WEARABLE SENSORS

Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications

Edited by

EDWARD SAZONOV

MICHAEL R. N E U M A N

ELSEVIER

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

Contents

List of Contributors ix Introduction xi

1.1. Wearables: Fundamentals, Advancements, and a Roadmap

for the Future SUNGMEE PARK, KYUNGHEE CHUNG,

AND SUNDARESAN JAYARAMAN

1. World of Wearables (WOW) 1 2. Attributes of Wearables 7

3. Textiles and Clothing: The Meta-Wearable 11 4. Challenges and Opportunities 16 5. The Future of Wearables: Defining

the Research Roadmap 19 References 22

1.2. Social Aspects of Wearability and Interaction

LUCY DUNNE, HALLEY PROFITA, AND CLINT ZEAGLER

1. Introduction 25 2. Social Interpretation of Aesthetics 26 3. Adoption of Innovation and Aesthetic Change 30 4. On-Body Interaction: Social Acceptance

of Gesture 33 5. Case Study: Google Glass 38 6. Conclusion 41 References 42

1.3. Wearable Haptics YUICHI KURITA

1. Introduction 45

2. The Need for Wearable Haptic Devices 46 3. Categories of Wearable Haptic and Tactile

Display 46 4. Display of Friction and Weight

Illusions Based on Fingertip Manipulation 48

5. A Wearable Sensorimotor Enhancer 54 6. Conclusions 60 References 60

2.1. Wearable Bio and Chemical Sensors SHIRLEY COYLE, VINCENZO F. CURTO,

FERNANDO BENITO-LOPEZ, LARISA FLOREA, AND DERMOT DIAMOND

1. Introduction 65 2. System Design 68 3. Challenges in Chemical Biochemical

Sensing 74 4. Application Areas 78 5. Conclusions 80 Acknowledgment 81 References 81

2.2. Wearable Inertial Sensors and Their Applications

TOSHIYO TAMURA

1. Introduction 85

2. Wearable Inertial Sensors 85 3. Obtained Parameters from Inertia Sensors 93 4. Applications for Wearable Motion Sensors 96 5. Practical Considerations for Wearable

Inertial Sensor Applications in Clinical Practice and Future Research Directions 101

References 101

2.3. Application of Optical Heart Rate Monitoring

MATHIEU LEMAY, MATTIA BERTSCHI, JOSEP SOLA, PHILIPPE RENEVEY, JAKUB PARAK, AND ILKKA

KORHONEN

1. Introduction 105 2. Photoplethysmography Basics 108 3. Applications 118

V

VI CONTENTS

4. Conclusion and Outlook 125 Nomenclature 126 Acknowledgments 127 References 127

2.4. Measurement of Energy Expenditure by Body-worn Heat-flow Sensors

NEIL SZUMINSKY, JOHN DYKSTRA, AND ED MELANSON

1. Introduction 131 2. Energy Expenditure Background 132 3. Examples of Body-Worn Devices 136 4. Design Considerations 142 5. Performance 144 6. Validations 146 7. Conclusion 149 References 151

3.1. Knitted Electronic Textiles RITA PARADISO, LAURA CALDANI,

AND MARIA PACELLI

1. From Fibers to Textile Sensors 153 2. The Interlaced Network 155 3. Textile Sensors for Physiological State

Monitoring 159

4. Biomechanical Sensing 161 5. Non-Invasive Sweat Monitoring by Textile

Sensors 163 6. Smart Fabrics and Interactive Textile Platforms

for Remote Monitoring 166 7. System for Remote Rehabilitation 168

8. Systems for Emotional State Assessment 171 9. Conclusions 172 References 173

3.2. Woven Electronic Textiles TOMOHIRO KURODA, HIDEYATAKAHASHI,

AND ATSUJI MASUDA

1. Introduction 175 2. Textiles 177 3. Applications 186 4- Summary 196 References 197

3.3. Flexible Electronics from Foils to Textiles: Materials, Devices,

and Assembly GIOVANNI SALVATORE AND GERHARD TRÖSTER

1. Introduction 199 2. Thin-Film Transistors: Materials and

Technologies 200 3. Review of Semiconductors Employed in Flexible

Electronics 202

4. Thin-Film Transistors Based on a-IGZO 204 5. Further Improvements and Limitations 215 6. Plastic Electronics for Smart Textiles 223 7. Outlook and Conclusions 229 References 230

4.1. Energy Harvesting at the Human Body

LORETO MATEU, TOBIAS DRÄGER, IKER MAYORDOMO, AND MARKUS POLLAK

1. Introduction to Energy Harvesting Systems 235

2. Energy Harvesting from Temperature Gradient at the Human Body 237

3. Energy Harvesting from Foot Motion 245 4. Wireless Energy Transmission 253 5. Energy Harvesting from Light 259 6. Energy and Power Consumption Issues 267 7. Conclusions and Future Considerations 270 References 272

5.1. Energy Harvesting from Temperature Gradient at the Human Body: DC-DC Converter Design for Ultra-low Input Voltages 275

5.2. Energy Harvesting from Foot Motion: AC-DC Converter 285

5.3. Energy Harvesting from Light: MPPT Algorithms 292

References for the Supplemental Material 297

4.2. Introduction to RF Energy Harvesting W.A. SERDIJN, A.L.R. MANSANO, AND M. STOOPMAN

1. RF Energy Harvesting Fundamentals and Practical Limitations 300

CONTENTS Vl l

2. Impedance Mismatch, Losses, and Efficiency 306

3. Distribution of Harvested Power in a Realistic Environment 308

4. Charge Pump Rectifier Topologies 309 5. Effect of Load and Source Variations 313 6. Antenna-Rectifier Co-Design 317 7. Conclusion 321 Acknowledgment 321 References 321

4-3. Low-Power Integrated Circuit Design for Wearable Biopotential

Sensing SOHMYUNG HA, CHUL KIM, YU M. CHI,

AND GERT CAUWENBERGHS

1. Introduction 323 2. Biopotential Signals and Their

Characteristics 324 3. Electrode-Body Interface and Electrode

Noise 325

4. Low-Power Analog Circuit Design Techniques for Biopotential Sensors 327

5. Low-Power Design for ADCs 340 6. Low-Power Digital Circuit Design

Techniques 342

7. Architectural Design for Low-Power Biopotential Acquisition 345

8. Practical Considerations 347 9. Conclusion 348 References 349

5.1. Wearable Algorithms: An Overview of a Truly Multi-Disciplinary Problem

GUANGWEI CHEN, ESTHER RODRIGUEZ-VILLEGAS, AND ALEXANDER ]. CASSON

1. Introduction 353 2. Why Do Wearable Sensors Need

Algorithms? 356

3. What are Wearable Algorithms? 364 4. Wearable Algorithms: State-of-the-Art and

Emerging Techniques 369 5. Conclusions 379 References 379

5.2. Mining Techniques for Body Sensor Network Data Repository

VITALI LOSEU, JIAN WU, AND ROOZBEH JAFARI

1. Introduction 383 2. Machine Learning Approaches to Data

Mining 385 3. Mining BSN Data 389 4. Data Representation 391 5. Comparison Metric 394 6. Classifier 396 7. Data-Mining Model 397 8. Experimental Results 398 9. Conclusion and Recommendations 404 Acknowledgment 405 References 405

5.3. Modeling Physical Activity Behavior Change

EDMUND SETO AND RUZENA BAJCSY

1. Introduction — Physical Activity Monitoring Capabilities 409

2. Physical Activity Body Sensor Technology 411 3. Modeling Physical Activity 413 4. Behavior-Change Theories Relevant to

Physical Activity Interventions 414 5. Conclusion 422 References 422

6.1. Human Body Communication for a High Data Rate Sensor Network

JUNG-HWAN HWANG AND CHANG-HEE HYOUNG

1. Capacitive-Coupling Communication Through Human Body 425

2. Channel Properties of Human Body 427 3. Effects of Electrode's Structure 428 4. Transmission Scheme of Human Body

Communication 434 5. Analog Front-End for Human Body

Communication 440 6. Performance of the Analog Front-End 448 7. Commercialization of Human Body

Communication and its Challenges 449 References 450

Vl l l CONTENTS

6.2. Channel Models for On-Body Communications

H.G. SANDALIDIS AND I. MAGLOGIANNIS

1. Introduction 453 2. IEEE 802.15.6 TG6 Standard Models 455 3. Independent Studies 464 4. Conclusions 471 Acknowledgements 472 References 472

6.3. Trust Establishment in Wireless Body Area Networks

SHUCHENG YU, MING LI, AND LU SHI

1. Introduction 475 2. WBAN Device Authentication

Techniques 476 3. Secret Key Establishment in WBAN 481 4. Summary 488 References 489

6.4. Wireless Body Area Networks 493 PAOLO BARSOCCHI AND FRANCESCO POTORTI

1. Introduction 493 2. Evaluation Metrics 494 3. Technologies 495 4. Wearable Radios 500 5. Conclusions 513 References 514

7.1. Fundamentals of Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of

Physical and Physiological Changes in Daily Life

MASAAKI MAKIKAWA, NARUHIRO SHIOZAWA, AND SHIMA OKADA

1. Introduction 517 2. Wearable Sensors for Physiological Signal

Measurement 518 3. Summary 541

7.2. Wearing Sensors Inside and Outside of the Human Body for the Early Detection of

Diseases CARMEN C.Y. POON, YALI ZHENG, NINGQI LUO,

XIAORONG DING, AND YUAN TING ZHANG

1. Introduction 543 2. Cardiovascular Diseases 544 3. Neurological Diseases 549 4. Gastrointestinal Diseases 555 5. Conclusion 559 Acknowledgment 559 References 559

7.3. Wearable and Non-Invasive Assistive Technologies

MAYSAM GHOVANLOO AND XUELIANG HUO

1. Assistive Devices for Individuals with Severe Paralysis 563

2. Why Use the Tongue for Wearable Technology? 570

3. Wireless Tracking of Tongue Motion 571 4. Wearable Tongue Drive System 573 5. Sensor Signal-Processing Algorithm 576 6. Dual-Mode Tongue Drive System 578 7. Clinical Assessment 582 8. Future Directions 586 References 588

7.4. Detection and Characterization of Food Intake by Wearable Sensors JUAN M. FONTANA AND EDWARD SAZONOV

1. Introduction 591 2. Wearable Sensors 594 3. Signal Processing and Pattern-Recognition

Methods for Automatic Detection of Food Intake 600

4. Methods for Characterization of Food Intake 604

5. Applications 609 6. Summary and Conclusions 611 References 613

Index 617