1) ___________ is the actual state of the atmosphere at a particular time.

2) ___________ a statistical description of the atmosphere over a period of time, usually a few decades.

3) __________ = a probability distribution.

4) Earth’s climate is defined by the ___________ of the earth and the redistribution of ________ and __________ through its spheres

5) What is this a diagram of?

6) Name external forces:

1) Weather

2) Climate

3) Climate

4) Characteristics; energy and mass

5) Climate system

6) Changes in plate tectonics, Earth’s orbit, sun’s strength

7) What do external forces do to the climate?

8) What do internal components do?

9) Name the most to least abundant gases in the atmosphere

10) List the order of spheres:

11) Where can you find meteors?

12) Where can you find auroras?

13) Which sphere do we live in near the Earth?

14) Which sphere houses the ozone layer?

15) Define lapse rate:

16) Name two competing factors that influence temperature:

17) __________________: air cools 6-10 degrees Celsius per km in altitude, due to pressure drop.

18) Does higher pressure warm air or cools air?

7) Drive changes in the climate system

8) Respond by changing and interacting in many ways

9) Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon

10) Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere

11) Mesosphere

12) Thermosphere

13) Troposphere

14) Stratosphere

15) Changes in temperature with altitude

16) Adiabatic cooling and solar heating

17) Adiabatic cooling

18) Higher pressure warms air

19) Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion:

20) Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion:

21) What is the freezing and boiling point for Celsius:

22) Freezing and boiling for Fahrenheit:

23) ______________ the parameter most often associated with climate, directly affects the well-being of the Earth’s inhabitants

24) Which cause more deaths? Heat or cold?

25) What’s super important for human’s to get fresh water??

26) Total annual precipitation is an important part of the _______ of a __________

27) Does the distribution of rainfall throughout the year matter? Example.

28) Two aspects of precipitation:

19) C = 1.8 x (F – 32)

20) F = C*1.8 + 32

21) 0 & 100

22) 32 & 212

23) Temperature

24) Heat

25) Precipitation

26) Climate; region

27) Yes. More rainfall- rainforest, no rainfall – deserts

28) Snow and rain

29) In the US Pacific Northwest, for example, snow that accumulates in the mountains during the winter melts during the following summer, thereby providing fresh water to the environment during the otherwise dry summers. What would happen if warming occurred in the wintertime?

30) What relies on climate stability?

31) Do small changes in temperature distribution as small as 2 degrees Celsius can make a significant impact on the environment?

32) The __________ of a particular location is the distance in the north-south direction between the location and the equator.

33) The __________ are conventionally defined as the region from 30 degrees north to 30 degrees south – covers half the surface area of the planet.

34) ____-_________ the region from 30 to 60 degrees in both hemisphere

35) ______ ___________ 60 degrees to the pole , occupy 1/6 of the surface area of the planet

36) The ______ and ________ are located at 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south

29) Wintertime precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow, then it will run off immediately and not be available during the following summer. This can lead to water shortages.

30) Food production and freshwater availability

31) Yes

32) Latitude

33) Tropics

34) Mid-latitude

35) Polar regions

36) North and south pole

37) _____________ - the east and west location; is the angle in the east or west direction, from the prime meridian

38) _______ ________- a line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England, and is arbitrarily defined to be 0 degrees longitude.

39) Temperature increases or decreases with height in the troposphere?

40) Which sphere does most of our weather occur?

41) Where is most of the water vapor in the spheres?

42) Where is the troposphere thicker and thinner?

43) Top of a thunderstorm fallen out into an __________ cloud, it is usually because the updrafts in storm are “bumping up against” the bottom of the _____________

44) Define temperature inversion:

45) The stratosphere has temperature inversion or temperature decreases with height?

46) Ozone plays a major part in __________ the air by absorbing _____ _________ from the Sun

37) Longitude

38) Prime Meridian

39) Temperature decreases with height

40) Troposphere

41) Troposphere

42) Thicker at the equator; thinner at the pole.

43) Anvil cloud; Stratosphere

44) Warmer air over cooler air

45) Temperature inversion

46) heating the air by absorbing UV radiation form the Sun

47) Is air flow mostly horizontal or vertical?

48)

Stratospheric ozone prevents what?

49) In both directions, longitude increases to 180 degrees, where east meets west at the ______________________

50)

47) Horizontal

48) Prevents an intense flux of UV radiation from reaching Earth’s surface

49) International dateline

50) Low exchange rate – long residence time

Is this a low or high exchange rate? Is this a long or short residence time?

51)

Is this a low or high exchange rate? Is this a long or short residence time?

52) Residence time =

53) Residence time of water vapor:

54) Residence time of carbon dioxide:

55) Describe Hadley cells:

56) Define IPCC:

57) Where are deserts located?

51) High exchange rate, short residence time

52) Mass / Flux (kg/s)

53) 9 days

54) 400 years

55) 1st – Air rises at the equator2nd – It gets colder as you increase3rd – Becomes more dense and shrinks4th – Cools enough, becomes liquid5th- Not much vapor left when air mass moves6th – Deserts are at the descending winds of the Hadley cells

56) Focuses on the Earth & the Earth’s climate system

57) 30 degrees north and south

58)

Which area is more concentrated with sunlight? Which is less?

59) Air becomes more or less dense as it cools? Why?

60) Describe the ITCZ.

61) What are winds named after?

62) Why is there a convergence of air at the equator?

63) In what direction is air flowing toward the equator?

64) What wind belt are we in?

65) _____ ______- high velocity air flow up high in the atmosphere

(stratosphere) that flows along the “polar front”

58) The equator is more concentrated with sunlight. The poles are less concentrated with sunlight.

59) Air becomes more dense because their bonds are closer together because they need less energy.

60) The easterly trade winds of both hemispheres meet at an area near the equator.

61) The direction they came from.

62) Air is always going up into the atmosphere, it’s always a low pressure area. To fill the void it comes from the surface of the Earth

63) Both northward and southward

64) Westerlies wind belts

65) Jet Stream

66) ______ ________- the persistent circulation of air around the north pole

67) _____ cell: mid-latitude cell

68) ______ cell: highest latitude cell (polar vortex)

69)

__________ convection cells

70) In the above circle the ferrel cell and hadley cell.

71) What is this an example of?

72) Polar cell =

66) Polar vortex

67) Ferrel cell

68) Polar cell

69) Vertical convection cells

71 – Jet stream

72 – Polar vortex

73) Energy from the sun enters earth as long wave radiation or shortwave radiation? It leaves Earth as long wave radiation or short wave?

74) Some solar radiation is ___________ by the Earth and the atmosphere.

75) Most radiation is _________ by the Earth’s surface and warms it.

76) _________ radiation is emitted by the Earth’s surface.

77) ___________: the reflectivity of a surface

78) What would happen to the temperature of the Arctic if sea ice expanded? Why?

79) Solar radiation absorbed by earth - ____ per _____^2

80) More greenhouse gases, more:

81) Albedo: light colors _____, dark colors _______

82) ____ ______ reflects a majority of sun’s energy

83) Today, sea ice is getting smaller therefore the temperature is increasing. This is a positive or negative feedback loop?

84) Self amplifying loop, like a chain reaction:

73) Energy from the sun enters earth as short wave radiation and leaves earth in long wave radiation.

74) Reflected

75) Absorbed

76) Infrared

77) Albedo

78) The temperature would decrease if the sea ice expanded due to the albedo effect where light colors reflect the sun’s energy.

79) watts per meters^2

80) More get reradiated

81) reflect, absorb

82) Sea ice

83) Positive feedback loop

84 – Positive feedback

85) Promotes stability:

86) Name a few negative feedback loops:

87) What rays come from the sun?

88) What materials on Earth’s surface absorb the intense visible light?

89) What in the materials above causes this energy to be emitted as infrared (thermal ;heat) energy back into the atmosphere (long wave radiation)

90) Name the five oceans:

91) What are the areas found under the sea they can be relatively inactive areas where deposits of sediment slowly collect or active areas where tectonic plates?

92) Usually thick (35 km), low density, made out of granite but very variable:Continent crust or oceanic crust

93) Usually thin (8km), higher density, dominantly basalt:Continental crust or oceanic crust

94) An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation.

85) Positive feedback loop

86) Shivering, sweating, goose bumps

87) Visible and Ultraviolet rays

88) Soil, rock, vegetation, water

89) Molecular excitation

90) Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern Ocean

91) Ocean basins

92) Continental crust

93) Oceanic crust

94- Coriolis Effect

95) From the above, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right or left in the northern hemisphere? And to the right or left in the southern hemisphere?

96) Thickness and lower density makes continents stand lower or higher?

97) ____ standing ocean crust makes up the main part of ocean basins.

98) Thick layers of ________ form on top of oceanic crust

99) Just as a boat sinks or rises with changes in weight, so does the Earth’s crust. What does this relate to?

100) Extra weight causes the crust to _________, ________ may reduce the weight causing it to rise again.

What is this process called?

101) Mid ocean ridges, Abyssal plains, Seamount chains/volcanic islands, deep ocean trenches, and continental margins are apart of?

102) This is an undersea volcanic mountain range, an area of active faulting and earthquakes, and plate tectonics divergent plate boundaries.

103) Origin of oceanic crust:

104) This is vast, virtually horizontal plains on the seafloor, usually 4-5 km deep, covered in fine grained marine sediment- mud and planktonic ooze (dead

microorganisms), gentle currents and low nutrients.

95) Right in the northern hemisphere, left in the southern hemisphere

96) Makes continents stand higher

97) Low

98) Sediments

99) Isostasy

100) sink, erosion

101) The seafloor

102) Mid ocean ridges

103) Mid ocean ridges

104- Abyssal plains

105) Earth’s flattest floor:

106) This has active or extinct volcanoes rising above the sea floor, atolls (above water) and guyots (below): flat topped, sunken volcanic islands covered in coral. (Mario Sunshine look alike)

107) Deepest part of the ocean basins, adjacent to volcanic chains of islands or mountains- volcanic arcs, areas where oceanic crust is recycled into Earth’s mantle:

108) Two types of margins:

109) What margin is tectonically active, usually adjacent to a trench:

110) What margin is far away from tectonic boundaries ( Eastern North America):

111) This is an upslope from the abyssal plain, to 2 degrees and 4 km water depth:

112) This is a 2 degrees slope and 0.5-4km water depth:

113) This is a <1 degree slope, <0.5 km water depth:

114) This is a flooded river valley, like Chesapeake Bay:

105) Abyssal plains

106) Seamount and ocean islands

107) Ocean trenches

108) Active continental margins and passive continental margin

109) Active continental margin

110) Passive continental margin

111) Continental rise

112) Continental slope

113) Continental shelf

114- Estuary

115) This is a deeply cut canyon into the continental shelf:

116) From above, what causes erosions?

117) These are underwater currents flowing swiftly downslope owing to the weight of sediment it carries:

118) Which slopes are constantly loosing sediment?

119) - number of grams of salts dissolved in 1000g of water, expressed as parts per thousand

120) – derived mostly from onshore chemical weathering

121) Higher or lower salinity – from evaporation and sea ice formation

122) Higher or lower salinity- from rainfall, glacial melt, and river input.

123) Salinity becomes more or less uniform with depth?

124) : zone of rapid salinity change

125) Is salinity a variable?

126) When water evaporates, H2O evaporates into the ____________, _____ gets left behind

127) Where does high salinity tend

to occur? Where there’s more what?

115) Submarine canyon

116) Turbidity currents

117) Turbidity currents

118) California slopes

119) Salinity

120) Ions

121) Higher salinity

122) Lower salinity

123) More uniform

124) Halocline

125) Yes, it changes

126) atmosphere, salt

127- Evaporation

128) Surface water is warm or cold? Does it want to sink?

129) Is temperature of seawater variable?

130) 28 degrees Celsius to 0 degrees Celsius is the temperature range for what?

131) Which area has the least seasonal variation of sea water temperature?

132) A steep temperature gradient in a body of water, marked by a layer above and below the water is at different temperatures. Abrupt temperature change:

133) Salinity and temperature influence:

134) Increased salinity=

135) Decreased temperature =

136) Why does water density matter?

137) A layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly with depth:

Dominated by_______, but impacted by _________.

138) The ocean’s ________ layer structure is an example of how _________ separates a fluid into layers such that the density of each

layer is _______ than the density of the layer below it.128) Warm, doesn’t want to sink

129) Yes, it changes

130) Sea water surface

131) Tropics

132) Thermocline

133) Density

134) Increased density

135) Increased density

136) Denser water will sink, carrying surface waters to the deep ocean basin. Sinking surface water brings oxygen and nutrients to the bottom. Without it, there would be a decrease in ocean population.

137) PycnoclineDominated by temp, but impacted by salinity

138- three layer; gravity separates; less than

139) The surface water of the tropical ocean is likely to be:

140) Cold water ______, warm water _______

141) Oceans and the atmosphere are or are not linked?

142) Oceans and atmospheres have an impact on---

143) Hurricanes over warm water =

144- Ocean circulation:___________: well defined streams of water moving in the ocean

145) Surface currents are driven by:

146) Subsurface flow (deep ocean) driven by:147) _______: tidal forces from the sun and moon’s gravity

148) What three things do waves depend on?

149) Define fetch.

150) What wavelength do greenhouse gases absorb?

151) Does arctic warming involve a negative feedback loop?

152) Which has a higher albedo? A desert or

an ocean?

139) Warm and low salinity

140) Cold water sinks, warm water rises

141) They are intimately linked

142- Temperature, precipitation, currents

143) Self living

144) Currents

145) Wind

146) Driven by density

147) Tides

148) Wind speed, fetch, and wind duration

149) Distance the wind blows over

150) When energy is reradiated from earth’s surface, the greenhouse gases can absorb it however the energy coming from the sun passes it therefore long wave lengths.

151) No, it involves a positive feedback loop.

152) A desert.

153) Which hemisphere is more covered in oceans?

154) Do cold and warm waters have the same salinity?

155) Wind is pushing the surface of the ocean because of ________. Dictates where it goes and bends because of ___________ which is driven by the Sun’s energy which is the same or differentiates at different parts of the world?

156) Ocean currents bounce off of what?

157) Most of the wind at the equator flows from _____ to ________

158) What two reasons make for ocean currents?

159) –

---

These four have about 66 million gigatons of carbon

160) Volcanic activity is a ________ source

161) How does CO2 go into ocean/earth reservoirs? “Carbon sinks”

List the two ways:162- _________ pump: on a

seasonal cycle like when trees decompose they release carbon dioxide. Or in the ocean, there’s a type of plankton that takes carbon out of the sea water, make a clam

shell and when the critter dies, the shell falls on the oceans floor and becomes limestone153) Southern hemisphere

154) No

155) Coriolis ; convection cells; Different at different parts of the world

156) Continents

157) East to West

158) Wind and density

159) Limestone, coal, oil and gas

160) CO2 source

161- Biological and physical pumps

162) Biological pump

163) ________ pump: basically has to do with weather, there’s CO2 in the atmosphere and CO2 in the water, when CO2 in the water comes in contact with silicate rock, you get carbonic acid. Ions are passed into the oceans. Also, does this happen fast or slow?

164) Before humans arrived carbon was:

165) Remember residence time:

166) You can calculate the residence time of carbon in:

167) Why has atmospheric CO2 been decreasing during the past 400 million years?

168) In the winter months there’s slightly higher or lower carbon dioxide? In the summer there’s slightly higher or lower carbon dioxide?

169) When plants are growing there’s more or less carbon dioxide? Why?

170) When plants are dying there’s more or less carbon dioxide? Why?

171) Explain why that in the southern hemisphere they have plants growing while the northern hemisphere has them dying in the winter but the data for carbon dioxide seasonal change remains the same?

163) Physical

164) Fluctuating back and forth

165) The mass of a reservoir/ the movement of stuff in and out of the reservoir

166) Rocks

167) More carbon is being stored in rocks

168) Slightly higher, slightly lower

169) Less carbon dioxide because they’re using the carbon

170) More carbon dioxide, CO2 is being released back into the atmosphere

171- The northern hemisphere dominates in land therefore they show the change

172) : shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

173) How do we know that the rise of CO2 is man made?

174) We can know the CO2 content of the prehistoric atmosphere by drilling the top of the ice sheets and measure CO2 back in time because:

175) Was there ever a time in history where it was above 335 ppm?

176) Atmospheric CO2 has only been rising at 60% the expected rate. The annual consumption of fossil fuel we measured goes up more than the actual increase in atmospheric CO2 inventory. Where is it going? What is this causing?

172) Keeling curve

173) Measuring- factories, burning of coal, fossil fuels. Oxygen- when carbon is in oil or gas, it’s not with oxygen therefore it gets oxidized in the air. When volcanoes erupt, it releases CO2. Measuring isotopes- carbon dating- same element different number of neutrons.

174) Because of the layers and pass snow bubbles from the atmosphere: ice cores.

175) No

176- The oceans are absorbing it, pH is decreasing, oceans are warming, it’s expanding, killing coral. This is causing ocean acidification.

177) In Japan, there was a large earthquake that caused a tsunami. A lot of stuff fell into the ocean in japan and then a couple of years later some of the debris fell into Canada’s oceans. What is this an example of?

178) : well defined streams of water moving in the ocean

179) Two types of currents:

180) Surface currents- driven by

181) Vertical/subsurface currents- driven by:

182) What controls the density of the water?

183) Thermohaline:

184) The equator is warmer than the poles because:

185) The troposphere is thicker at the equator than it is at the poles? True or false?

186) : a large system of circulating ocean currents caused by corioilis effect and Ekman transport.

187) Wind blows on the surface current; which layer of the ocean is effected which isn’t?

188) What controls the surface currents?

189) Surface currents in the upper 100 m of the water are due to:

190) Equitorial winds go from _______ to _________ therefore you get the:177) Circulation

178) Ocean currents

179) Surface & Vertical/subsurface

180) Driven by wind

181) Driven by density

182) Temperature and salinity

183) Temperature and salinity

184) It receives the most direct sun

185) True

186) Gyre

187) Surface water is effected but thermocline and deep water is not.

188) Wind belts, coriolis, and distribution of continents

189) Wind shear

190- East to west, therefore you get the west pacific warm pool

191) This person wanted to get to the North Pole, has to survive sea ice so he created the Fram boat. Idea- if it got squeezed, it would pop out of ice. They got furthest north but not to the north pole.

192) From the above, what did this inspire?

193) When there’s a strong wind projection parallel to the coast, off shore. The Ekman’s flow says it will move where?

194) When there’s a strong wind projection opposite from the coast. The Ekman flow says it will move where?

195) Why would water sink?

196) Downwelling =

197) Upwelling=

198) When Ekman flow is moving away from the land mass, is it an upwelling or downwelling?

199) When Ekman flow is moving toward the land mass, is it an upwelling or downwelling?

200) : vertical ocean currents drawing deep, cold water towards the surface.

201) Wind _________ to the coast drives Ekman transport perpendicular. Is there water flow from the land?

202- Why is water in California cooler than in Virginia? What is this related to?

191) Fridtjof Nansen

192) Ekman flow

193) It will move away from the land mass

194) It will move toward the land mass.

195) It’s cold and it’s high in salt

196) Sinking

197) Water masses rising

198) Upwelling

199) Downwelling

200) Upwelling

201- Parallel, no water flow from the land instead from below- deep water fills the void

202- There’s an upwelling therefore it stays cool there

203- ___________- vertical ocean currents forcing water to sink.What is this related to?

204) Another downwelling process:

205) Is sea ice as salty as ocean water? What is the salt called?

206) _____________- sea ice is forming, there’s ________ rejection, the water left behind is super salty and super cold creating:207) What’s the largest ocean?

208) The surface wind from the equator blows from _____ to ________.

209) Tropical easterlies push equatorial surface water ________.210) Upwelling replaces the water always moving_________. 211) There’s piling up of warm water in the _______.212) There’s upwelling in the ________.213) Normal oceanic circulation is driven by:214) ____________- periodic warming of waters off the South American Pacific coast. 2-7 YEAR CYCLE.

215) Water that comes from the depth is loaded with __________.

216) Cold nutrient rich upwelling fosters what?

217) What does warm water do to fish population? What months does this happen?

218) Where does El Nino get its name from?

219) ________________: In19010’s Sir

Gilbert Walker noticed a relationship between variable air pressure readings between Darwin, Australia, and Tahiti.

203) Downwelling, related to surface wind effects.

204) Brine rejection

205) No, the salt is called brine

206) Brine rejection; brine rejection; some of the densest water on earth.

207) Pacific

208) East to west

209) West

210) West

211) West

212) East

214) El Nino

215) Nutrients

216) Enormous fish populations

217) Warm water hurts fish populations; generally in winter months.

218) From the child as in Jesus since it’s near Christmas – winter

219) El Nino Southern Oscillation

220) “Seesaw effect” when one was higher, the other was lower than average. Coincide with weather pattern changes:

221) El Nino Southern Oscillation impacts:----222) What are the three phases to the cycle:---223) _______: normal phase, normal conditions in the pacific.

224) El Nino: warm or cold phase? Easterly winds stronger or slacken? Water is not pushed to the _______. Overly “toasted”. Therefore the upwelling turns down a little bit, it’s not going to be pulling up the ______________ like it use to. If the upwelling doesn’t happen much, the surface water becomes _____________.

225) La Nina: ENSO warm or cool phase? Super _____, strong pushing of water to the ________. Barely “toasted”.

226) ________: some cool water migrates west.

227) ________: weak trade winds allow warming in the eastern pacific (Peru fishing collapse).

228) ________: strong trade winds move cooler water to the western pacific.

229) There’s a lot of energy that can be stored in the ocean because:

230) How do we know if we are in el nino or la nina?

220) El Nino Southern Oscillation

221) Sea surface temp, Trade wind variation, changes in precipitation, alteration to upwelling

222) Neutral, El Nino conditions, and La Nina conditions.

223) Neutral

224) Warm phase, easterly wind slacken, west, deep water, warmer

225) Cool phase, winds, west

226) Neutral

227) El Nino

228) La Nina

229) It doesn’t come back right away

230) The index- ENSO cycle.

231) El nino years tend to be warmer or cooler?

232) La nina years tend to be warmer or cooler?

233) We have been in a long El Nino state, so this year we will most likely be in which state? Will it be more or less warm?

231) Warmer

232) Cooler

233) La Nina, less warm