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Stephen A. SonnenbergRobert J. Weimer
Stephen A. SonnenbergRobert J. Weimer
Wattenberg Field Area, A Near Miss &
Lessons Learned After 35 Years of Development History
Wattenberg Field Area, A Near Miss &
Lessons Learned After 35 Years of Development History
WYOMING
NEBRASKA
KANSAS--200
020
00--300
030
00--400
040
00
--500
050
00
-- 600
060
00
--20002000--3000
3000--40004000
--50005000-- 6000
6000
COLORADO
DENVER
Ran
geFr
ont
WATTENBERG
Wattenberg Field – DJ Basin Wattenberg Field – DJ Basin
Pay
Source Rock
Source Rock
TypicalDepth
4300’
4800’
6800’
7100’
7600’
7800’DAKOTA SAND
SKULL CREEK SHALE
J3 SAND J2 SAND
GRANEROS SHALE
GREENHORN LS
CARLILE SHALE
CODELL SANDFT HAYS LIMESTONE
NIOBRARA “C”
NIOBRARA “B”
NIOBRARA “A”
SHANNON (HYGIENE) SS
SUSSEX (TERRY) SS
PIERRE SHALE
PIERRE SHALE
PIERRE SHALE
D Sand
Sonnenberg, 2002
Diagrammatic Cross-SectionDenver Basin
Diagrammatic CrossDiagrammatic Cross--SectionSectionDenver BasinDenver Basin
WATTENBERGFIELD
Source Rock
Sussex
Shannnon
Basement
Basement
Source Rock
A A’
WestWest EastEastBasin Center Accumulation with:Six Potential ReservoirsMain Pays: J Sandstone with Codell commingleSecondary Objectives: Dakota, Niobrara, Sussex, Shannon
Niobrara
Codell
J Sandstone
Dakota
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
Weimer & Ray, 1997
A Near Miss!All DSTs or cores taken in the J indicated shows of gas
Core analyses of the J compared with those of the Dakota in the SJB
Old wells in area remarkably similar
Earlier discovery at Roundup - 1967
Wattenberg discovered - 1970
History of Wattenberg Gas FieldHistory of History of Wattenberg Gas FieldWattenberg Gas Field
Matuszczak, 1973
Original Est. EUR1.3 TCF
Conventional & Unconventional Reservoirs & The Resource Triangle
Conventional & Unconventional Reservoirs & The Resource Triangle
Conventional reservoirsSmall volumes that areeasy to develop
Unconventionallarge volumes difficult to develop
Impr
oved
tech
nolo
gy
Incr
ease
d pr
icin
g
Holditch, 2005
Currently Productive Areas-GWA
Wright, 2005; Modified after Ladd, 2001
J SSDiscovery
Sussex/ShannonDiscovery
CodellDiscovery
DakotaDiscovery
Wright, 2005
Cumulative Production GWACumulative Production GWA
786
1524220
1302
180
Sussex/Shannon
Codell/Niobrara
D SS
J SS
Other
Cum: 4012 BCFe (34%)
Modified from Wright, 2005
GWA Spacing HistoryGWA Spacing History
• 1970: 320 acre units for drilling & spacing of J Sand• 1979: Additional J Sand well allowed per 320 acre unit • 1980: Section 29 tax credit; Tight gas sand designation (exp.
2002)• 1983: Codell spaced on 80 acre• 1984,85: Niobrara added to Codell spacing order• 1991: J Sand wells can be recompleted to C-N & commingling
of all downhole zones allowed• 1998: Rule 318A allows 5 wells per quarter section in GWA for
all Cretaceous age formations (81 townships)• 2005: Rule 318A modified to allow for section line & quarter
section line wells (~ 20 acre spacing 27 townships)
• 1970: 320 acre units for drilling & spacing of J Sand• 1979: Additional J Sand well allowed per 320 acre unit • 1980: Section 29 tax credit; Tight gas sand designation (exp.
2002)• 1983: Codell spaced on 80 acre• 1984,85: Niobrara added to Codell spacing order• 1991: J Sand wells can be recompleted to C-N & commingling
of all downhole zones allowed• 1998: Rule 318A allows 5 wells per quarter section in GWA for
all Cretaceous age formations (81 townships)• 2005: Rule 318A modified to allow for section line & quarter
section line wells (~ 20 acre spacing 27 townships)
Modified from Wright, 2005 & Weimer, 2005
Oil & Gas Field GrowthOil & Gas Field Growth
Produced
Reserves
Step outsInfill drilling
New horizonsImproved economics
Improved geologic modelImproved reservoir model
Improved technologiesFracture stimulationDrilling & completion
RecompletionsChanging operatorEnhanced recovery
Level oftechnology
required
Low
High
Resourcequality
Rese
rve
Gro
wth
High
Low
Sonnenberg, 04
The WattenbergGeothermal
Anomaly
Vitrinite ReflectanceValues, %Ro
The WattenbergGeothermal
Anomaly
Vitrinite ReflectanceValues, %Ro
Higley & Cox, 2005
Wattenberg Thermal AnomalyWattenberg Thermal Anomaly
• Related to igneous masses in basement• Located where CMD intersects Denver
Basin• Direct temperature measurements in
wells• Ro values• GORs
• Related to igneous masses in basement• Located where CMD intersects Denver
Basin• Direct temperature measurements in
wells• Ro values• GORs
Modified from Weimer, 1995
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
DEP
TH
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
HYDROSTATIC GRADIENT (0.43 psi/ft)
UNDERPRESSURED
OVERPRESSUREDMigration
Paths
Sussex(Terry)
Shannon(Hygiene)
PierreShale
Muddy J SSBenton Gp.
Sharon Springs MbrNiobraraCodell
SourceRock
Weimer, 1995PRESSURE PSI
Overpressuring in Rockies Basins
INCREASING THERMAL METAMORPHISM
VOLUME OF ORIGINALUNMETAMORPHOSED“IMMATURE ORGANICMATERIAL (KEROGEN)
ASSUMES GENERATED HYDROCARBONS ARERETAINED IN SYSTEM & CONVERT TO
STABLE SPECIES
VOLUME OF METAMORPHOSEDORGANIC MATERIAL
VOLUME OF GENERATEDFLUID HYDROCARBONS
“MATURE”
Modified from Spencer, 1987 and Meissner, 1980SAS, 04
Structural OverviewStructural Structural OverviewOverview Fort
Collins
Greeley
Golden
Denver
7N
5N
1N
3N
1S
3S
5S
64W66W68W
3750
3500
3250
32503000
3000
3000
2500
27.5
275025002000
2500
2500 2750 300
2750
3000
2500150027.510
5
275020
0017
.515
00
2750
2750
3000
2500
3000
3000
J. WFZ
B.H.P.
Longmont
Fault ZoneBe.
RM A
C.G. WFZ
S.L.
W. WFZ
??
N
S
Boulder
Lafayette
Fault Zone
North-trending structural axis
Northeast trending right lateral wrench faults
Antithetic and synthetic horsts and grabens
Contours represent subsea depths to top J SS
Weimer, 2000
T5N
T4N
Codell Faulting Density isGreater than J Sand
Codell Faulting Density isGreater than J Sand
Ladd, 2001
J Sandstone Stratigraphic Nomenclature
J Sandstone Stratigraphic Nomenclature
HuntsmanShale
Mowry Shale
D Sand
8100
8000
7950
7900
Sec 9 2N 67W Sec 31 1N 65W
Skull Creek ‘A’
Skull Creek Marker
Skull Creek Ash
8050
J Sandstone
Skull Creek Shale
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
LSE/SB
Skull Creek
J SS
TSE / LSE
HuntsmanShale
Horsetooth Member(LST/TST)
8100
8000
7950
7900
Sec 9 2N 67W Sec 31 1N 65W
Skull Creek ‘A’
Skull Creek
Skull Creek Ash
8050
J Sandstone
TSE
LSE
Mowry Shale
Fort CollinsMember
(HST)
D Sand
Sequence Stratigraphy of J Sandstone
Sequence Stratigraphy of J Sandstone
FC1
FC2
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
T 1
NT
1 S
T 2
NT
3 N
T 4
N
R 68 W R 67 W R 66 W R 65 W R 64 W
EURRed > 15 Bcf / sec.Green 10 - 12 Bcf / sec.Blue < 8 Bcf / sec.
J Sandstone Original Gas in Place
J Sandstone Original Gas in Place
Hu, 2002
A A’
B
B’
Sequence Stratigraphy of Fort Collins Member
Sequence Stratigraphy of Fort Collins Member
0 5000 10000 ft.
100 Ft.
SE11
2N
67W
SW12
2N
67W
SE12
2N
67W
SW7
2N 6
6W
SE7
2N 6
6W
SW8
2N 6
6W
SE8
2N 6
6W
SW9
2N 6
6W
SE9
2N 6
6W
SW10
2N
66W
SE10
2N
66W
SW11
2N
66W
SE11
2N
66W
SW12
2N
66W
SE12
2N
66W
W E
FC 3FC 3FC2FC2
FC 2AFC 2ASkull Creek A
Skull Creek
Mowry Shale
FC 1FC 1
Huntsman Shale(Graneros)
Fort Collins 1
SW10
2N
67W
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
Kugel 21-18Kugel 21-18
Horsetooth Valley Cross SectionHorsetooth Valley Cross Section
NE2
5 1N
67W
SW19
1N
67W
NE1
9 1N
66W
SW17
1N
66W
NE1
7 1N
66W
NE8
1N
66W
SW4
1N 6
6W
NE4
1N
66W
SE33
1N
66W
NE3
3 2N
66W
SE27
2N
66W
NE2
7 2N
66W
SW NE
0 5000 10000 ft.
100 Ft.
Huntsman Shale(Graneros)
Mowry Shale
Fort CollinsMember
FC3FC3FC2FC2
FC1FC1
FC2AFC2A
Skull Creek A
Skull Creek
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
R 68 W R 67 W R 66 W R 65 W R 64 W
J Gas Trap Is Stratigraphic(Facies Pinch-out & Muddy Valley-fill)
J Gas Trap Is Stratigraphic(Facies Pinch-out & Muddy Valley-fill)
T 1
NT
1 S
T 2
NT
3 N
T 4
N
A A’
Stacked Stacked FC 1 and FC 2FC 1 and FC 2
B
B’FC
1 str
andli
ne
FC 1
stran
dline
StackedFC 2 & 3
Paleovalley
Paleovalley
Paleovalley
Paleovalley
Paleovalley
Paleovalley
Paleovalleymodified from Hu, 2002; Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
J %Ro > 1(blue lineafter Higley& Cox,2005)
Pertinent Data – Muddy J Sandstone, Wattenberg Field
Pertinent Data – Muddy J Sandstone, Wattenberg Field
• Depth 7,600 – 8,400 ft• BHT, oF 260• BHP, psig 2,900• Gross sand, ft 50 to 100• Net pay, ft 10 to 50• Porosity, % 8 to 12• Permeability, md 0.05 – 0.005• Original spacing 320• Est. original reserves 1.3 TCF• Current Est. Cum 1.3 TCF
• Depth 7,600 – 8,400 ft• BHT, oF 260• BHP, psig 2,900• Gross sand, ft 50 to 100• Net pay, ft 10 to 50• Porosity, % 8 to 12• Permeability, md 0.05 – 0.005• Original spacing 320• Est. original reserves 1.3 TCF• Current Est. Cum 1.3 TCF
modified from Matuszczak, 1976
Production“Sweet Spot”
Dome # 1-13 FrankSec. 13-T4N-R65WDome # 1-13 FrankSec. 13-T4N-R65W
Niobrara &Codell Type Log Niobrara &Niobrara &CodellCodell Type Log Type Log
30
30 -10
Dens.Neut.G.R. Resis.
6900
7000
7100
7200
10%
NIOBRARA
FT. HAYES
CODELL
CARLILE
C CHALK
B CHALK
A CHALK
NW SE NW NW SE NW Sec. 8, T3NSec. 8, T3N--R67WR67W
Gustason and Sonnenberg, 2003
Codell Pressure GradientCodell Pressure Gradient
••Based upon PBased upon P--buildupsbuildups
••Range: 0.366Range: 0.366--0.669 psi/ft.0.669 psi/ft.
••Coincident with basin axisCoincident with basin axis
••Most north of Most north of ““Wattenberg Wattenberg HighHigh””
••Follows J Ro =1% outline Follows J Ro =1% outline (blue)(blue)
••High GOR, sweet spot (gray High GOR, sweet spot (gray area) coincident with area) coincident with temperature anomalytemperature anomaly
Birmingham, 2000
Pertinent Data – CodellSandstone, Wattenberg Field
Pertinent Data – CodellSandstone, Wattenberg Field
• Depth 7,100 – 7,300 ft• BHT, oF 220• BHP, psig 4,600• Gross sand, ft 10-15• Net pay, ft 5-12• Porosity, % 8 to 12• Permeability, md 0.05 – 0.005• Original spacing 80• Est. original reserves NA
• Depth 7,100 – 7,300 ft• BHT, oF 220• BHP, psig 4,600• Gross sand, ft 10-15• Net pay, ft 5-12• Porosity, % 8 to 12• Permeability, md 0.05 – 0.005• Original spacing 80• Est. original reserves NA
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
• Bypassed pay• Technology• Field growth • Long range migration• Reservoir compartmentalization• LRLC pays• Geothermal anomalies
• Bypassed pay• Technology• Field growth • Long range migration• Reservoir compartmentalization• LRLC pays• Geothermal anomalies