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Wayfinding Cognition & Mobile Maps for Indoor Settings
Christoph Hölscher
ETH Zürich / Chair of Cognitive Science http://www.cog.ethz.ch/
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Transregional Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition: Reasoning, Action, Interaction
Seattle Central Public Library Architect: Rem Koolhaas (OMA) & LMN
“...five glass boxes, stacked seemingly haphazardly and wrapped in metal mesh.” (Mattern, 2007)
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Carlson, Hölscher, Dalton & Shipley (2010) Current Directions in Psychological Science
Carlson, Hölscher, Dalton & Shipley (2010) Current Directions in Psychological Science
An analysis of building features
Analyze navigational behavior
Measure strategies and individual differences
Why is SPL so hard to navigate?
l 5 buildings in one, stack of separate buildings
l difficult to map l non-alignment of
floorplates adds to disorientation
l One-way hyperlinks & vertical deadends
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Space Syntax
l University College London, Hillier & Hanson (1984) l Translates geometric form into a
network of sightlines and decision points
l Quantitative prediction of streams of visitors or pedestrians
l Qualitative diagnosis of disorientation and getting lost ¢ Layouts with high Intelligibility-
score à Wayfinding (Conroy, 2001)
¢ Haq & Zimring (2003): Space Syntax predicts exploration and search patterns in the building
Floor 3: 5th Avenue / Living Room
PeopleWatcher (Dalton, Dalton, Kuhnmünch & Hölscher, 2012)
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Floor plan
Which Floor Path Events
Log/Actions External Aids
Individual differences/strategies
l Questionnaire on Spatial Reasoning: route / survey style (Pazzaglia & DeBeni, 2001)
l Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale: competence (Hegarty et al., 2002)
l Spatial Perspective Taking scale (Assess ability to imagine different orientations and perspectives) (Kozhevnikov & Hegarty, 2001)
l Mental Rotation Test (Vanderberg & Kuse, 1978)
Wayfinding tasks: Destinations
Easy (space analysis)
Hard (space analysis)
Within Floors
Restroom
Sherlock Holmes
Across Floors
Non-Fiction DVDs
Meeting room
Wayfinding tasks: Correlating performance scores between tasks
Easy (space analysis)
Hard (space analysis)
Within Floors
Restroom
Sherlock Holmes
Across Floors
Non-Fiction DVDs
Meeting Room
Sign Use r-values +.3/+.4
Tasks tap aspects of navigation that differ across individuals:
No overall classification of good/bad navigators
Task Features & Goals
Role of Digital Navigation Aids?
Person
Spatial & Non-Spatial Aspects
Map Schematization (Meilinger, Hölscher, Büchner & Brösamle, 2007)
Floor plan Ambiguous schematic maps Unambiguous schematic map
Mobile Map vs. Paper Map (Willis, Hölscher, Wilbertz & Li, 2009)
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Mobile Map vs. Paper Map (Willis, Hölscher, Wilbertz & Li, 2009)
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Victoria & Albert Museum, London
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Victoria & Albert Museum, London
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Victoria & Albert Museum, London
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l Device interaction l Navigation success l Impact on spatial learning l User experience
Capturing user, device and environment characteristics
l Environmental features l Spatial analysis (Space Syntax) l Comparison across building types and cultural setting (US vs. Europe)
l Behavioral measures l Exploration, search, memory tests & device interaction patterns l Triangulation of data sources (Logs, PeopleWatcher, verbal reports) l Coping with technical limitations, reliance on device accuracy
l Post-tests l Spatial abilities l Navigation strategies & Device interaction strategies l User Experience of building and device interaction
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Summary
l Context of device use l User characteristics l Environmental properties l Primary and secondary tasks
l Borrow from established disciplines l Environmental & Architectural Psychology l Human Geography / GIS, Computer Science, Cognitive Science
l Challenges in the real world l Technical reliability l Legal and institutional concerns, privacy
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Thank you!
l Project Team: l Daniel R Montello UC Santa Barbara l Verena Schnitzler University of Freiburg
l Funding by Google Inc l Sponsor & Liaison: Jens Riegelsberger
l Get in touch l http://www.cog.ethz.ch/ l [email protected]
l A specific thank you to Amy Shelton (Johns Hopkins) and Laura Carlson (Notre Dame) who spearhead the efforts on studying the Seattle Public Library.
