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WATERPOWER XII

SMALL HYDRO WORKSHOP

SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

by

JIM GORDON

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 1. INTRODUCTION

– OUTLINE PITFALLS

– SOME DESIGN GUIDELINES

– SOME CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 2. CASE STUDIES

– Case 1, Disaster Rapids.

– Case 2, Sunshine River.

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• CASE 1 DISASTER RAPIDS.

– DEVELOPER WITH NO HYDRO EXPERIENCE

– QUESTIONABLE DESIGN

– INEXPERIENCED CONTRACTOR

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• CASE 1 DISASTER RAPIDS.

– STOPLOG SPILLWAY WITH NO HOIST

– 1 VIBRATING SPILLWAY GATE

– FLEXIBLE POWERHOUSE

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• CASE 1 DISASTER RAPIDS.

– COFFERDAM FAILED TWICE– GENERATOR DROPPED 2M.– SUMP PUMP FAILED, PH FLOODED– POWERHOUSE WALLS POROUS– YEAR LATE & OVER BUDGET

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• CASE 2 SUNSHINE RIVER

– DEVELOPER A RETIRED CONTRACTOR

– EXPERIENCED CONTRACTOR

– SENIOR HYDRO ADVISOR

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• CASE 2 SUNSHINE RIVER

– NEGOTIATED ALL CONTRACTS– SMALL DESIGN TEAM– OWNER MANAGED PROJECT FROM A

SITE OFFICE– ON TIME, WITHIN BUDGET

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• LESSONS LEARNED

– USE ONLY EXPERIENCED STAFF– SMALL DESIGN TEAM– UNDERTAKE SITE INVESTIGATIONS– APPOINT A PROJECT MANAGER– CONSULTANT TO WORK FOR

CONTRACTOR

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 3. SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

– EXISTING DAM

– HIGHER HEADS

– SHORT CONDUITS

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 4. DAM AND SPILLWAY FEATURES

– NO GATES

– EMBANKMENT DAM WITH WEIR SPILLWAY IN ABUTMENT

– CONCRETE OR RCC DAM WITH OVERFLOW WEIR SPILLWAY

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 5. INTAKE

– DOWNSTREAM SEALING ROLLER GATE WITH FAN BRAKE

– SEPARATE AIR VENT HOUSE

– AIR VENT LAGE ENOUGH FOR MAN ACCESS TO PIPE

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 6. PIPELINE

– LENGTH TO HEAD RATIO BELOW +/- 6

– SURGE TANKS ARE EXPENSIVE

– PREFERENCE FOR BURIED PENSTOCK

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 7. POWERHOUSE

– PROVIDE FOR VENTILATION

– PROVIDE FOR MAINTENANCE• ACCESS FOR PICKUP• SMALL REPAIR BAY • ACCESS AROUND EQUIPMENT• SMALL CRANE, POWER HOIST MANUAL TRAVEL

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 8. POWERPLANT EQUIPMENT

– MAJOR MANUFACTURERS• MAINTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY• PRODUCE SOPHISTICATED DESIGNS• MAINTAIN CLOSE - NODE CFD PROGRAMS

– SMALL MANUFACTURERS• PRODUCE LOWER COST EQUIPMENT• USUALLY LESS EFFICIENCT TURBINES

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 9. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

– TWO TYPES - UNIT PRICE AND LUMP SUM

– UNIT PRICE - USED ON LARGE PROJECTS

– LUMP SUM - (LS) USED ON ALMOST ALL SMALL HYDRO PROJECTS

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 9. CONSTRUCTION (LS) CONTRACTS– DISADVANTAGES

• DESIGN QUALITY CAN BE COMPROMIZED

• CLAIM RESOLUTION DIFFICULT - LITIGATION LIKELY

• GENERATING EQUIPMENT MAY NOT BE OPTIMIZED TO SITE

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 9. CONSTRUCTION (LS) CONTRACTS– ADVANTAGES

• COST KNOWN WITH HIGHER ACCURACY

• SURVEYS FOR QUANTITIES ELIMINATED

• CONSULTANT WORKS CLOSELY WITH CONTRACTOR TO OPTIMIZE DESIGNS

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 9. CONSTRUCTION (LS) CONTRACTS

– TO OVERCOME DISADVANTAGES

• PREQUALIFY CONTRACTORS & CONSULTANTS• AWARD SEPARATE W/W EQUIP. CONTRACT• PREPARE DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS• VERY DETAILED SCADA REQUIREMENTS• NEGOTIATE REASONABLE CLAIMS• PAYMENTS BASED ON EVENTS

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 10. ENGINEERING

– TWO STANDARDS FOR DESIGN WORK

– DOCUMENTED DESIGN

– NON - DOCUMENTED DESIGN

– COST DIFFERENCE 2.5 : 1

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SITE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS

• 11. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

– ACCESS TO ALL EQUIPMENT– LIFT GATES ABOVE WATER– INWARD OPENING WINDOWS– LARGE ACCESS TO TUNNELS– ACCESS TO ALL ROCK ROOFS– ACCESS TO ALL ROCK SHAFTS– ACCESS TO ALL DAM CRESTS AND TOES

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THE END

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION