HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY

VII. THE GREAT SCHISM

‘THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR’

• THERE ARE THREE GREAT SCHISMS, OR ‘TEARING APARTS’ OF CHRIST’S CHRISTIANITY

• 1054 SEPARATION OF EAST (ORTHODOX), FROM WEST (CATHOLIC) OVER THE WORD ‘FILIOQUE’ IN CREED, TO BE FURTHER EXACERBATED BY 1202-1204 CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE

• 1378 IN THE WEST, ELECTIONS OF POPES AND ANTIPOPES

• 1517 IN THE WEST, PROTESTANTS SPLIT FROM CATHOLICS

• FIELD TRIP

• BAPTISTERY

• MEDICI PALACE CHAPEL

FLORENCE’S

BAPTISTERY

WITH

BYZANTINE

MOSAICS

MEDICI PRINCE BYZANTINE EMPEROR GREEK PATRIARCH YOUNG KING ADULT KING OLD KING HORSE HORSE MULE/DONKEY

CEILING

• FLOOR

PRINCE

LORENZO DE’MEDICI

EMPEROR

JOHN PALEOLOGUS

ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHJOSEPH

BENOZZO GOZZOLI,DISCIPLE OF FRA ANGELICO

• LET US END THIS PART OF THE LECTURE WITH TWO MODERN IMAGES OF ORTHODOXY

THESSALONIKI, GREECE, 27 OCTOBER 2011

ARCHBISHOP ROWAN WILLIAMS, ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH BARTHOLOMEW,

POPE BENEDICT, ASSISI, 38 OCTOBER 2011

HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY

VIII. PILGRIMAGE AND CRUSADE

I

• PILGRIMAGE

• EGERIA

• PAULA AND EUSTOCHIUM

• IRISH PILGRIMS

• ANGLO-SAXON PILGRIMS

• ARCULF 679-682

• VIKING PILGRIMS

• THE FOUR GREAT PILGRIMAGES:

• CANTERBURY

• COMPOSTELA

• ROME

• JERUSALEM

• THE THREE IRISH FORMS OF PERFECTION

• RED MARTYRDOM VIOLENT DEATH• WHITE MARTYRDOM PILGRIM EXILE• BLUE MARTYRDOM HERMIT MONK

• COMPOSTELA AND THE RECONQUISTA 718-1492

• JERUSALEM AND THE CRUSADES 1039-1291

• COMPOSTELA AND THE RECONQUISTA OF SPAIN

• 718-1492

• SAINT JAMES OF COMPOSTELA

• SPAIN UNDER MOSLEM RULE TOLERANT OF JEWS AND CHRISTIANS

• SPAIN UNDER CHRISTIANS BECAME

MOST INTOLERANT OF JEWS AND MUSLIMS

• IN THE NEW WORLD WOULD EXTERMINATE NATIVE POPULATIONS

• SPAIN AND PORTUGAL• ROMAN HISPANIA• VISIGOTHIC (ARIAN) SPAIN, 410-711• 587 VISIGOTHIC RULER CONVERTS TO

CATHOLICISM • AL ANDALUZ, MOSLEM SPAIN, 711-1492• CHRISTIAN RECONQUISTA, 718-1492• FERDINAND III, KING OF THE THREE

RELIGIONS• ALFONSO X EL SABIO• FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, THEIR MOST

CATHOLIC MAJESTIES, INQUISITION AGAINST JEWS AND MUSLIMS, UNION OF CASTILLE AND ARAGON, VOYAGE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, 1492

CORDOBA, SPAIN

AL-ANDALUZ

JERUSALEM HAD BEEN IN MUSLIM HANDS SINCE 637

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL HAD BEEN IN MUSLIM HANDS SINCE 711

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk135H0cxnE

ALFONSO X EL SABIO

ORSANMICHELE

Listen to the Cantigas

• VIKINGS

• NORMANDY

• BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066

• NORMANS IN SICILY

BAYEUX TAPESTRY

•

UR, STANDARDOF WAR AND PEACE,2700 B.C.

BAYEUX TAPESTRYAFTER 1066

KING HAROLD OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS KILLED AT SENLAC, 1066, BY THE NORMANS, THE ENGLISH FIGHTING ON FOOT, THE NORMANS ON HORSEBACK HAVING STIRRUPS

LYNN WHITE, JR, MEDIEVAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE

• JERUSALEM AND THE CRUSADES 1039-1291

THE ‘ARABESQUING’ OF CHRISTIANITY

CHRISTIANITY IN THE GOSPELS AND NEW TESTAMENT IS A PACIFIST RELIGION

WITH THE CRUSADES IT TURNS INTO ITS OPPOSITE

THE GREAT HISTORIAN SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN SAID ‘CRUSADE IS A DIRTY WORD’

SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN AT 87

‘CRUSADE’ IS A

DIRTY WORD

• MAHOMET 570-632

• HERETIC AND INFIDEL• A HERETIC IS THE ‘OTHER’, A DIVISION

FROM THE GROUP. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH COULD CONDEMN A HERETIC, TURNING HIM/HER OVER TO THE SECULAR ARM TO BE BURNED AT THE STAKE.

• ONE COULD SAY THAT TO JEWS CHRISTIANITY IS HERESY, AND TO CHRISTIANS ISLAM IS HERESY.

• THE INFIDEL IS OUTSIDE ANY OF THESE GROUPS. BUT IN THE CRUSADES JEWS AND MUSLIMS WERE CONSIDERED BY CHRISTIANS AS INFIDELS DESERVING OF SLAUGHTER, THEIR SLAUGHTERERS EVEN RECEIVING THE ‘INDULGENCE’, BEING SAVED.

• IN WAR, ENEMIES MIRROR EACH OTHER

VIKING CHESSSET

BRITISH MUSEUM

• THE PEOPLES OF THE BOOK

• JEWS, TORAH IN HEBREW

• CHRISTIANS, GOSPEL IN GREEK, ETC.

• MUSLIMS, KORAN IN ARABIC

ISLAM• MONOTHEISTIC, REJECTS TRINITY• PROHIBITION OF IMAGES/ IDOLS• PROTECTS ‘PEOPLES OF THE BOOK’ (JEWS, CHRISTIANS, MUSLIM)• LAITY PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY• KORAN INCLUDES MARY AND JESUS• ISLAM CONSIDERS JESUS & MAHOMET PROPHETS• OBLIGATION TO ASSIST THE POOR• JIHAD TO CONVERT THE INFIDEL (NOT JEWS OR

CHRISTIANS, WHO ARE THE OTHER ‘PEOPLES OF THE BOOK’)

• PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA, JERUSALEM

SONG OF ROLAND

‘PAIENS UNT TORT ET CRETIENS UNT DROIT’

PAGANS ARE WRONG, AND CHRISTIANS ARE RIGHT

DESCRIBES MUSLIMS AS WORSHIPPING A TRINITY OF IDOLS, MAHOUND, APOLLYON & TERMAGENT, DEMONIZING THEM

THE SHADOW

COUNCIL OF CLERMONT 1039

POPE URBAN II CALLED FOR FIRST CRUSADE TO WIN BACK JERUSALEM AND PROTECT THE EMPEROR OF CONSTANTINOPLE AGAINST THE MUSLIM TURKS

REQUIRED NORMAN KNIGHTS (CALLED FRANKS) TO MAKE VOW TO PROTECT THE HELPLESS, WIDOWS AND ORPHANS, AND ALL WOMEN

• INVENTION OF STIRRUP • THEREFORE USE OF MORE ARMOUR• CHIVALRY, ON ‘HORSEBACK’

• CODE OF CONDUCT

• PROTECTION OF WOMEN

• COATS OF ARMS, HERALDRY

• TOURNAMENTS

ST PETER’S BANNER GIVEN BY POPE ALEXANDER II TO DUKE WILLIAM OF NORMANDY

HERE ST DENIS (DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE) IN A VISION GIVES ORIFLAMME TO CRUSADER

• PILGRIMAGE AND CRUSADE INDULGENCE

• MIXTURE OF IRISH CONCEPT OF PURGATORY AND ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF JIHAD AGAINST INFIDELS WINNING PARADISE

• DEMONIZING OF THE ‘SARACENS’

FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099

‘DIEU LE VEULT’ GOD WILLS IT

PETER THE HERMIT

SEIGE OF ANTIOCH

‘MON JOIE ST DENIS’

SEIGE OF JERUSALEM

• EMPEROR ALEXIUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

• PEOPLE’S CRUSADE• NORMANS FROM NORMANDY AND

SICILY• GODFREY OF BOUILLON• BEHEMOND & TANCRED OF

TARANTO• COUNT RAYMOND OF TOULOUSE• COUNT ROBERT OF FLANDERS• DUKE ROBERT OF NORMANDY

• JERUSALEM CONQUERED IN 1099

• GODFREY OF BOUILLON AND HIS BROTHER BALDWIN

• BALDWIN CROWNED KING OF JERUSALEM, CHRISTMAS DAY 1100

• FLORENTINE PAZZINO DE’ PAZZI FIRST ON WALL OF JERUSALEM

• EASTER SUNDAY• DOVE WITH HOLY

FIRE• CHURCH OF THE

HOLY APOSTLES IN PIAZZA LIMBO

• FOUNDING OF MONASTIC ORDERS OF KNIGHTS

• HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN (KNIGHTS OF MALTA)

• TEMPLARS

• IN SPAIN, KNIGHTS OF SANTIAGO DI COMPOSTELA

• IN GERMANY, TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

SECOND CRUSADE 1147-1149

PREACHED BY ST BERNARD, AN UTTER FAILURE

HORNS OF HATTIM ANDSEIGE OF JERUSALEM, SALADIN 1187

MARGARET OF JERUSALEM

THIRD CRUSADE 1189-1192

SALADIN AND KING RICHARD THE LION HEART

FOURTH CRUSADE 1202-1204

VENICE

ZARA

CONSTANTINOPLE, ALEXIUS IIIBALDWIN OF FLANDERS BECOMES EMPEROR OF

CONSTANTINOPLECHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED BY

CRUSADERS, WEAKENED, WILL STRENGTHEN ISLAMIC WORLD WHEN IT FALLS

VILLEHARDOIN, CHRONICLE

VENETIAN LOOT FROM FOURTH CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE

• ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE AGAINST CATHAR HERETICS IN EUROPE 1209

• CHILDREN’S CRUSADE 1212

FIFTH CRUSADE 1217-1221

SIXTH CRUSADE 1228-1229 FREDERIC II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

SEVENTH CRUSADE 1248-1254ST LOUIS IN EGYPT

EIGHTH CRUSADE 1270ST LOUIS’S DEATH, DISASTER

NINTH CRUSADE 1271-1272FUTURE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND, DISASTER

FREDERIC II

LIKE ALFONSO EL SABIO,FREDERIC II WAS A MULTI-CULTURAL RULER

SEVENTH CRUSADE 1248-1254

ST LOUIS IN EGYPT

EIGHTH CRUSADE 1270

ST LOUIS’S DEATH, DISASTER

NINTH CRUSADE 1271-1272

FUTURE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND, DISASTER

• SIXTH CRUSADE 1228-1229

• AGAINST EGYPT, CAIRO AS ‘BABYLON’, DAMIETTA

• ST FRANCIS

• MUSLIMS ALLOW FRANCISCANS TO BE THE CUSTODIANS OF JERUSALEM’S CHRISTIAN HOLY PLACES,

• ALLOW UNARMED PILGRIMS TO VISIT THE HOLY PLACES

• SEVENTH CRUSADE

• ST LOUIS

• JOINVILLE, CHRONICLE

• 1291 FALL OF ACRE, LAST CRUSADER STRONGHOLD OF THE CHRISTIAN JERUSALEM KINGDOM

THE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL

ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC

ROMAN CHRISTIAN TO ISLAMIC CHRISTIAN

‘ARS NOVA’ ‘DOLCE STIL NUOVO’

• TOURNUS

• ROMANESQUE

ST NICHOLAS CATHEDRAL,

THEN MOSQUE,

CYPRUS

GOTHIC CRUSADER ARCHITECTURE

LA SAINTE CHAPELLE, PARIS

LA SAINTE CHAPELLE, PARIS

• UNIVERSITIES

• GRECO-ARABIC MODEL

• ARISTOTLE

• EXCLUSION OF WOMEN AND OUR DENIGRATION

• PARIS, OXFORD, BOLOGNA, SALERNO, SALAMANCA

• THEOLOGY, LAW, MEDICINE, MAGIC

• DOUBLE STANDARD

• TROUBADOR POETRY

• ARTHURIAN ROMANCE

• COURTLY LOVE

• CELEBRATING ADULTERY

• NOT CHRISTIAN

ROMANESQUE VIRGIN AND CHILD

‘SEDES SAPIENTIAE’

AUTUN

FLIGHT INTO

EGYPT

• THE GOTHIC MADONNA AND CHILD, SIMPERING AND COURTING EACH OTHER

FLORENCE

ORSANMICHELE

MIXES

ROMANESQUE

AND GOTHIC

ST ANNE’S CRUSADER CHURCH, ROMANESQUE STYLE

• AL-AQSAH MOSQUE BESIDE THE DOME OF THE ROCK, 691-692, ON TEMPLE MOUNT WHICH WAS BUILT BY BYZANTINE ARCHITECTS IMITATING HAGIA SOPHIA

• SALADIN, CEREMONY OF THE DOOR OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE

• SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, 1517, REPAIRED THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM, HERE WITH SOLOMON’S SEAL, AND RESTORED THE DOME OF THE ROCK

• TEN MINUTE BREAK

HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY

VII. THE GREAT SCHISM

‘THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR’

• THERE ARE THREE GREAT SCHISMS, OR ‘TEARING APARTS’ OF CHRIST’S CHRISTIANITY

• 1054 SEPARATION OF EAST (ORTHODOX), FROM WEST (CATHOLIC) OVER THE WORD ‘FILIOQUE’ IN CREED, TO BE FURTHER EXACERBATED BY 1202-1204 CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE

• 1378 IN THE WEST, ELECTIONS OF POPES AND ANTIPOPES

• 1517 IN THE WEST, PROTESTANTS SPLIT FROM CATHOLICS

• THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF THE POPES IN AVIGNON

• THEN THE OTHER ‘GREAT SCHISM’

• POPE URBAN VI• CARDINAL ADAM EASTON• BISHOP HERMIT ALFONSO OF JAEN• ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN• ST CATHERINE OF SIENA• BEATA CHIARA GAMBACORTA• JULIAN OF NORWICH

ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN

QUEEN JOAN OF NAPLES,CATHERINE OF SWEDEN,BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN,LAPA ACCIAUIOLIAT SANTA MARIA NOVELLASPANISH CHAPEL

ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN IN A MANUSCRIPT BY STCATHERINE OF SIENA’SSECRETARY, CRISTOFANODI GANNO IN SIENA

ST CECILIA AT SANTA CECILIA IN TRASTEVERE

ST AGNES

ST CATHERINE OF SIENA IN AN ENGLISHBRIGITTINE EARLYPRINTED BOOK

FLEMISH TRINITY