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Weather and Climate A – B1 1. What causes the Coriolis effect? (1) Earth’s tilt on its axis (2) the spin of Earth on its axis (3) the orbital motion of the Moon around Earth (4) the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun 2. What is the relative humidity when the dry-bulb temperature is 16°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 14°C? (1) 90% (2) 80% (3) 14% (4) 13% 3. Which weather instrument is used to measure wind speed? (1) anemometer (3) psychrometer (2) wind vane (4) thermometer 4. A weather station model is shown below. What is the barometric pressure indicated by this station model?

(1) 0.029 mb (3) 1002.9 mb (2) 902.9 mb (4) 1029.0 mb 5. The upward movement of air in the atmosphere generally causes the temperature of that air to (1) decrease and become closer to the dewpoint (2) decrease and become farther from the dewpoint (3) increase and become closer to the dewpoint (4) increase and become farther from the dewpoint 6. The cross section below shows a house on the shore of Lake Ontario in August. Under which conditions would the wind shown in the cross section most likely occur?

(1) at 2 a.m., when the air over land is 70°F and t he air over the lake is 80°F (2) at 6 a.m., when the air over land is 70°F and t he air over the lake is 70°F (3) at 2 p.m., when the air over land is 80°F and t he air over the lake is 70°F (4) at 10 p.m., when the air over land is 70°F and the air over the lake is 72°F

Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the map below, which represents an imaginary continent. Locations A and B are on opposite sides of a mountain range on a planet similar to Earth. Location C is on the planet’s equator.

7. Compared to the climate at location A, the climate at location B would most likely be (1) warmer and more humid (2) warmer and less humid (3) cooler and more humid (4) cooler and less humid 8. Location C most likely experiences (1) low air pressure and low precipitation (2) low air pressure and high precipitation (3) high air pressure and low precipitation (4) high air pressure and high precipitation 9. The diagram below shows weather instruments A and B.

Which table correctly indicates the name of the weather instrument and the weather variable that it measures?

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10. Which New York State location is most likely to experience the heaviest winter snowfall when the surface winds are blowing from the west or northwest? (1) New York City (3) Oswego (2) Binghamton (4) Plattsburgh 11. Which ocean current transports warm water away from Earth’s equatorial region? (1) Brazil Current (3) Falkland Current (2) Guinea Current (4) California Current 12. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer? (1) troposphere (3) mesosphere (2) stratosphere (4) thermosphere 13. A low-pressure system in the Northern Hemisphere has a surface air-circulation pattern that is (1) clockwise and away from the center (2) clockwise and toward the center (3) counterclockwise and away from the center (4) counterclockwise and toward the center 14. Air masses are identified on the basis of temperature and (1) type of precipitation (2) wind velocity (3) moisture content (4) atmospheric transparency 15. The weather instrument shown below can be used to determine dewpoint.

Based on the values shown, the dewpoint is (1) –5°C (2) 2°C (3) 8°C (4) 33°C

Base your answers to questions 16 through 19 on the climate graphs below, which show average monthly precipitation and temperatures at four cities, A, B, C, and D.

16. City A has very little variation in temperature during the year because city A is located (1) on the dry side of a mountain (2) on the wet side of a mountain (3) near the center of a large landmass (4) near the equator 17. During which season does city B usually experience the month with the highest average precipitation? (1) spring (3) fall (2) summer (4) winter 18. It can be concluded that city C is located in the Southern Hemisphere because city C has (1) small amounts of precipitation throughout the year (2) large amounts of precipitation throughout the year (3) its warmest temperatures in January and February (4) its warmest temperatures in July and August 19. Very little water will infiltrate the soil around city D because the region usually has (1) a frozen surface (3) a small amount of runoff (2) nearly flat surfaces (4) permeable soil

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20. Which station model correctly represents the weather conditions in an area that is experiencing winds from the northeast at 25 knots and has had a steady drop in barometric pressure of 2.7 millibars during the last three hours?

21. Which ocean current carries cool water toward Earth’s equator? (1) Alaska Current (3) Peru Current (2) East Australia Current (4) North Atlantic Current 22. An air mass classified as cT usually forms over which type of Earth surface? (1) cool water (3) warm water (2) cool land (4) warm land 23. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 24°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 21°C? (1) 16°C (2) 18°C (3) 20°C (4) 21°C Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the diagram below, which shows air movement over a mountain range. The arrows indicate the direction of airflow. Points 1 through 3 represent locations on Earth’s surface.

24. Compared to the climate at location 1, the climate at location 3 is (1) cooler and drier (2) cooler and wetter (3) warmer and drier (4) warmer and wetter 25. Cloud formation at location 2 is the direct result of air that is rising, (1) expanding, and cooling (2) expanding, and warming (3) compressing, and cooling (4) compressing, and warming

Base your answers to questions 26 through 29 on the weather map below, which shows a low-pressure system over the central United States. Isobars are labeled in millibars. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface.

26. The circulation of surface winds associated with this low-pressure system is (1) clockwise and toward the center of the low (2) clockwise and away from the center of the low (3) counterclockwise and toward the center of the low (4) counterclockwise and away from the center of the low 27. The air pressure at the center of this low is (1) 991 mb (3) 997 mb (2) 994 mb (4) 1001 mb 28. Which location is most likely experiencing the fastest wind speed? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 29. Which map shows the most likely path this low-pressure center will follow during the next 12 hours?

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30. Which coastal location experiences a cooler summer climate due to ocean currents? (1) southeast coast of North America (2) northeast coast of Australia (3) southwest coast of South America (4) northwest coast of Europe

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Base your answers to questions 31 through 33 on the weather map below, which shows a high-pressure center (H) and a low-pressure center (L), with two fronts extending from the low-pressure center. Points X andY are locations on the map connected by a reference line.

31. Which type of front is located between Buffalo and Detroit? (1) stationary (3) occluded (2) warm (4) cold 32. Which cross section best represents the fronts and air movements in the lower atmosphere along line XY?

33. Which map best shows the most probable areas of precipitation associated with these weather systems?

34. The weather instrument below is used to determine dewpoint and relative humidity.

Based on the temperatures shown, the approximate dewpoint and relative humidity are (1) –19°C and 4% (3) 8°C and 40% (2) –5°C and 25% (4) 12°C and 53% 35. The cross section below shows the direction of air flowing over a mountain. Points A and B are at the same elevation on opposite sides of the mountain.

Compared to the air temperature and humidity at point A, the air temperature and humidity at point B are usually (1) cooler and drier (3) warmer and drier (2) cooler and wetter (4) warmer and wetter 36. The planetary wind belts in the troposphere are primarily caused by the (1) Earth’s rotation and unequal heating of Earth’s surface (2) Earth’s revolution and unequal heating of Earth’s surface (3) Earth’s rotation and Sun’s gravitational attraction on Earth’s atmosphere (4) Earth’s revolution and Sun’s gravitational attraction on Earth’s atmosphere

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37. On a cold winter day, the air temperature is 2°Cand the wet-bulb temperature is –1°C. What is th e relative humidity at this location? (1) 6% (2) 37% (3) 51% (4) 83% 38. The data table below compares the climates of two United States cities located at approximately 43° n orth latitude. The data are based on a 30-year period.

Which statement best explains the climate variation between these two cities? (1) City A and city B are located at the same longitude. (2) City A is located at a high elevation, and city B is located at sea level. (3) City A is located far inland, and city B is located near a large body of water. (4) City A is located on the east coast, and city B is located on the west coast. 39. Adjacent water and landmasses are heated by the morning Sun on a clear, calm day. After a few hours, a surface wind develops. Which map best represents this wind’s direction? Land Water

40. An instrument used to measure a weather variable is shown below.

Which weather variable is measured by this instrument? (1) wind direction (3) wind speed (2) air pressure (4) amount of rainfall

Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the weather map below, which shows a low-pressure system over the eastern United States. Letters A through D represent weather stations.

41. Which station model correctly represents the barometric pressure at station A?

42. Which weather instrument was used to measure wind speed at station D? (1) barometer (3) psychrometer (2) thermometer (4) anemometer 43. Surface winds within this low-pressure system most likely are flowing (1) toward the center in a clockwise pattern (2) toward the center in a counterclockwise pattern (3) away from the center in a clockwise pattern (4) away from the center in a counterclockwise pattern

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 44. The cross section below shows a sea breeze blowing from the ocean toward the land. The air pressure at the land surface is 1013 millibars.

The air pressure at the ocean surface a few miles from the shore is most likely (1) 994 mb (2) 1005 mb (3) 1013 mb (4) 1017 mb

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Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the map below, which shows locations A and B on Earth’s surface at the same distance from the ocean, at the same elevation above sea level, and at the same latitude.

45. Which statement best explains why location A has a cooler climate than location B? (1) Location A has a longer duration of insolation each day. (2) Location A is influenced by a cold ocean current. (3) Location B is farther from the equator. (4) Location B has less intense insolation each day. 46. There is a four-hour solar time difference between locations A and B. What is the difference in longitude between locations A and B? (1) 15° (2) 23.5° (3) 45° (4) 60° 47. Very cold climates occur at Earth’s North and South Poles because the polar regions (1) are usually farthest from the Sun (2) absorb the greatest amount of insolation (3) receive the most hours of daylight (4) receive low-angle insolation 48. A barometric pressure of 1021.0 millibars is equal to how many inches of mercury? (1) 29.88 (3) 30.25 (2) 30.15 (4) 30.50 49. On which station model would the present weather symbol * most likely be found?

50. Mt. Marcy often has the coldest nighttime temperatures in New York State because of its (1) latitude and planetary winds (2) latitude and elevation (3) longitude and planetary winds (4) longitude and elevation 51. The map below shows a weather variable recorded at noon on a certain day. Isolines show values from 20 to 70.

Which atmospheric variable is most likely represented by the isolines on this map? (1) snowfall in inches (2) wind speed in knots (3) barometric pressure in millibars (4) air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit 52. What is the dewpoint temperature when the relative humidity is 30% and the air temperature is 20°C? (1) –28°C (3) 6°C (2) 2°C (4) 9°C 53. Cloud formation is likely to occur in rising air because rising air (1) expands and cools (2) expands and warms (3) contracts and cools (4) contracts and warms 54. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? (1) troposphere and stratosphere (2) troposphere and mesosphere (3) stratosphere and thermosphere (4) mesosphere and thermosphere

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55. The diagram below shows a sling psychrometer.

Based on the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, what is the dewpoint? (1) 5°C (2) 12°C (3) 14°C (4) 16°C 56. Which change would cause a decrease in the amount of insolation absorbed at Earth’s surface? (1) a decrease in cloud cover (2) a decrease in atmospheric transparency (3) an increase in the duration of daylight (4) an increase in nitrogen gas 57. Which event temporarily slows or reverses surface ocean currents in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean, causing a disruption of normal weather patterns? (1) tsunami (3) El Niño (2) volcanic eruption (4) deforestation 58. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere increases atmospheric temperature because the carbon dioxide absorbs (1) incoming solar gamma ray radiation (2) incoming solar visible light radiation (3) outgoing terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (4) outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation

Base your answers to questions 59 through 61 on the station models below, which show various weather conditions recorded at the same time on the same day at four different cities.

59. Which wind speed was recorded at Detroit? (1) 15 knots (3) 35 knots (2) 25 knots (4) 45 knots 60. Which city had the lowest relative humidity? (1) Chicago (3) Buffalo (2) Detroit (4) Utica 61. Which weather symbol best represents the type of precipitation that was most likely occurring in Utica?

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62. Which cold ocean current affects the climate of the northeastern coast of North America? (1) Gulf Stream (3) Labrador (2) Canaries (4) North Atlantic

Weather and Climate B2 – C Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the United States map in your answer booklet, which shows recorded temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for October 2, 2004. The 60°F isotherm has been drawn on the map.

1. On the map draw the 70°F isotherm. Extend the isotherm to the edges of the continent. [1] 2. Identify the two-letter weather map symbol for the dry, cold air mass over North Dakota. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 3 through 7 on the weather map in your answer booklet. The isobars show air pressures, in millibars. Points A and B indicate locations on the map.

3. On the weather map above place an X centered on the geographic region that was most likely the source of the mT air mass. [1]

4. Describe the pattern of the surface winds around the center of the low-pressure system (L). [1] 5. Calculate the pressure gradient along a straight line between point A and point B on the map. Label your answer with the correct units. [2] Gradient = ___________________________ 6. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates strong winds were blowing between Miles City and Pierre. [1] 7. In the table below write the names of the cities listed below in sequence from lowest relative humidity to highest relative humidity. [1] Albuquerque Chicago New York City

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Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the diagram below, which shows air masses, clouds, and rain associated with two fronts that are influencing weather conditions in New York State. Letters A, B, and C represent three air masses. The arrows show the direction of air and front movements.

8. Identify the most likely geographic source region for air mass B. [1] _______________________________ 9. Identify the type of front shown between air mass B and air mass C. [1] _______________________ 10. Identify one process that causes clouds to form in the air rising along the frontal surface between air mass A and air mass B. [1] _______________________

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Base your answers to questions 11 through 13 on the diagram below, which shows Earth’s water cycle. Numbers indicate the estimated volume of water, in millions of cubic kilometers, stored at any one time in the atmosphere, the oceans, and on the continents. The yearly amount of water that moves in and out of each of these three portions of Earth is also indicated in millions of cubic kilometers.

11. Calculate the total amount of water stored in the atmosphere, the oceans, and on the continents together at any one time. [1] 12. Explain why the yearly total precipitation over the oceans is greater than the yearly total precipitation over the continents. [1] 13. Describe two surface characteristics that will affect the rate of stream runoff into the ocean. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the data table below, which shows the average number of days with thunderstorms that occur over land areas at different latitudes each year.

14. On the grid provided plot, with an X, the average number of days per year a thunderstorm occurs over a land area for each latitude shown on the data table. Connect the centers of the Xs with a line. [1]

15. State the relationship between latitude and the average number of days each year that thunderstorms occur over a land area. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 16 through 20 on the satellite image shown below. The satellite image shows a low-pressure system over a portion of the United States. Air-mass symbols and frontal boundaries have been added. Line XY is one frontal boundary. Points A, B, C, and D represent surface locations. White areas represent clouds.

16. On the satellite image above , draw the proper symbol to represent the most probable front on line XY. [1]

17. State one process that causes clouds to form in the moist air along the cold front. [1] 18. Describe one piece of evidence shown on the map that suggests location A has a lower relative humidity than location B. [1] 19. Explain why location C most likely has a cooler temperature than location D. [1] 20. State the compass direction that the center of this low-pressure system will move over the next few days if it follows a normal storm track. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 21 through 24 on the map below, which shows a portion of the United States here 148 tornadoes occurred during a 24-hour period in April 1974. The paths of the tornadoes are shown.

21. Explain why all the tornadoes moved toward the northeast. [1]

22. Describe the air movement most likely found within these tornadoes. [1]

23. A school receives a tornado warning. Describe one emergency action that a teacher and the students in a classroom should immediately take to protect themselves from injury. [1]

24. Most of these tornadoes occurred with thunderstorms along cold fronts. Identify the water cycle process that forms clouds along cold fronts. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 25 through 28 on the four weather station models, A, B, C, and D, below.

25. List below the letters of the four station models, in order, from the station with the highest air-pressure reading to the station with the lowest air-pressure reading. [1]

26. Convert the air temperature at station A into degrees Celsius. [1] 27. What evidence indicates that station C has the highest relative humidity? [1] 28. On station model below, draw the proper symbol to indicate a 25-knot wind coming from the west. [1]

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Base your answers to questions 29 through 32 on the map provided, which shows weather station models and some weather variables for a portion of the United States. Selected weather stations are labeled A, B, and C.

29. On the map draw the 50°F isotherm. The isotherm must extend to the edges of the map. [1] 30. State the air pressure, in millibars, at weather station A. [1] 31. The city represented by weather station B is currently being affected by an air mass that originated over the Gulf of Mexico. What is the two-letter air-mass symbol used to represent this air mass? [1] 32. Which weather condition is indicated by the present weather symbol at station C? [1]

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Base your answers to questions 33 through 36 on the weather map below which shows a low-pressure system located over central United States. Points A, B, and C represent locations on Earth’s surface. The isobars on the map show air pressures in millibars.

33. On the map below draw an arrow, beginning at the L, to show the direction the low-pressure center will most likely move in the next two days. [1]

34. What evidence shown on the map indicates that point B is most likely experiencing precipitation? [1]

35. What is the two-letter symbol used on a weather map to indicate the warm, moist air mass that is over point C? [1] 36. What evidence shown on the weather map indicates that point C is experiencing greater wind speeds than point A? [1]

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Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the map below, which shows an imaginary continent on a planet that has climate conditions similar to Earth. The continent is surrounded by oceans. Two mountain ranges are shown. Points A through D represent locations on the continent.

37. Identify one labeled latitude on this continent where a high-pressure zone exists and dry air is sinking to the surface. Include both the unit and compass direction in your answer. [1]

38. Identify one factor that causes a colder climate at location B than at location A. [1] 39. Explain why location C has a warmer and drier climate than location D. [1]