketing activities
other than personal selling, advertising and Publicity that
stimulate consumer purchasing and their effectiveness like
point-of-purchase display, shows and exhibition, demonstrations and
various nonrecurring selling efforts not in the ordinary
routine.
Question 2)
Explain the different types of sales promotion.
Answer) The important sales promotion methods or techniques are
discussed below
1) Distribution of free samples :
It is an effective technique of sales promotion as consumers can
test the products before buying it. This technique is suitable for
low priced and repeat sales items and not for an expensive products
or an item which do not give repeated sales.It is particularly
useful in the introduction of new products and frequently purchased
convenience goods such as tea, coffee, detergent, ketchup etc.
2) Coupons:
Coupon is a certificate that entitles its holder to specified
savings or discount or gift on the purchase of a particular
product. Coupons are used to introduce new products and to
increase
sales of established products. Coupons are often used for
consumer products of daily used to increase sales during the slack
period.
3) Premium or bonus offer:
A sales premium or bonus offer is the offer of an article free
of cost or at a nominal price on the purchase of a specified
product. Premiums are used in case of convenience goods like
detergents, toothpaste,toilet products, etc. which are brought
frequently.
Apremium is also known as a combination offer
4) Free offer:
In order to promote sales some firms offer a free gift with the
purchase of an expensive product. For example an induction is
offered free on the purchase of a refrigerator or Air
Conditioner.
5) Fairs and exhibitions:
Trade shows, fashion shows or parades, fairs and exhibition are
an important techniques of sales promotion. They provide a forum
for the exhibition or demonstration of the product. Fairs and
exhibitions are organised usually by big firms or trade
associations. At this fairs and exhibitions business firms are
allotted stalls wherein they display their products. Fairs and
exhibitions has wide appeal as several people visit them.
6) Prize contest:
Under this technique of sales
In order to promote sales some firms offer a free gift with the
purchase of an expensive product. For example an induction is
offered free on the purchase of a refrigerator or Air
Conditioner.
7) Fairs and exhibitions:
Trade shows, fashion shows or parades, fairs and exhibition are
an important techniques of sales promotion. They provide a forum
for the exhibition or demonstration of the product. Fairs and
exhibitions are organised usually by big firms or trade
associations. At this fairs and exhibitions business firms are
allotted stalls wherein they display their products. Fairs and
exhibitions has wide appeal as several people visit them.
8) Prize contest:
Under this technique of sales promotion consumers are given
rewards for analytical or creative thinking about the product in
the form of slogan writing, sentence completion, problem solving
quiz.It is generally held through newspapers, magazines and radio.
Such contest may also be organised for salesman and dealers to
induce them to devote greater effort or to obtain new sales
ideas.
9) Exchange offer:
In this method customers are offered the facility of exchanging
old products with new. For example BPL limited offer to buyers of
refrigerator that they could exchange their old refrigerator and
thereby pay less upto Rs.3000 on the new one.
10) Clearance sale: Sales at reduced prices may be organised at
its important festivals or other occasions. Such sales attract a
large number of customers and help to clear accumulated stocks. For
example the Khadi Gram UdyogBhawan in New Delhi offers special
discount on Khadi goods on Gandhi Jayanti.
Hindi 2nd lang
संदेह
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।
1.” बंडल तो रख दिया, और दूसरा बड़ा सा लिफाफा खोल ही डाला एक
चित्र उसके हाथ में था और आंखों में आंसू थे।“
क) कौन अपनासामान बांधने में लगा था? कमरे का दृश्य कैसा था?
ख) किशोरी ने किसे बुलाया और क्यों?
ग) श्यामा और निहाल की क्या वार्तालाप हुई?
घ) अपने बारे में राम निहाल ने क्या बताया?
उत्तर-
1) राम निहाल अपना बिखरा सामान बांधने में लगा था जंगले में धूप
आकर छोटे से शीशे पर पड़ रही थी वह छोटा सा दर्पण बुध की सुंदर
प्रतिमा को प्रकाश अर्पण कर रहा था प्रतिमा का शांत गंभीर मुख्य
प्रश्न दिखाई दे रहा था।
2) किशोरी ने श्यामा भाभी को बुलाया क्योंकि उसने राम निहाल बाबू
को रोते हुए देखा राम निहाल विस्मृत सा रो रहा था।
3) श्यामा ने निहाल से पूछा निहाल बाबू क्या बात है कुछ सुनूं भी
तुम क्यों जाने के समय ऐसे दुखी हो रहे? हो क्या हम लोगों से कुछ
अपराध हो गया है? राम निहाल ने बताया कि उनसे कोई अपराध नहीं हुआ है
वह तो अपनी भूल का प्रायश्चित कर रहा है यद्यपि यह ढंग ठीक नहीं है पर
मन नहीं मानता।
4) राम निहाल ने श्यामा को बताया कि भारत के भिन्न-भिन्न प्रदेशों
में छोटा-मोटा व्यवसाय नौकरी और पेट पालने की सुविधाओं को खोजता हुआ
वह उसके यहां पहुंचा है यहां आकर उसे श्यामा का घर अपने घर जैसा लगा
यह थोड़ा सा सामान ही उसके उत्तराधिकार का अंश है।
2.”मैं अब तक जिन के यहां नौकरी करता रहा वह लोग बड़े ही सुशिक्षित
और सज्जन है मुझे मानते भी बहुत है तुम्हारे यहां घर का सा सुख है
किंतु यह सब मुझे छोड़ना पड़ेगा।“
क) यह कथन किसका है और किससे कहा गया है ?
ख) सुशिक्षित और सज्जन किनके लिए कहा गया है? वक्ता ने ऐसा क्यों
कहा है ?
ग) वक्ता कहां जाने की बात कह रहा है क्या उसका वहां जाना आवश्यक
है?
घ) वक्ता का मोहन बाबू और मनोरमा से परिचय कैसे हुआ ?
उत्तर –
1) यह कथन राम निहाल का है और वह श्यामा से बात कर रहा है वह
श्
