Water - Unit 3

2/3/14• Bellringer: Water Issues

• Start Unit #3 = Water

• Water Properties Notes

4th Period - Extra Credit Opportunity

• We need to start the Water Unit!!!

• Part 1, Part 1 Questions and Part 2 (vampire E)

• Part 3 of the Kill-A-Watt Lab = Extra Credit

Water Issues

Let’s see what we know …

1) What are the 2 biggest global water issues?2) Name the 5 Great Lakes3) Name 3 rivers within Illinois (or in the USA)4) What are the risks of drinking tap water in

Chicago?

Water’s Properties1) Covalent 2) Polarity3) Hydrogen Bonds

a) Cohesionb) Adhesionc) Capillary Action

4) High Specific Heata) Moderates Global Temperatures

5) Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid6) Transparent

Covalent Bonding

• Oxygen and hydrogen atoms SHARE electrons

– A water molecule has a slight positive end (H+) and a slight negative end (O-)

– Any unevenly charged molecule is considered “Polar”

– Most of water’s unique properties come from its polarity

1) Polarity

O

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

H-

H-

Water (H2O)

Non-polar: Even distribution of electron charge

Polar: Unequal distribution of election charge

2) HYDROGEN BONDS• The positive end (H+) of one water molecule bonds

with the negative end (O-) of another water molecule

• Each water molecule can form a maximum of 4 hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bond

2a) Cohesion

• The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules (water “sticks” to itself)

• Responsible for surface tension

The attraction to other substances (water “sticks” to other substances)

Water is adhesive to

any substance with which it can form hydrogen bonds.

2b) Adhesion

2c) Capillary action Cohesion and Adhesion together… (stronger force than gravity!)

water taken up by roots

It takes a LOT of heat to raise or lower the temperature of water

This results in… Global temperatures that compatible with LIFE

3) High Specific Heat

3a) Moderates Temperatures on Earth

• Water stabilizes air temperatures by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing heat to cooler air.

• < 0o C = ICE

• 0o C – 100o C = LIQUID

• > 100o = GAS

3 States of Water

4) Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid

same mass but a larger volume

• Water molecules are spread out to their maximum distance when frozen

Hydrogen bond

Ice

Hydrogen bonds are stable

Liquid water

Hydrogen bondsconstantly break and re-form

ICE

Because only the top

freezes, the living things

underneath don’t freeze to

death

water expands as it solidifies, so water freezes from the top down

organisms can still live in the water underneath the ice during winter

Oceans and lakes don’t freeze solid because ice floats

5) Transparency• The fact that water is clear allows light to

pass through it– Aquatic plants can receive sunlight and

photosynthesize

2/4/14 5th/6th • Bellringer: Water Argument

• Water Properties Stations

2/4/14 4th • Bellringer: High Specific Heat…

• Water Properties Stations

Water Argument

• Two students are arguing because one says water uses covalent bonds and the other student says water uses hydrogen bonds. Luckily, you show up just in time to avoid a fight by explaining to them that they are both sort of right.

• Explain, specifically, what you say to them. (you may use a picture to assist in your explanation)

High Specific Heat1) What does HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT mean?

2) How does water’s high specific heat help moderate global temperatures?

Rotate through 5 Stations!

• Answer all questions before moving on to the next station…

• Some stations take more time than others, don’t switch until time is up..

• Clean up and put materials back for the next group…

• Work WITH your group. Not ahead or behind!

2/5/14 4th

• Bellringer: Predict the Decade

• Discuss & Turn in Water Properties Lab

• Go to #205: Water History Research

2/5/14 5th/6th

• Bellringer: Water Properties Matching

• Predict the Decade

• Go to #205: Water History Research

Water Properties MatchingMatch the station from Tuesday with the correct water property

YOU MUST WRITE THIS OUT COMPLETELY

1) Drops of water creating a dome on a penny2) Paperclip floating on top of the water3) It takes a lot of energy to heat water4) Water going against gravity up a paper towel

A) Cohesion B) Adhesion C) Surface Tension D) High Specific Heat

Predict the Decade

• Read the 10 major water-related events in American history.

• Predict which decade each event took place on your worksheet

• Hint: 3-4 events 1870 – 1920 4-5 events 1960 – 1980 3-4 events 1990 – Now

2/6/14 4th

• Bellringer: Water Properties Review

• Discuss Water Lab from Tuesday

• LAB #205: Complete Water History…

Water Properties MatchingMatch the station from Tuesday with the correct water property

YOU MUST WRITE THIS OUT COMPLETELY

1) Drops of water creating a dome on a penny2) Paperclip floating on top of the water3) It takes a lot of energy to heat water4) Water going against gravity up a paper towel

A) Cohesion B) Adhesion C) Surface Tension D) High Specific Heat

2/6/14 5th /6th

• Bellringer: GOALS (Revisited)

• LAB #205: Complete Historical Scavenger Hunt

2/7/14 4th

• Bellringer:….GOALS Revisited

• Turn in Bellringers

• Go to Room #205: Finish Research

• Extra Credit if you finish early!

Goals Revisited1) Find 1-2 goals that you did not meet (or are off track) …Explain

why you didn’t reach these goals

2) Find 1-2 goals that you did meet (or are on track) …Explain why you did reach these goals

3) Make at least 6 second semester goals on your goal sheet (measurable)2+ Academic2+ Personal Improvement 2+ Work/Family/Relationships/Clubs

2/7/14 5th/6th

• Bellringer: Chicago Riversal

• Turn in Bellringers & Water History Timeline

• Chicago River Review• Water Scarcity and Pollution Notes

• HW: USGS Water School Due Monday

Chicago Riversal

1) Which direction did the Chicago River used to flow?

2) Which body of water did it go into?

3) Which direction does the Chicago River flow now?

4) Which body of water does it now go to?

5) Why was the flow reversed?

2/10/14

• Bellringer: NO BELLRINGERS THIS WEEK• Discuss Week Plan

• Turn in USGS Activity (5th & 6th)

CONTINUE NOTES• Before the Faucet/After the Flush (video)• Scarcity and Pollution

Sub (Mr. Washington) All week

Tuesday: Vocab Chart (use textbooks)

Wednesday: No School (Lincoln)

Thursday: Chicago River AssignmentFriday: Chicago River Assignment

Chicago River Reversal

Chicago River Reversal

Fresh Water Issues

1. Scarcity

2. Pollution

Scarcity: Location of the earth’s water

Reservoir Volume of water(106 km³)

Percentof total

Ocean 1370 97.25Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05Groundwater 9.5 0.68Lakes 0.125 0.01Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005Atmosphere 0.013 0.001Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

2/3 of Freshwater is “locked up” in glaciers

Stepped ArtFig. 11-13, p. 248

1976 2006

Aral Sea

Aral Sea: World’s Largest Saline Lake

• Since 1960, it has been shrinking and getting saltier because most of the water from the rivers that replenish it has been diverted to grow cotton and food crops.

• This shrunken and now salty lake has caused economic ruin, increasing health problems, and severe ecological disruption.

3 Gorges Dam - China

• Generates electricity for millions of people, allows rural china to develop into 21st century, creates reservoir for water use

• Displaced 1.3 million people. • Flooded ancient archeological sites• Increases the risk of landslides• Ruins biodiversity of a unique river system

Fig. 11-2, p. 238

The Colorado River Story

• 1400 miles through 7 states• 14 dams and reservoirs• Electricity for 30 million people• Water for 15% of U.S. crops and livestock

• The Colorado River no longer reaches the Gulf of California

Fig. 11-1, p. 238

Fig. 11-11, p. 247

Flow

(bill

ion

cubi

c met

ers)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Year

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Hoover Damcompleted (1935)

Glen CanyonDam completed(1963)

Scarcity of fresh waterOn a global basis, fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource.

Why is this a RECENT issue?

1) Increasing population 2) Higher consumption per person 3) Changes in Global Climate

Example of High Consumption per person

• Meat production use a lot of water when compared to growing food crops.

• More wealth = More beef

• This has caused substantial increase in water consumption.

Competing water uses

Competing water usesDeveloped Developing

Competing water uses

• 1st World/Developed countries tend to use more water in their industrial production.

• 3rd World/Developing countries tend to use more water for agricultural uses.

Problems caused by water scarcity1) 1 billion people have limited or no access to safe

drinking water

2) Lack of Agricultural yields (no water for crops)

3) Regional conflicts over scarce water resources (can result in war)

Fig. 11-6, p. 243

Australia

Stress

NoneHigh

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

Africa

Europe Asia

Fig. 11-4, p. 241

Some Solutions…

Fig. 11-15, p. 251

Solutions to Agricultural Scarcity

1) Drip Irrigation2) Irrigate at night (less evaporation)3) Don’t grow thirsty crops in dry areas4) Irrigate using graywater (used water)

Fig. 11-16, p. 252

Solutions to Residential Scarcity

1) Raise water prices!2) Low flow showers/toilets3) Reuse water for plants/lawns4) Fix leaks

How to Reduce GLOBAL Scarcity?

1) Withdraw groundwater ($)

2) Build Dams to create reservoirs ($$)

3) Transport surface water ($$)

4) Desalination ($$$)

5) Water conservation (free)

• Water SCARCITY is only half of the problem…

2. Water Pollution

Causes of water pollution:

1. Industrialization2. Agriculture3. Population growth

Point PollutionDefinition: pollution discharged from a single source

Examples: water discharged by industries, waste treatment plants, leaking underground storage tanks

Decomposition

Zone

Biologicaloxygen

demand

Pollutant-tolerant fishes

(carp, gar)

Fish absent,

fungi, sludgeworms,bacteria

(anaerobic)

8 ppm

8 ppm

Clean Zone

Clean Zone

Recovery Zone

Septic Zone

Types of organisms

Dissolved

oxygen (ppm)

Normal clean water

organisms(Trout, perch,

bass,mayfly, stonefly)

Normal clean water organisms

(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

Fig. 11-21, p. 258

Pollutant-tolerant fishes

(carp, gar)

Point source

Preventing Point-Source Pollution

• Identify “point-sources”• Keep point-sources away from water

Nonpoint PollutionDefinition: pollution that comes from many different

sources and is hard to identify

Examples: water runoff from streets, chemicals added to lawns and crops, feces from cattle, oil and gas from personal water craft

Preventing Nonpoint Source Pollution

• Reduce fertilizer use• Use plant buffer zones around fields and

animal feedlots• Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface

water, and flood zones• Organic farming methods

Eutrophication

Definition: an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in a marine or aquatic ecosystem

Natural ecosystems may be eutrophic (high in nutrients) or oligotrophic (low in nutrients)

Artificial Eutrophication

Caused by humans, due to sewage or fertilizer runoff from farms, lawns, gardens, golf courses; also due to addition of detergents to water

Result: algal bloom, then algal death and decomposition (by aerobic microbes) and oxygen depletion, death of aquatic organisms

Eutrophication of mangrove swamp in Florida

Artificial Eutrophication Northern Gulf of Mexico

• Caused by fertilizer use in Mississippi watershed

• Mouth of Mississippi River in spring and summer

• Suffocates fish, crab, shrimp

Stepped Art

MississippiRiver Basin

Missouri River

Ohio River

Mississippi River

Depleted oxygen

Fig. 11-A, p. 265

How do we Reduce Polluted Water?

1) Enforce existing EPA regulations2) Create Stricter EPA regulations3) Education about what can and can’t go down the drain4) Vegetation “buffer zones” between pollution source and waterway

How to create purified drinking water

• Developed countries1) Reservoir storage2) Purification plant

• Developing countries (no purification plant) 1) Clear plastic bottle in sun, slowly kills bacteria2) LifeStraw (invented 2005)

Fig. 11-25, p. 263