Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote ... · Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques Chitra. C 1, Alaguraja. P 1,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on September 2011 published on November 2011 311

Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques

Chitra. C 1, Alaguraja. P 1, Ganeshkumari. K 2 , Yuvaraj. D 1 Manivel. M 1 1. Department of Geology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli620024

2. Department of Plant science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli620024 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study area Kundha watershed, the area chosen for the present study lies in the Nilgiri hills which covers a portion of the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu state. It lies in the South Western end of Bhavani basin. It is located bound by Geo Coordinate between 76 0 35’ and to 76 0 45’ N and 11 0 15’ to 20 0 E and parts of udagamandalam. It covered by 1:50,000 scale Survey of India toposheet Nos. 58A/11, 12. It falls a part of Palaghat District of Kerala and the Nilgiris and Coimbatore Districts of Tamil Nadu State in Western Ghats. The covering an total area of Kundah watershed is 266. Sq.km. the Peninsular granite gneiss, Archeans, Charnokites Dharwar gneiss and schist comprise the major lithological units. The watershed forms part of Nilgiri plateau and consist of polyconvex residual hill/ridges separated by flat valley flood, denudational hills and remnants of lder plantion surfaces, which are dissected. The highest point (2637m above M.S.L) lies at a place within Dodda Betta estate. The river kundah and its tributaries drain the watershed. The climate of the area is subhumid and sub – tropical with a mean anuual rainfall 1250mm to 1500mm at kundah watershed. The mean annual temperature 14.5 0 C and 28.6C respectively. Natural vegetation comprises of evergreen and semievergreen types. Among plantations tea and wattle plantations are very common.

Keywords: Morphometry, Kundah Watershed, GIS

1. Introduction

The drainage morphometric is the study based on measurement and mathematical analysis of the geometry of relief features, shape and dimensions of the drainage basin characteristics. These factors have very significant effect on the evolution of the network of streams (Rawashdeh, 1996). Therefore, the morphometric techniques are taken to describe and classify the various parameters of kundah Sub basin. The quantitative analysis of the drainage basin and its characteristics has become an essential objective of the present study.

The close relationship between hydrology and geomorphology play an important role in the drainage morphometric analysis (Horton, 1933). The drainage pattern is a network of stream channels of all orders having a particular fluvial system within the basin area indicative of the homogeneous character of geology, climate, tectonic history, drainage lines and human interference. In a particular basin sprawl, a drainage type is developed when a drainage network of channel lines have adjusted together with the subsurface structure.

Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques Chitra.C et al.,

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 2 Issue 1, 2011

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1.1 Study area

The Kundha watershed, the area chosen for the present study lies in the Nilgiri hills which covers a portion of the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu state. It lies in the South Western end of Bhavani basin.

Figure 1: Study area map

Figure 2: Study Area Imagery



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It is located bound by Geo Coordinate between 76 0 35’ and to 76 0 45’ N and 11 0 15’ to 20 0 E and parts of udagamandalam. It covered by 1:50,000 scale Survey of India toposheet Nos. 58A/11, 12. It falls a part of Palaghat District of Kerala and the Nilgiris and Coimbatore Districts of Tamil Nadu State in Western Ghats.

2. Aim and objectives

Ø To appreciate the different attributes data vital for development using thematic maps viz., land use, Slope, Soil type, Geomorphology, Geology, Topographic maps, Stream system and plane water of the study area.

Ø To discover most important and slight structural features using Remotely Sensed and Geographical Information Systems database pursue by ground reality affirmation.

Ø Perceptive the morphometric Analysis of the study area Linear Aspect, Areal aspect. Relief Aspect.

2.1 Material and Methods

For the drainage network extracted from the Survey of India’s topographic sheets of 1: 50,000 scales were made use of. The water divide (ridge line) of the sub basins were demarcated and extracted in and exported in Arc GIS environment. A total of 25 sub watersheds were identified within the kundah basin. Strahler’s method of stream ordering which is the most commonly used for stream ordering has been adapted in this study. As per the Strahler’s (1964) method, fingertip tributaries (all the initial, unbranched source tributaries) are of first order. Successively higher orders are formed by the junction of two stream segments of the same order, i.e., two first orders create a second order, two second orders create a third order and soon. Order is not changed when stream segments of two different orders join. Rather, the stream below such a junction retains the higher order. Thus ordering of the streams was carried out for the two basins. This was followed by the estimation of number of streams in each order of the basins.

By using Arc GIS linear referencing tool, the geometric measurements of lengths and aerial units were calculated with WGS 84 UTM 44 grid polyconic projected coordinate system. By using the tool, basin perimeter and basin length were determined. From the topographic sheets details regarding the elevation within the basins have been noted down. The data thus obtained from the basin for the study of drainage morphometric characters to find out the various parameters of linear, areal and relief aspects are given in the respective sections.

2.2 Linear aspects of the Watershed

Linear aspects of the 25 watersheds, related to the channel patterns of drainage network where in the topological characteristics of the stream segments in terms of open links of the stream network system are analysed. The parameters such as stream order, number of streams, stream length, bifurcation ratio and length ratio are taken into account for the present study and the results have been tabulated in the table 4.1 as a whole to 4.26 as sub watersheds.

The majority of instances the soil erosion divides are coincident with the topographic ones. To do the net work on drainage Basin, it must first to be sub divided into stream order based



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on most widely used ordering scheme adopted by Strahler (1957) Horton (1945), Schirdegges (1965) and Shreve (1967). But the present study has adopted the widely used method of Strahler. The study area is a 6 th order drainage basin (Figure 1).

Among the sub watersheds, the highest stream order (6th order) is found in Garathre Halla, Emerald Valley Halla and Upper Avalanche. Among the all sub watersheds the maximum stream order is found to be in the Upper Avalanche with 217 stream numbers which is followed by Bellaram Hally with 216 stream numbers. Among the sub watersheds, the stream numbers are found to vary from 7 (Emerald valley watershed) to 217 (Upper Avalanche). Stream numbers are observed to be very low (<20 stream numbers) in Avalanche (11), Emerald Valley (7), Arebetta (19) and Yedakad (16) sub watersheds. Stream numbers are observed to be low (2030) in Kaka Bettu (27), Mel Kunda (24), Avalanche valley (23), Bettumund (27), Bakorai (22), and Oammandu (23). Stream numbers are moderate (3040) in Otemale Halla (40), Kadcupa (31), Sitta Halla (33) and Hiriya Shige (38) sub watershed and high (4080) in Chinna Mulli (43), Aradu Bettu (74), Emerald valley Halla (52) and Peria Mulli (44) sub watersheds. The stream numbers are very high (>80) in Pegumbu Halla (88), Bellaram Halla (216), Kollar Betta (88), Garathre Halla (89), Gedde (175), Kunda Upper reaches (86) and Upper Avalanche (217) sub watersheds.

The segments of each order are counted and numbered (Nu). The streams were assigned with numbers according to their segments. The number of streams increases as the order increases. The total numbers of all streams in all segments in this watershed are 1513 of which the first order streams above 1166 which accounts for 77 % to the total number of streams. figure

Stream Order Figure 3 Plots of number of stream segments of each order against order number

The second order streams are 266 or 17% which of the total number of streams. The successive stream orders are remaining 7.4%. The minimum number of first orders streams found in Emerald valley are 7, which is the smallest sub watershed in the study area. The highest amounts of first order streams indicate the intensity of permeability and infiltration. Upper Avalanche and Bellaram Halla sub watersheds having high values of first order



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streams which should be taken care of, because there is a possibility of sudden flash floods after heavy rainfall in the down streams.

Horton (1945) and Strahler (1952) defined bifurcation ratio as the ratio of the number of streams of one order to the number of streams of the next higher order. Bifurcation ratios characteristically range between 3.0 and 6.0 for watersheds in which the geologic structures do not distort the drainage pattern (Strahler, 1964). Abnormally high bifurcation ratios might be expected in regions of steeply dipping rock strata. Elongated basins with high bifurcation ratios yield a low but extended peak flow, while rounded basins with low ratios produce a sharp peak. Potential flood danger increases as the value of bifurcation ratio is lowered (Patrick, 1978).

Stream length is one of the most significant hydrological features of the basin as it reveals surface runoff characteristics streams of relatively smaller lengths are characteristics of areas with larger slopes and finer textures. The number of streams of various orders in a sub watershed is counted and their lengths from mouth to drainage divide are measured. Longer lengths of streams are generally indicative of flatter gradients. Generally, the total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. The numbers of streams of various orders in the basin are counted and their lengths from mouth to drainage divide are measured with the help of GIS software. Plot of the logarithm of stream length versus stream order showed the linear pattern which indicates the homogenous rock material subjected to weathering erosion characteristics of the basin. Deviation from its general behavior indicates that the terrain is characterized by variation in lithology and topography.

Stream length ratio (RL) may be defined as the ratio of the mean length of the one order to the next lower order of the stream segment (Horton, 1945). It is the ratio between the mean lengths of streams of any two consecutive orders. Horton’s law (1945) of stream length states that the mean length of stream segments of each of the successive orders of a basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series, with stream lengths increasing towards higher stream order.

2.3 Aerial aspects of the Wat$ershed

The parameters which are governed by the area of the drainage basin are classed as areal aspects of the basin. The areal aspects of the sub basin such as watershed area, drainage density, stream frequency, circularity ratio, form factor, elongation ratio and length of overland flow have been identified and results have been given in table 4.29. Area of a basin (Au) and perimeter (P) are the important parameters in quantitative morphology. The area of the basin is defined as the total area projected upon a horizontal plane contributing to cumulate of all order of basins. Perimeter is the length of the boundary of the basin which can be drawn from topographical maps. Basin area is hydrologically important because it directly affects the size of the storm hydrograph and the magnitudes of peak and mean runoff. It is interesting that the maximum flood discharge per unit area is inversely related to size (Clorey et al., 1957). Horton (1932) introduced the drainage density (D) is an important indicator of the linear scale of landform elements in stream eroded topography. It is the ratio of total channel segment lengths cumulated for all orders within a basin to the basin area, which is expressed in terms of mi/sq. mi or km/sq. km. The drainage density indicates the closeness of spacing of channels, thus stream channel for the whole basin. It has been observed from drainage density measurements made over a wide range of geologic and climatic types that a



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low drainage density is more likely to occur in regions of highly resistant of highly permeable subsoil material under dense vegetative cover and where relief is low. High drainage density is the resultant of weak or impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief. Low drainage density leads to coarse drainage texture while high drainage density leads to fine drainage texture (Strahler, 1964). Thus, drainage density (Du), exhibits a very wide range of values in nature and it commonly believed to reflect the operation of the complex factors controlling surface runoff.

2.4 Elongation Ratio

Schuman (1956) and Chorley (1957) defined elongation ratio (Re) as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area of the basin to the maximum basin length. It is a very significant index in the analysis of basin shape which helps to give an idea about the hydrological character of a drainage basin. Values of elongation ratio ranging between 0 and 0.6 indicate rotundity and low degree of integration within a basin and values between 0.6 and 1.0 assumes pear shaped characteristics of a well integrated drainage basin (Strahler, 1964). The Re value of the study area is 16.4, the basin in the study area assumes a pear shaped characteristics indicating high degree of integration since this method plays a significant role in ascertaining the shape of the catchment area and its corrections with the hydrology of the basins.

Quantitative expression of drainage basin outline form was made by (Horton, 1932, 1956) through a form factor ratio (Rf), which is the dimensionless ratio of basin area to the square of basin length. Basin shape may be indexed by simple dimensionless ratios of the basic measurements of area, perimeter and length (Singh, 1988). The basin length is very important factor influencing the peak flow and other hydrograph characteristics such as steepness of rising and recession limbs, the time spread of hydrograph etc., (Satyaji Rao et al., 1998). The same definition given by Strahler (1957) is the ratio of the basin area (Au) to the square of the basin length (Lb).

2.5 Circularity Ratio

The basin shape itself largely controlled by geological structure and it is an important control factor over the geometry of the stream work. Miller (1953) defined the basin circularity ratio is the ratio of the basin area (Au) to the area of a circle with the same perimeter as the basin. He described the basin of the circularity ratios range 0.4 to 0.5 which indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. The circularity ratio value of the basin ranges between 0.141 for Upper Avalanche to 1.395 for Kadcupa.

2.6 Stream Frequency

Horton (1932, 1945) introduced stream frequency (Fs) as the number of stream segments per unit area. It is obtained by dividing the total number of streams of all orders (Nu) by the total drainage basin area (Au). Stream frequency (Fs) is related to permeability, infiltration capacity and relief of a subwatershed. In the Kundah watershed the calculated stream frequency is highest in Chinna Mulli (9.91) sub watershed which can be attributed to high relief and low infiltration capacity. The lowest stream frequency seems in Kadcupa sub watershed which is 1.86. It indicates that the channels of lower order streams in this study area fairly tortuous and irregular their surface water flow is limited and infiltration possibility.



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The length of over landflow is one of the most important variables affecting terrain development of drainage basin. The length of overland flow (Lg) approximately equal to half of the reciprocal of drainage density (Horton, 1945). The shorter length of overland flow, the quicker surface runoff will enter the stream. In the present study, the length of overland flow varies between 0.68 in kadcupa which shows minimum lof and 7.61 for Mel Kunda which shows the maximum lof in Kundah watershed.

2.7 Relief Aspects

The relief aspects of drainage basin are also important in water resources studies. The character of the distribution of slope, angles sampled over the whole basin depends on the height distribution within it. For flood plain areas the distribution is in normal. But other basins give skewed distribution, the direction of skew depending on whether the small angles are concentrated on the youth. The total drop in elevation from the source to the mouth is found out for the river Kundah. Horizontal distance is measured along the relief aspects of the watershed as a whole are given in table 4.30. The river drop its altitude from origin is in 2301metre above MSL and its run is in 2sqkm to 34sqkm; slopes are in steep slope and very gentle slope.

Relief is an important attribute of terrain in general and the drainage watershed is in particular. According to Strahler (1968), relief measures are indicative of the potential energy of the drainage system because of its elevation above mean sea level. The relief aspects considered for the present study include watershed relief, relief ratio and ruggedness number (Table).

Watershed relief (H) aspects of the sub basins play an important role in drainage development,surface and sub surface water flow, permeability, landforms development and erosion properties of the terrain.Watershed relief was computed by finding the arithmetic difference between the maximum and the minimum elevations in a given watershed. The watershed relief values are computed and shown in table 4.30. For the Kundah watershed, the watershed relief is found to be 18510 m. In the sub watersheds, watershed relief varies from 14m (Avalanche Valley) to 1525m (Upper Avalanche Valley). Kundah Watershed relief was found to be high (>1000m) in the Chinna Mulli, Kaka Bettu, Pegumbu Halla, Mel Kunda, Otemale Halla, Bellaram Halla, Aradu Bettu and upper Avalanche sub watershed. The watershed relief is moderate (7501000 m.) in Kadcupa sub watershed; low (<750 m.) in Oammandu, Kollar Betta, Kunda Upper reaches, Avalanche Valley, Avalanche, Emerald Valley, Emerald Valley Halla, Sitta Halla, Yedakad, Bettumund, Bakorai, Garathre Halla, Gedde, Hiriya Shige, Peria Mulli and Arebetta. The influence of relief is inextricably bound up with other watershed characteristic and is of greater significant to some indices of watershed response particularly peak run off rates and sediment delivery than others (Gregory and Walling, 1973). Watershed relief is an index of the potential energy available in the drainage watershed; the greater the relief, the greater erosional forces acting on the watershed (Patton, 1988). In the Watershed Chinna Mulli and Aradu Bettu the erosional forces are relatively higher. Watersheds such as Pegumbu Halla, Kollar Bettu and Bellaram Halla have moderate erosion. In the rest of the watershed the erosional forces is relatively less.



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Figure 4: Sub watershed

Difference in the elevation between the highest point of a basin (on the main divide) and the lowest point on the valley floor is known as the total relief of the river basin. The relief ratio may be defined as the ratio between the total relief of a basin and the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the main drainage line (Schumm, 1956). The possibility of a close correlation between relief ratio and hydrologic characteristics of a basin suggested by scheme who found that sediments loose per unit area is closely correlated with relief ratios.When watershed relief is divided by the horizontal distance on which it is measured, it results in a dimensionless relief ratio (Schumm, 1954). It measures the overall steepness of a drainage watershed and is an indicator of the intensity of erosion process.Ruggedness number (Rn) indicates the structural complexity of the terrain. The ruggedness number has been calculated from the following relationship suggested by Schumm (1954)The ruggedness number values obtained for the kundah watershed by using the relationship mentioned above are given in the table 4.30. The ruggedness number ranges from 0.01 for Avalanche Valley sub watershed to 3.33 for Mel Kunda. This has been established that relative peak discharge increases with increased drainage watershed ruggedness number (Patton, 1988) Chinna Mulli, Mel Kunda, Aradu Bettu, Upper Avalanche sub watersheds with higher ruggedness number value and peak discharges are also higher. All the other sub Watersheds of Kundah have low (below 3) ruggedness number value and where peak discharge is less.



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2.8 Drainage Pattern

The drainage pattern of the Kundah Watershed has studied and revealed four types of drainage patterns viz., parallel, trellis, rectangular and dendritic.

3. Characteristics of Kundah Watershed

From the analysis of the various pattern of drainage morphometric characteristics of the Kundah Watershed and its sub watersheds the following inferences have been made.The first step in any drainage basin analysis is the designation of stream orders which helpful not only the index the size and scale but also to afford and approximate index of the amount of stream flow which can be produce by a particular network. From the analysis of stream order data in the Kundah watershed observed that the maximum frequency is in the case of first order streams. It is also noticed that there is a decrease in stream frequency as the stream order increases (Table 1 5). The stream segments of the drainage basin have been ranked according to Strahler’s stream ordering system. The study area belongs to the 6th order drainage basin that reveals well developed dendritic type drainage network. Individual counting of the streams in the river basin reveals the total number of streams.in the Kundah Watershed. The total number of 1513 streams were identified out of which 1166 are I st order, 266 are IInd order, 59 are IIIrd order, 13 is indicating IVth order stream, 6 are Vth order and 3 are VIth. The variation in order and size of the sub watersheds is largely due to physiographic and structural conditions of the region. The streams up to second order can be seen in all the sub watersheds and it started decreasing from the third order of the watershed.

3.1 Linear Aspect

3.2 Stream Number

The order wise total number of stream segment is known as the stream number. Horton (1945) laws of stream numbers states that the number of stream segments of each order forms an inverse geometric sequence against plotted order. Most drainage networks show a linear relationship with small deviation from a straight line. Plotting the logarithm of number of streams against stream’s order (Figure 4.9) shows a straight line. This means that the number of streams usually decreases as the stream order increases. The higher amount stream order indicates lesser permeability and infiltration in Bellaram Halla (216), Upper Avalanche (217) and Gedde (175) in sub watersheds.The linear pattern is also an indicative of homogeneous rock material subjected to weathering. Deviation from its general behaviour indicates that the basin is characterised by lithologic and topographic variation.

3.3 Stream Length

Stream length is one of the most significant hydrological features of the basin as it reveals surface runoff characteristics. Streams with relatively short lengths are representative of areas with steep slopes and finer textures whereas longer lengths of stream are generally indicative of low gradients. Stream length (Lu) has been computed based on the law proposed by Horton (1945) for all twenty five watersheds. 1st order and 2nd order stream are mostly in highly elevated with moderate slope while higher order 3 rd , 4 th and 6 th stream occurred in low elevation with deep dissects. Generally higher the order longer the length of stream is noticed in the nature. Longer length of stream is advantages over the shorter length, in that the former collects water from wider area and greater option for construction a bund along the length. It



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is observed form the Table 4.27. The analysis of stream length shows that Bellaram Halla (111.33 Km) Upper Avalanche (130.39 Km) and Gedde (100.74 Km) sub watersheds by greater annual run off, whereas, Avalanche (9.38 Km) and Emerald valley (5.44 Km) are on account of their lower stream lengths are likely to have lower run off.

3.4 Stream Length Ratio

All the sub watersheds in study area show variation in stream length ratio between streams of different order. The RL between streams of different orders in the study area reveals that there is a variation of RL in each subbasin (Table 4.28).The variation might be due to change in slope and topography of Chinna Mulli (1.05) and Kaka Bettu (1.26) sub watershed show an increasing trend in length ratio from lower to higher order indicative of their mature geographic stage. For the other sub watersheds changes of stream length ratio from one order to another order indicating their late youth stage of geomorphic development (Singh and Singh, 1997).

The total stream length and its mean length, the length ratio and mean ratio are computed and presented for the study area. The length ratio in different order of stream are varying from 0.4 (Hiriya shige) to 1.7 (Garathre Halla). The mean lengths are plotted against the stream order on a semi – logarithmic scale sheet (Fig 4.3 – 4.7). In the Logarithmic graph, the total stream length against the stream orders is also plotted as suggested by Strahler (1956) which plots as straight line which are shown as inserted diagram in respective sub basin in map.

3.5 Bifurcation Ratio

In the present study, the higher values of bifurcation ratio (Rb) indicates strong structural control on the drainage pattern, while the lower values indicative of subwatersheds that are not affect by structural disturbances. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) may be defined as the average of bifurcation ratios of all order (Table 4.28). In the present case, Rbm value is 0.4 for Kundah watersheds which fall under normal basin category and shows that the basin conforms to the characteristics of a natural the basin conforms to the characteristics of a natural less disturbing to the drainage pattern (Strahler 1957). The Bifurcation ratio is not same from one to another. These irregularities are dependent upon the geological and lithological development of the drainage basin (Strahler, 1964). The analysis of bifurcation value shows that the Basin and its watersheds possesses well developed drainage network. The value shows that the Kakabettu (6.25), Chinna Mulli (6) and Emerald valley (6) watersheds flow through mountainous and dissected regions, have high ratio values where as Avalanche (3), Pegumbu Halla (3.7) and Otemale Halla (3.15) have low ratio values. These are likely to flow through flat and rolling topography. The lower bifurcation ratio values are characteristics of the watershed, which has suffered less structural disturbances and the drainage pattern has not been distorted by the structural disturbances. The bifurcation ratio is also indicative of shape of the basin also. An elongated basin is likely to have a high Rb, whereas a circular basin is likely to have low Rb.

3.6 Stream Length Ratio

All the subwatersheds in the study area show variation in stream length ratio between streams of different order. The mean stream length ratio of the Kundah watershed is 0.7. Changes of stream length ratio from one order to another order indicating their late youth stage of geomorphic development which is neatly tabulated (Table 4.5).



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3.7 Aerial aspect

3.7.1 Form Factor

The form factor for all subwatersheds varies from 0.15 – 0.79 (Table 4.29). This observation shows that the subwatersheds are more or less elongated. The elongated watershed with low value of Rf indicates that the basin will have a flatter peak flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage than from the circular basin. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage than of the circular basin. Among the Kundah watersheds Kadcupa sub watershed with the form factor 0.79 seems to be highly elongataed when compared to other subwatersheds of Kundah. Chinna mulli with the Rf of 0.15, kaka Bettu with 0.17 and Otemella Halla with 0.19 was seen to be circular in shape. Analysis of form factor (Rf) reveals that sub basins having low Rf have less side flow for shorter duration and high main flow for longer duration. The sub watershed with high Rf have side flow for longer duration and low main flow for shorter duration causing high peak flows in a shorter duration.

3.7.2 Drainage Density

The drainage density (Du) of the study area varies from 1.36 – 15.22 sq. km with the average density of 4.45km/sq. km. This value indicates that for every square kilometer of the basin, there is 4.4 kilometer of stream channel for each unit area. According to Strahler (1964) values of Drainage density under 12 are low density, those with values of between 12 and 16 are medium density basins while basins with values above 16 are high density basins. From this classification, Kundha watershed falls into the group of low density basins. It is suggested that the low drainage density indicates the basin is highly permeable subsoil and thick vegetative cover (Nag, 1998). The type of rock also affects the drainage density. Generally, lower values of D tend to occur on granite, gneiss and schist regions. Among the 25 subwatersheds of Kundah, higher value of Drainage density was observed on Mel Kundah with 15.22 sq. km which is the resultant of weak or impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous relief.

3.7.3 Frequencies

The stream frequencies of all the sub watersheds are mentioned in Table 4.29. The value of stream frequency (Fs) for the basin exhibit positive correlation with the drainage density value of the area indicating the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density. Stream frequency (Fs) is related to permeability, infiltration capacity and relief of a subwatershed. The calculated value of stream frequency (Fs) (9.91) is higher in Chinna Mulli subwatershed, which can be attributed to high relief, sparse vegetation and low infiltration capacity. Low value of 1.86 observed in Kadcupa subwatershed in this the basin having high permeable geology, low relief and the almost flat topography. Due to permeable rocks the surface runoff is low and infiltration capacity is high within in the study area. The value of stream frequency (Fc) for the basin exhibit positive correlation with the drainage density value of the area indicating the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density.



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Figure 5: Drainage Density

3.7.4 Elongation Ratio

The Elongation ratio of the Kundah watershed is given in the table 4.29. The values of Re generally vary from 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide variety of climate and geologic types values close to 1.0 are typical of regions of very low relief, where as values in the range 0.6 to 0.8 are usually associated with high relief and steep ground slope (Strahler 1964). These values can be grouped into 4 categories namely (a) circle (> 0.9), (b) Oval (0.9 to 0.8), (c) Less elongated (<0.7). (d) Elongated (>0.7). The elongation ratio of subwatershed of the study area varies from 0.44 (Chinna Mulli) to 1.00 (Kadcupa). The lowest Re (0.44) in the case of Chinna Mulli subwatershed indicates the less elongated basin with high relief and steep slope, while very high values in Kadcupa subwatershed (1.00) indicates the less elongated with low relief and remaining subwatershed indicates that plain land with low relief and low slope.

3.7.5 Circulatory Ratio

The circulatory ratio of the Kundah watershed is given in the table 4.29 Miller (1953) described the basin of the circularity ratios range 0.4 to 0.5 which indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. In the present study, the Rc ranges from 0.005 (Emerald valley) to 0.11 (Kadcupa) for the whole Kundah watershed. The circularity ratio value of the basin does not corroborates the Miller’s range which indicated that the basin is elongated in shape, low discharge of runoff and highly permeability of the subsoil condition.



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3.7.6 Overland Flow (LOF)

Length of the overland flow (Lof) is the length of water over the ground before it gets concentrated in to definite stream channels. The length of overland flow value for the Kundah watershed is 55.6 found to be which implies that the rainwater on an average has to run over 5.62 km², before getting concentrated in stream channels. In Mel Kundah sub watershed where the length of overland flow value is little higher (7.61), the rain water has to travel relatively longer distance before getting concentrated into stream channels. In other sub watersheds the overland flow value is low, rainwater will enter the stream quickly. The analysis of length of overland flow data reveals that, the watershed Kadcupa (0.68) have an account of their low values leads matured stage and structurally complex due to the low value of Lof (0.68). Further in this watershed heavy rainfall is sufficient to contribute a significant volume of surface run off to stream discharge. In all other watersheds which possess higher length of overland flow, the case is reverse.

3.8 Relief Aspect

3.8.1 Watershed Relief

Watershed relief (H) aspects of the sub basins play an important role in drainage development, surface and sub surface water flow, permeability, landforms development and erosion properties of the terrain (Table 4.30). For the Kundah watershed, the watershed relief is found to be 18510 m. The watershed relief for Upper Avalanche is 1525m. The high H value indicates the gravity of water flow, low infiltration and high runoff conditions. The Watershed relief for Avalanche valley is seems to be very low where the erosional forces is relatively less.

3.8.2 Relief Ratio

The relief ratio for the Kundah watershed was given in the table 4.30. In the study area, the values of relief ratio vary from 331.61 for Mel Kundah to 4.6 Avalanche valley. It is noticed that the high values of Rh indicate steep slope and high relief, while the lower values may indicate the presence of basement rocks that are exposed in the form of small ridges and mounds with lower degree of slope (GIS, 1981).

3.8.3 Ruggedness Number

The analysis of ruggedness number suggests that the sub watershed Mel Kundah (3.33) where the ruggedness number value is higher, the peak discharge rates are likely to be higher. The ruggedness number of Chinna Mulli (1.02), Aradu Bettu (1.10) and upper Avalanche (1.10) were slightly higher in which the watershed is susceptible to erosion. On the other hand the discharge rates are likely to be less in other sub watersheds in view of their lower ruggedness number values. Finally, the Kundah watershed has been controlled by structural in general for the running of the streams. These streams are running from the Northwest to the Southeast direction and finally confluence the Upper Bhavani River. It is one of the major tributary of Cauvery River basin of India. Generally, the present Kundah watershed is elongated in shape and frequently occurs on flash flood and landslides.



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Figure 5: Relief

4. Conclusion

One of the purposes of fluvial morphometry is to derive information in quantitative form about the geometry of the fluvial system that can be correlated with hydrologic information. The present chapter investigations to determine the relationship of stream discharge to area of watershed. The discharge of a stream increases with increasing drainage basin area. It remains to be determined what mathematical model applies to such an increase. If stream systems were fitted with gauges at the lower end of each channel segment of each order, the investigation could proceed according to basin areas by order. In practice, gauges are situated at the points on streams at the end of the watershed of the five major regions. Therefore, it relates streams discharge to the total contributing area of watershed above the gauge. In another word, the discharge of a stream is a direct logarithmic function of the area of the drainage basin of the stream above the point at which discharge was measured. The morphometric parameters evaluated using GIS helped to understand various terrain parameters such as nature of bedrock, infiltration capacity, runoff, etc. One practical use of the nested aspects (Linear, areal and relief) of stream discharge to basin area is that it enables the hydrologist to estimate mean discharge at any point in the system by measuring the watershed area lying above that point. Such knowledge would be essential in designing hydraulic structures, such as dams, bridges and irrigation diversions.

Table 1: Linear Aspects of Kundah Watershed



325

Sl. No

Strea m

Orde r(U)

Number of Streams (NU)

Bifurcatio n Ratio

(NU/NU+1 )

Stream Length in km (LU)

Length Ratio

(Ri=Lu/Lu 1)

Mean Length in

km (L=Lu/Nu)

1 FIRS T 1164 580.4 0.29 0.50

2 SECO ND 270 4.31 166.56 0.51 0.62

3 THIR D 60 4.50 84.94 0.41 1.42

4 FOU RTH 11 5.45 34.61 0.51 3.15

5 FIFT H 4 2.75 17.78 1.28 4.45

6 SIXT H 1 4.00 22.73 22.73

Total 1513 4.20 907.02 0.60 0.60

Table 2(a): Stream Orders of Kundah Watershed

STREAM ORDERS (in numbers) Sl. No

Name of the sub watershed I II III IV V VI Total

1 Chinna Mulli 36 6 1 43

2 Kaka Bettu 23 2 2 27

3 Pegumbu Halla 69 14 3 2 88

4 Mel Kunda 19 4 1 24

5 Otemale Halla 29 8 3 40

6 Bellaram Halla 166 39 8 2 1 216

7 Aradu Bettu 58 12 3 1 74

8 Kollar Betta 73 12 2 1 88

9 Kunda Upper reaches 67 16 2 1 86

10 Upper Avalanche 170 42 4 1 217

11 Avalanche Valley 18 4 1 23

12 Avalanche 8 2 1 11



326

13 Kadcupa 25 5 1 31

14 Emerald Valley 6 1 7

15 Emerald Valley Halla 37 11 2 1 1 52

16 Sitta Halla 25 5 2 1 33

17 Yedakad 11 4 1 16

18 Bettumund 21 3 2 1 27

19 Bakorai 14 5 2 1 22

20 Garathre Halla 68 14 5 1 1 89

21 Gedde 132 32 8 2 1 175

22 Hiriya Shige 30 7 1 38

23 Peria Mulli 30 10 3 1 44

24 Arebetta 14 4 1 19

25 Oammandu 17 4 1 1 23

Total 1166 266 59 13 6 3 1513

Table 2(b): Stream Orders of Kundah Watershed

STREAM ORDERS (in km) I II III IV V VI Total

16.81 1.9 3.79 22.5 11.6 1.45 3.48 16.53 29.22 7.81 3.68 2.85 43.56 9.8 23.4 36.64 69.84 9.8 2.61 2.46 14.87

69.67 19.8 10.53 5.38 5.95 111.33 25 8.61 5.78 2.01 41.4 32.43 10.44 4.2 4.2 51.27 35.08 11.88 6.43 2.72 56.11 80.55 23.47 3.64 22.73 130.39 9.8 2.61 2.46 14.87 6.27 0.96 2.15 9.38

14.88 4.43 3.45 22.76

4.13 1.31 5.44 14.17 4.15 3.73 0.64 22.73 45.42 16.15 3.35 1.85 3.71 25.06

8.7 2.39 1.62 12.71

18.14 3.4 2.82 3.71 28.07



327

9.36 3.35 1.56 1.42 15.69

35.71 10.46 3.19 8.64 22.73 80.73

64.75 15.24 12.03 6.18 2.54 100.74

16.95 6.66 2.7 26.31

18.75 10.13 5.28 5.78 39.94

10.05 3.81 14.95 28.81

8.36 1.64 0.5 5.95 16.45

576.13 185.26 102.28 38.6 59.72 68.19 1030.18

Figure 5: Stream Watershed

Table 3: Morphology adopted for drainage morphometric parameters analysis

Morphometric parameters Formula Reference Stream order Hierarchial rank Strahler(1964)

Linear

aspects

Stream length(Lu) Length of the stream Horton(1945)



328

Mean stram length (Lsm)

Lsm= Lu/Nu Where, Lsm=Mean stream length Lu= Total stream length of order Nu=Total no. of stream segments of order'u'

Strahler(1964)

Stream length ratio (RL)

RL=Lu/Lu1 Where, RL=stream length ratio Lu=The total stream length of the order ‘u’ Nu+1= Number of segments of the next higher order

Horton (1945)

Bifurcation ratio (Rb)

Rb=Nu/Nu+1 Where, Rb=Bifurcation ratio Nu=Total no. of stream segments of the order ‘u’Nu+1Number of segments of the next higher order

Strahler(1956)

Mean Bifurcation ratio (Rbm)

Rbm=Average of bifurcation ratios of all orders

Strahler(1957)

Stream frequency (Fs)

Fs=Nu/Au Where, Fs= stream frequency Nu= Total no. of streams of all orders A= Area of the basin(km2)

Horton(1932)

Drainage density (Du)

Du=Lu/A Where, Du=Drainage density Lu=Total stream length of all orders Au=Area of the basin (Km 2 )

Horton (1932)

Arial A

spects

Form factor (Rf)

Rf=Au/Lb 2 Where, Rf=Form factor Au= Area of the basin(km2) Lb 2 =Square of basin length

Horton(1932)



329

Circularity ratio (Rc)

Rc= 4*Pi*Au/P 2 Where, Rc= Circularity ratio Pi='Pi' value i.e., 3.14 Au=Area of the basin(km2) P2=Square of the perimeter(km)

M i l l e r ( 1 9 5 3 )

Elongation ratio (Re)

Re=2√(Au/Pi) /Lb Where, Re=Elongation ratio Au=Area of the basin(km2) Pi='Pi' value i.e., 3.14 Lb= Basin length

Schumn(1956)

Length of overland flow (lof) Lof = 1/2Du where, Du=Drainage density Horton 1945

Watershed Relief (H)

Vertical distance between the lowest and highest points of watershed.

Schumn, 1956

Ruggedness number (Rn)

Rn = H × Du / 5280 Where, B =Basin relief; D=Drainage density

Schumm (1954)

Relief A

spects

Relief ratio (Rh)

Rh=H/Lb Where, Rh= Relief ratio H=Total relief (Relative relief) of the basin(km) LB = Basin length

Schumn(1956)

Table 4(a): Aerial Aspects of Kundah Watershed

Sl. No

Nam

e of the

sub

watershed

Area in

Sq. Km(AU)

Perim

eter

in km (F)

Length

in km (LB)

Total stream

Length

in km (Lu)



330

1 Chinna Mulli 4.34 11.62 5.33 22.5

2 Kaka Bettu 4.46 11.44 5.05 16.53

3 Pegumbu Halla 12.12 17.88 6.36 43.56

4 Mel Kunda 4.59 10.4 3.48 69.84

5 Otemale Halla 4.58 11.9 4.92 14.87

6 Bellaram Halla 26.72 22.9 9.19 111.33

7 Aradu Bettu 9.45 16.86 6.76 41.4

8 Kollar Betta 13.84 20.65 7.58 51.27

9 Kunda Upper reaches 16.43 18.84 7.34 56.11

10 Upper Avalanche 34.18 55.18 12.85 130.39

11 Avalanche Valley 3.18 8.65 3.04 14.87

12 Avalanche 2.68 9.88 2.45 9.38

13 Kadcupa 16.71 12.27 4.6 22.76

14 Emerald Valley 1.39 16.09 2.6 5.44

15 Emerald Valley Halla 7.03 16.08 3.78 45.42

16 Sitta Halla 5.94 12.2 4.16 25.06

17 Yedakad 3.46 9.2 3.3 12.71

18 Bettumund 8.23 15.02 3.9 28.07

19 Bakorai 3.82 8.9 3.47 15.69

20 Garathre Halla 20.65 28.16 7.85 80.73

21 Gedde 28.72 22.95 7.68 100.74

22 Hiriya Shige 6.76 11.83 4.02 26.31

23 Peria Mulli 17.88 23.49 7.07 39.94

24 Arebetta 5.1 11.38 3.46 28.81

25 Oammandu 2.61 7.15 2.31 16.45

Total 255.9 410.92 132.55 1030.18



331

Table 4(b): Aerial Aspects of Kundah Watershed continued

Num

ber o

f steam

s (Nu)

Form

Factor

(Rf=Au/Lb2)

Circulatary

Ratio

(Rc=4*pi*Au

/p2)

Elongation

Ratio

(Re=2Au/Lb)

Drainage

Density

(Du=Lu/Au)

Stream

Frequency

(Fc=nu/Au)

Length of

over land

flow

(Lg=1/2 Du)

43 0.15 0.404 0.44 5.18 9.91 2.59 27 0.17 0.428 0.47 3.71 6.05 1.85 88 0.30 0.476 0.62 3.59 7.26 1.80 24 0.38 0.533 0.69 15.22 5.23 7.61 40 0.19 0.406 0.49 3.25 8.73 1.62 216 0.32 0.640 0.63 4.17 8.08 2.08 74 0.21 0.418 0.51 4.38 7.83 2.19 88 0.24 0.408 0.55 3.70 6.36 1.85 86 0.30 0.582 0.62 3.42 5.23 1.71 217 0.21 0.141 0.51 3.81 6.35 1.91 23 0.34 0.534 0.66 4.68 7.23 2.34 11 0.45 0.345 0.75 3.50 4.10 1.75 31 0.79 1.395 1.00 1.36 1.86 0.68 7 0.21 0.067 0.51 3.91 5.04 1.96 51 0.49 0.342 0.79 6.46 7.25 3.23 33 0.34 0.501 0.66 4.22 5.56 2.11 16 0.32 0.514 0.64 3.67 4.62 1.84 27 0.54 0.458 0.83 3.41 3.28 1.71 22 0.32 0.606 0.64 4.11 5.76 2.05 89 0.34 0.327 0.65 3.91 4.31 1.95 175 0.49 0.685 0.79 3.51 6.09 1.75 38 0.42 0.607 0.73 3.89 5.62 1.95 44 0.36 0.407 0.67 2.23 2.46 1.12 19 0.43 0.495 0.74 5.65 3.73 2.82 23 0.49 0.642 0.79 6.30 8.81 3.15 1512 8.7819 12.3623 16.40978 111.247 146.766 55.6233

Table 5: Relief Aspects of Kundah Watershed

Sl. No

Nam

e of the

sub watershed

Watershed

Mouth Height

in mts (z)

Watershed

Highest Point

in mts (Z)

Watershed

Relief(H=Z

z)

Watershed

Length (Lb)

Relief R

atio

(Rh=H/Lb)

Drainage

Density

(Du=Lu/Au)

Ruggedness

Num

ber

(Rn=Du*H/52

80)

1 Chinna Mulli 491 1525 1034 5.33 194.00 5.18 1.02 2 Kaka Bettu 531 1820 1289 5.05 255.25 3.71 0.90 3 Pegumbu Halla 973 2207 1234 6.36 194.03 3.59 0.84



332

4 Mel Kunda 723 1877 1154 3.48 331.61 15.22 3.33 5 Otemale Halla 471 1682 1211 4.92 246.14 3.25 0.74 6 Bellaram Halla 973 2203 1230 9.19 133.84 4.17 0.97 7 Aradu Bettu 463 1791 1328 6.76 196.45 4.38 1.10 8 Kollar Betta 1750 2360 610 7.58 80.47 3.70 0.43

9 Kunda Upper reaches 1736 2412 676 7.34 92.10 3.42 0.44

10Upper Avalanche 434 1959 1525 12.85 118.68 3.81 1.10 11Avalanche Valley 2043 2057 14 3.04 4.61 4.68 0.01 12Avalanche 2005 2553 548 2.45 223.67 3.50 0.36 13Kadcupa 1076 2037 961 4.6 208.91 1.36 0.25 14Emerald Valley 1982 2383 401 2.6 154.23 3.91 0.30

15 Emerald Valley Halla 1538 2169 631 3.78 166.93 6.46 0.77

16Sitta Halla 2000 2519 519 4.16 124.76 4.22 0.41 17Yedakad 1994 2486 492 3.3 149.09 3.67 0.34 18Bettumund 2040 2462 422 3.9 108.21 3.41 0.27 19Bakorai 2016 2483 467 3.47 134.58 4.11 0.36 20Garathre Halla 1635 2138 503 7.85 64.08 3.91 0.37 21Gedde 1847 2231 384 7.68 50.00 3.51 0.26 22Hiriya Shige 1980 2510 530 4.02 131.84 3.89 0.39 23Peria Mulli 1935 2265 330 7.07 46.68 2.23 0.14 24Arebetta 1980 2286 306 3.46 88.44 5.65 0.33 25Oammandu 838 1549 711 2.31 307.79 6.30 0.85

Total 35454 53964 18510 132.55 3806.3736 111.247 16.2895

Table 6: Liner Aspects of Kundah Watershed

Sl. No

Nam

e of the

sub watershed

Stream

Order

(U)

Num

ber o

f Stream

s (NU

)

Bifurcation

Ratio

(NU/NU+1)

Stream

Length

in km (LU)

Length Ratio

(Ri=Lu/Lu1)

Mean Length

in km

(L=Lu/Nu)

1 Chinna Mulli Third 43 6 22.5 1.05 0.52 2 Kaka Bettu Third 27 6.25 16.53 1.26 0.61 3 Pegumbu Halla Fourth 88 3.7 43.56 0.5 0.50 4 Mel Kunda Fifth 24 4.75 69.84 1.19 2.91 5 Otemale Halla Third 40 3.15 14.87 0.6 0.37 6 Bellaram Halla Fifth 216 3.78 111.33 0.61 0.52 7 Aradu Bettu Fourth 74 3.94 41.4 0.45 0.56 8 Kollar Betta Fourth 88 4.69 51.27 0.57 0.58

9 Kunda Upper reaches Fourth 86 4.73 56.11 0.43 0.65

10 Upper Avalanche Sixth 217 4.85 130.39 0.22 0.60



333

11 Avalanche Valley Third 23 4.25 14.87 0.6 0.65

12 Avalanche Third 11 3 9.38 1.2 0.85

13 Kadcupa Third 31 5 22.76 0.54 0.73

14 Emerald Valley Second 7 6 5.44 0.32 0.78

15 Emerald Valley Halla Sixth 52 2.95 45.42 0.6 0.87

16 Sitta Halla Fourth 33 3.17 25.06 0.92 0.76

17 Yedakad Third 16 3.38 12.71 0.48 0.79

18 Bettumund Fourth 27 3.5 28.07 0.78 1.04

19 Bakorai Fourth 22 2.43 15.69 0.58 0.71

20 Garathre Halla Sixth 89 3.41 80.73 1.7 0.91

21 Gedde Fifth 175 3.53 100.74 0.49 0.58

22 Hiriya Shige Third 38 5.64 26.31 0.4 0.69

23 Peria Mulli Fourth 44 3.11 39.94 0.72 0.91

24 Arebetta Third 19 3.75 28.81 2.15 1.52

25 Oammandu Fifth 23 2.75 16.45 0.17 0.72

Total Sixth 1513 4 1030.18 0.7 0.8

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Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote ... · Watershed characteristics of Kundah sub basin using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques Chitra. C 1, Alaguraja. P 1,